Infiltration of a hegemonic group into the power structure of another region and culture is:

	a. colonization.
	b. syncretism.
	c. topology.
	d. cosmology.

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The Berlin Conference was convened mainly to do which of the following?

	a. End the slave trade
	b. Divide rule of Africa between European nations
	c. Turn over Africa to indigenous
	d. Divide African artifacts among European museums

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Which of the following is true of traditional masquerades overall throughout Africa?

	a. They are mainly danced by women.
	b. They are mainly performed in relation to the life cycle.
	c. They are only performed for funerary ceremonies.
	d. Both A and B.

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What is the former independent country of Zaire now officially named?

	a. Congo Republic
	b. Democratic Republic of the Congo
	c. Central African Republic
	d. Chad

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A willful blending of different spiritual beliefs, cultural practices, and/or related artistic forms is best described as:

	a. hegemony.
	b. colonization.
	c. syncretism.
	d. aestheticism.

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The term “wadi” refers to which of the following?

	a. Sculpture
	b. Topography
	c. Art style
	d. Islamic belief

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The Western part of North Africa was mainly colonized by which European nation?

	a. France
	b. Spain
	c. Belgium
	d. Portugal

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What is the most common subject in earliest rock art of North Africa?

	a. Men hunting
	b. Animals
	c. Women
	d. Landscape

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What is the name of the region in Libya where rock engravings are found?

	a. Tassili N’ajjer
	b. Fezzan
	c. Morocco
	d. Drakensberg

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Which statement regarding a minaret is true?

	a. Tuareg tents
	b. Mud-based buildings
	c. A type of scarification
	d. A mosque in Algeria
	e. It was derived solely for iconographic purpose.
	f. It was derived largely for functional purpose.
	g. It is found only in a small number of mosques.
	h. It was a modern addition to traditional mosques.

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Which of the following is a large indigenous group of North Africa?

	a. Arab
	b. Berber
	c. Fezzan
	d. Fon

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Ancient Kush lies in the territory of which modern country?

	a. Ethiopia
	b. Sudan
	c. Egypt
	d. Meroe

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In a bas-relief, sculpted sections do which of the following?

	a. Stand out prominently from the backdrop
	b. Stand out slightly from the backdrop
	c. Are incised deeply into the backdrop
	d. Are incised slightly into the backdrop

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Rock-cut Christian churches are found in which city?

	a. Meroe
	b. Kush
	c. Lalibela
	d. Saqqara

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The ancient city of Aksum is in which modern-day country?

	a. Egypt
	b. Ethiopia
	c. Sudan
	d. Kenya

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The famous bust of Nefertiti, now in Berlin, was found in a(n):

	a. tomb.
	b. palace.
	c. artist’s workshop.
	d. temple.

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Tutankhamen ruled in which broad era of ancient Egyptian civilization?

	a. Pre-dynastic
	b. Old Kingdom
	c. Middle Kingdom
	d. New Kingdom

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What is the main subject matter of early Coptic art?

	a. Christianity
	b. Islam
	c. History from ancient Egyptian culture
	d. Portraiture from life

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What is the tomb form that predates the Egyptian pyramids?

	a. A grave circle
	b. A wadi
	c. A sphinx
	d. A mastaba

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What was the main function of royal tomb sculpture in ancient Egypt?

	a. To house the ka; in case it escapes the mummified body of the deceased
	b. As votive; local priests would pray to sculptures in a pharaoh’s tomb
	c. As historical; to preserve a highly realistic portrait of the deceased
	d. None of these answers

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When was Tutankhamen’s tomb discovered?

	a. 17th century
	b. 18th century
	c. 19th century
	d. 20th century

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Which of the following adjectives best describes the overall aesthetic of ancient Egyptian art?

	a. Rigid
	b. Natural
	c. Violent
	d. Fragile

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Which of the following best identifies the overall theme of most content of Egyptian art?

	a. War
	b. Peace
	c. Permanence
	d. Ephemeral

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Which term best describes the pyramid complex at Giza?

	a. Acropolis
	b. Metropolis
	c. Necropolis
	d. Megalopolis

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The prevalent religion of ancient Egypt is best described as:

	a. polytheistic.
	b. monotheistic.
	c. atheistic.
	d. dynastic.

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How was the Great Mosque at Djenne primarily constructed?

	a. By using reconstituted Roman ruins
	b. By cutting into rock
	c. By the mud brick technique
	d. None of these options

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The Chi Wara crest mask symbolizes a(n):

	a. antelope.
	b. lion.
	c. elephant.
	d. lizard.

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The Chi Wara masquerade of the Bamana tradition relates to which of the following?

	a. Ancient mothers
	b. Funeral rites
	c. Birth ceremonies
	d. The founding of agriculture

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The Do masquerade of the Bwa is characterized by which of the following?

	a. Carved wooden helmet masks
	b. Woven cloth costumes
	c. Costumes of natural grasses
	d. Dancers on stilts

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The Dogon are native to a region in which modern country?

	a. Nigeria
	b. Chad
	c. Algeria
	d. Mali

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The Dogon sculptural canon is characterized by which of the following?

	a. Elongation of form
	b. Mix of geometric and figurative form
	c. Both A and B
	d. None of these answers

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The Gerewol festival focuses on which social group?

	a. Young women
	b. Young men
	c. Older men and women
	d. Older men

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The Gerewol is a festival of which ethnic group?

	a. Berber
	b. Bamana
	c. Tuareg
	d. Fulani

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What does repatriation of Nok art mean?

	a. Scientific testing for authentication of age
	b. The return to Nigeria of Nok art currently owned by institutions outside the country
	c. Distributing reinterpretations of Nok art to public museums
	d. All of these answers

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What is the prominent medium of Nok art that survives today?

	a. Clay
	b. Stone
	c. Wood
	d. Plastic

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Which of the following statements is true of bogolanfini cloth?

	a. It is associated with males of the Bamana.
	b. It is associated with females of the Bamana.
	c. It is associated with females of the Dogon.
	d. It was first developed for the tourist trade.

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Which of the following statements is true of the Dogon Kanaga masquerade?

	a. It is primarily a funeral ritual.
	b. It expresses aspects of Dogon cosmology.
	c. The head crest is an abstract form.
	d. All of these answers.

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What we refer to as “Nok” art derives from which of the following?

	a. The name of the historian who first wrote about it
	b. The place it was found
	c. The language spoken in the region it was found
	d. None of these answers

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Ere Ibeji are devoted to which of the following?

	a. Ancestral mothers
	b. Twins
	c. The supreme deity
	d. The Orisa Obatala

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Goree Island is located off the coast of which modern country?

	a. Guinea
	b. Liberia
	c. Ghana
	d. Senegal

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Helmet masks of the Ejagham are distinct from others in the region because of their use of which materials?

	a. Cowrie shells
	b. Paints
	c. Stretched animal skins
	d. Metal studs

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Iconography in Asante art most directly relates to which of the following?

	a. Functions of saint-like figures
	b. Dynastic history
	c. Verbal proverbs/sayings
	d. Gender

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Ikenga is a votive type associated with which culture?

	a. Igbo
	b. Yoruba
	c. Bamana
	d. Fon

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In ancient Ife, metal sculptures were created through which technique?

	a. Carving
	b. Casting
	c. Welding
	d. Modeling

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Indigo-dyed cloth of the Yoruba is called:

	a. adinkra.
	b. asafo.
	c. ukara.
	d. adire.

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Kente cloth is associated most closely with which culture?

	a. Yoruba
	b. Asante
	c. Baule
	d. Fon

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Mami Wata can best be described as which of the following?

	a. A water spirit across cultures in Africa and the African diaspora
	b. A supreme being in Yoruba and Igbo kingdoms
	c. Mother Earth mainly in West Africa
	d. A pan-African women’s heritage group

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Metal heads in royal art of Benin City represent which of the following?

	a. Monarchs
	b. Deities
	c. Soldiers
	d. Priests

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Regalia refer to which of the following?

	a. Styles of West African art
	b. Objects reserved for use by royal elite of a culture
	c. Objects reserved for use by religious clerics of a culture
	d. None of these answers

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Symbolic writing of the Ejagham is known as:

	a. uli.
	b. nsibidi.
	c. ukara.
	d. adire.

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The ancient Kingdom of Benin is located in which modern nation?

	a. Benin
	b. Nigeria
	c. Cameroon
	d. Ghana

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The Gelede masquerade honors which of the following?

	a. Twins
	b. Ancestral mothers
	c. The king at Oyo
	d. All the Orisas

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The mbari is best identified as which of the following?

	a. A temple for worship
	b. A residence for the head diviner of a community
	c. A spirit house
	d. A men’s association

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The royal complex of the Fon kingdom is located in which modern nation?

	a. Nigeria
	b. Benin
	c. Ghana
	d. Mali

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The spirit Esu is associated most with which function below?

	a. Messenger
	b. Fertility
	c. Agriculture
	d. Age initiation

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The study of materials and art styles to determine date, technique, and place of production best falls under which specialty?

	a. Art criticism
	b. Aesthetic theory
	c. Curatorial
	d. Connoisseurship

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The Yoruba are native to which modern region?

	a. Northern Nigeria
	b. Southern Nigeria
	c. Southern Mali
	d. Benin City

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What is one main distinction of Mende masquerade traditions from others in Africa?

	a. No drumming is used.
	b. Dancers do not cover their faces.
	c. Women organize and perform in the prominent masquerades.
	d. Men play woman’s roles.

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Which adjective best describes the aesthetic of figurative art from ancient Ife?

	a. Naturalistic
	b. Geometric
	c. Colossal
	d. Ceramic

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Which country was westernized by African Americans in the 19th century?

	a. Mauritania
	b. Sierra Leone
	c. Guinea
	d. Liberia

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Which of the following groups is not related to the Akan culture?

	a. Fante
	b. Baule
	c. Senufo
	d. Asante

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Which of the following is the most renowned object type from ancient Ife?

	a. The bronze equestrian figure
	b. The bronze head
	c. Kuduo containers
	d. Wood votives

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Which of the following materials has the most spiritual significance in Akan culture?

	a. Ebony wood
	b. Gold
	c. Soapstone
	d. Silver

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Which of the following object types relate most to status and prestige in Akan culture?

	a. Akua ma
	b. Personal stools
	c. Brass weights
	d. Adinkra

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Which of the following statements is false in regard to mbari?

	a. It is meant to be a permanent monument.
	b. It is closely associated with the earth mother deity.
	c. It is created in relation to community issues.
	d. It is an ephemeral form.

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Which of the following statements is true of art from the Kingdom of Benin?

	a. Most art was produced at the court of the Oba.
	b. Europeans are represented in traditional sculpture of Benin City.
	c. Bronze plaques featured representations of the Oba.
	d. All of these answers.

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Which of the following statements is true of the Egungun masquerade?

	a. Dancers are completely covered in textile costumes.
	b. Women are the main performers.
	c. It commemorates early victories of the Yoruba over neighboring groups.
	d. All of these answers.

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Which of the following statements is true of traditional adinkra cloth?

	a. It is distinguished by a stamp printing technique.
	b. It is ornamented with symbolic forms.
	c. It was associated with mourning.
	d. All of these answers.

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Which of the following statements is true of traditional adinkra cloth?

	a. It is distinguished by a stamp printing technique.
	b. It is ornamented with symbolic forms.
	c. It was associated with mourning.
	d. All of these answers.

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“Ijele” refers to which of the following?

	a. A woven textile of the Igbo
	b. The largest traditional mask type in Africa
	c. The palace compound of an Igbo chief
	d. A fertility votive of the Yoruba

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“Nomoli” refers to which of the following?

	a. Stone figures found in Sierra Leone
	b. Carved ivory figures found in Sierra Leone
	c. The Senufo men’s association
	d. None of these answers

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“Sande” refers to which of the following?

	a. A women’s society in Mende culture
	b. A men’s society in Dan culture
	c. A Bamana masquerade
	d. A type of nomoli

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Objects known as Sapi ivories come from which region?

	a. West Atlantic Coast
	b. Central Sudan
	c. Gold Coast
	d. Sahara

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In art discourse, the term provenance refers to which of the following?

	a. The history of ownership of an object
	b. The stylistic lineage of an object
	c. The market value of an object
	d. The relative quality of an object

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In the creation of minkisi, the nganga does which of the following?

	a. Carves the core wooden votive
	b. Adds organic substances to the core votive
	c. Both A and B
	d. None of these answers

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Lukasa are Luba objects associated with which of the following?

	a. Fertility
	b. Funeral rites
	c. Historical memory
	d. Age initiations

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Minkisi are sculpture types of which culture?

	a. Bangwa
	b. Kongo
	c. Fon
	d. Mangbetu

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Reliquary guardians are prominent types in groups situated in which modern country?

	a. Cameroon
	b. Gabon
	c. Nigeria
	d. Guinea

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The Kuba Kingdom is located in which modern nation?

	a. Congo Republic
	b. Democratic Republic of the Congo
	c. Central African Republic
	d. Angola

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Theoretically, ownership and display of African art in Europe can be understood as cultural:

	a. syncretism.
	b. appropriation.
	c. hegemony.
	d. repatriation.

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Which of the following best describes the generally intended representation of couples in African sculpture?

	a. Portraiture of specific individuals
	b. Symbolic lineage
	c. Anatomical abstraction
	d. Carving technique

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Which of the following groups has the tradition of using complex beaded tools and thrones?

	a. Bamum
	b. Bamileke
	c. Both A and B
	d. None of these answers

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Which of the following is a type of body ornamentation unique to the Mangbetu among groups of central Africa?

	a. Scarification
	b. Elaborate hairstyles
	c. Head elongation
	d. Tooth shaping

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Which of the following most directly indicates status in Kongo mother sculpture?

	a. Wood type used
	b. Position
	c. Exposed breasts
	d. Represented scarification

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Which of the following statements is true of minkisi?

	a. They have a rigid canon of form.
	b. The belly is a symbolic focus.
	c. They are sculpture types of the Bangwa culture.
	d. All of these answers.

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Which of the following groups is found in the modern nation of Cameroon?

	a. Bamum
	b. Bamileke
	c. Both A and B
	d. None of these answers

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Architecture at Lamu most strongly reflects which outside influences?

	a. Egyptian and Sudanese
	b. Arabic and Indian
	c. French and English
	d. Congolese and Bantu

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Colors in Maasai beaded ornaments are determined by which of the following?

	a. The meanings associated with them
	b. Aesthetic judgments
	c. Individual artistic decisions
	d. Both A and B

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In traditional weaving in Madagascar, what does the color red symbolize?

	a. Life
	b. Death
	c. Light
	d. Fire

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Most early rock painting in southern Africa is attributed to which group?

	a. The Khoi
	b. The San
	c. The Zulu
	d. The Shona

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The architectural ruins at Great Zimbabwe reflect which of the following?

	a. Rigid, geometric organization
	b. Organic, curved structures
	c. A series of low, small enclosures
	d. Knowledge of Egyptian building techniques

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The foundation of the Great Mosque at Kilwa is made of what material?

	a. Mud brick
	b. Coral cement
	c. Marble
	d. Adobe

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The Great Mosque at Kilwa is in which country?

	a. Tanzania
	b. Kenya
	c. Uganda
	d. Madagascar

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The Lydenburg heads are of which medium?

	a. Bronze
	b. Ceramic
	c. Wood
	d. Stone

.

The ruined city of Great Zimbabwe was mostly built from which material?

	a. Stacked stone without mortar
	b. Cement
	c. Ceramic brick
	d. Wood

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Which of the following is an important site for African Rock art in the southern part of the continent?

	a. Zambia
	b. Durban
	c. Drakensberg
	d. Johannesburg

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“Jumba” refers to which of the following?

	a. A mosque in Swahili
	b. A traditional food of the Swahili coast
	c. A large house
	d. An indigenous language in Kenya

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Which of the following is an indigenous language on the east coast of Africa?

	a. Arabic
	b. Mande
	c. Swahili
	d. Zulu

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What are some of the issues that modern and contemporary artists address in their art work?

	a. Politics
	b. Identity
	c. Tradition
	d. All of these answers

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What types of new media have contemporary artists incorporated into African Art forms?

	a. Installations
	b. Found objects
	c. Video
	d. All of these answers

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Which of the following terms can be used to describe the manner in which modern and contemporary African artists incorporate the past into their art work?

	a. Alienation
	b. Appropriation
	c. Allocation
	d. Annexation

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Which of the following best describes the most appealing aspect of African sculptures for European artists of the early 20th century?

	a. The abstracted anatomy
	b. The materials used
	c. The cultural symbolism of the works for the cultures in which they were created
	d. Their potential monetary worth as curiosities

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