ARTH408-FinalExam-Answers

According to Greenberg, what would be the role of a modernist art critic?

Choose one answer.

	a. To define and promote a collective artistic approach
	b. To define and preserve a plurality of artistic practices
	c. To define and promote an artistic practice based on diversity
	d. To define and preserve the purity of an artistic medium

Question 2

Fill in the blank. Based on his work, Clement Greenberg would best be described as a ______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Formalist art critic
	b. Post-modernist writer on art
	c. Neo-expressionist artist
	d. Conceptual photographer

Question 3

For what reason did the work of Helen Frankenthaler become associated with the movement of post-painterly abstraction?

Choose one answer.

	a. Formal qualities of her pictorial language
	b. Narrative components of her artistic practice
	c. The way the artist used quotations from mass media
	d. Bold uses of technology and various media in her work

Question 4

Post-painterly abstraction was a modernist art movement proposed and defended by Clement Greenberg in the 1960s. What were its main characteristics?

Choose one answer.

	a. Pictorial and formal purity
	b. Pictorial and formal diversity
	c. Extensive use of pictorial quotations
	d. Extensive use of narrative quotations

Question 5

What did Clement Greenberg call attention to in his article ‘Modernist Painting’?

Choose one answer.

	a. Importance of sculpture
	b. Importance of social context
	c. Purity of medium
	d. All of the above

Question 6

What did Modernism represent for Clement Greenberg?

Choose one answer.

	a. Yet another step in development of abstract art
	b. Final stage in progression of art’s self-criticality and reduction
	c. Important transition from art of time to art of space
	d. All of the above

Question 7

What did the movement of post-painterly abstraction refer to?

Choose one answer.

	a. Photographs made in pictorial mode
	b. Sculptures made in relief
	c. Figurative painting
	d. Formalist painting

Question 8

What does the term “white cube” refer to in relation to the Museum of Modern Art?

Choose one answer.

	a. Autonomy of modernism
	b. Dependence of modernism on literature and fiction
	c. Historical context of modernism
	d. Popular understanding of modernism

Question 9

What happened to Abstract Expressionism during the Cold War?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was used as a means of fostering a dialogue.
	b. It was used as an educational device.
	c. It was used as a propaganda tool.
	d. It was acknowledged as a means to experience the global diversity.

Question 10

What was the name of one of the most famous American art dealers working during the Cold War?

Choose one answer.

	a. Ambroise Vollard
	b. Berheim Jeune
	c. Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler
	d. Leo Castelli

Question 11

What was the reaction of artists to an increasing presence of the art market during the Cold War?

Choose one answer.

	a. They felt that the art market was limiting creativity by imposing and promoting one single (modernist) model of art.
	b. They felt that the art market helped promote diversity and different approaches to art.
	c. They felt that the art market was opening new possibilities for a dialogue among artists in the United States.
	d. They felt that the art market contributed to a global exchange of ideas and artworks.

Question 12

Who are the main advocates of the modernist canon in the 1960s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Clement Greenberg, the art market, and mass media
	b. Clement Greenberg, the Museum of Modern Art, and the art market
	c. The Museum of Modern Art, the art market, and Leo Castelli
	d. The art market, mass media, and the gallery system

Question 13

Why did the abstract painting have such a special place in the Cold War cultural debate?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was perceived to embody the power of freedom of choice.
	b. It was perceived to illustrate the advance of technology.
	c. It was taken to mean the importance of a global collaborative spirit.
	d. It was taken to be relevant for improving artistic skills globally.

Question 14

Why did the painting have such an important role in Greenberg’s modernist canon?

Choose one answer.

	a. It illustrated well the increasing role of mass media.
	b. It fully embodied a self-critical development of Western art.
	c. It explained fully the importance and role of narration in visual arts.
	d. It documented well the presence of technology.

Question 15

According to Clement Greenberg’s well-known text “Modernist Painting,” what is the most important quality that a modernist work of art has to have?

Choose one answer.

	a. Historical and contextual awareness
	b. Autonomy and purity of each specific artistic medium
	c. Presence and traces of mass media and contemporary technology
	d. Mixed media

Question 16

According to contemporary artists, what was the biggest Modernist fallacy?

Choose one answer.

	a. Lack of historicity
	b. Lack of autonomy
	c. Overexposure to historicity
	d. Overexposure to autonomy

Question 17

Many authors believe that what contributed to the creation of contemporary art was that globally contemporary artists expressed a unified condemnation of which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Capitalism
	b. Socialism
	c. Consumerism
	d. All of the above

Question 18

The criticism that Lucy Lippard presented in her anthology on de-materialized art challenged which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Postmodernist definition of art
	b. Formalist definition of art
	c. Pictorial photographs
	d. All of the above

Question 19

The Dérive was another successful artistic strategy that the Situationists proposed. What did it consist of?

Choose one answer.

	a. Aimless strolling
	b. Calculated examination
	c. Purposeful investigation
	d. Ironical parody

Question 20

What did dematerialized art react to?

Choose one answer.

	a. Dominance of the art market
	b. Dominance of bureaucracy
	c. Dominance of the mass media
	d. All of the above

Question 21

What did Yoko Ono hope to achieve with her work entitled ‘Cut Piece?’

Choose one answer.

	a. To set up a precedent in the History of Modern Art
	b. To examine a relationship between East and West
	c. To propose a different way to think about contemporary art
	d. To test the limits of participation

Question 22

What does Joseph Beuys’s ‘social sculpture’ refer to?

Choose one answer.

	a. People gathering together in the gallery or museum
	b. Art students exploring social issues in history of art
	c. People working together toward one common goal
	d. Society examining art history’s past and future

Question 23

What was the main goal of the collective known as Fluxus?

Choose one answer.

	a. Emphasizing the importance of art in everyday culture
	b. Using everyday activities and practices to make audience aware of social underpinnings
	c. Critique of relationship between art and life
	d. All of the above

Question 24

What was the most important historical and political issue that triggered artistic contempt in the sixties?

Choose one answer.

	a. Lack of individual commitment
	b. Lack of collective action
	c. Absence of environmental awareness
	d. Absence of guided action

Question 25

What was the significance and role of the Situationists’ détournement?

Choose one answer.

	a. To subvert and misinterpret the mass media
	b. To subvert and misinterpret the fine arts
	c. To subvert and misinterpret the classical literature
	d. All of the above

Question 26

What would be the best interpretation of a ‘dematerialized art object?’

Choose one answer.

	a. Perishable and ephemeral work of art
	b. Work with no monetary value
	c. Artwork disregarding artistic convention
	d. All of the above

Question 27

Where did the Arte Povera movement originate, and what were its main characteristics?

Choose one answer.

	a. In Italy; focus on simple, elementary art gestures
	b. In France; focus on simple, elementary art gestures
	c. In the USA; focus on anti-war protest
	d. In Germany; focus on simple art gestures

Question 28

Why did Joseph Beuys entitle his actions ‘social sculpture?’

Choose one answer.

	a. His work was conceived as a way to raise public consciousness about social issues.
	b. His work was conceived to help transition between society and a museum’s gallery space.
	c. His work was conceived as a comment on lack of sculptures in society.
	d. All of the above

Question 29

Why is conceptual art believed to be a good example of dematerialization of art object?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because it puts an emphasis on ideas and concepts and steers away from the art market
	b. Because it avoids ideas and concepts and steers away from the art market
	c. Because it puts an emphasis on ideas and materials and steers away from the art market
	d. Because it avoids materials and concepts and steers away from the art market

Question 30

Why is Lucy Lippard considered to be one of the most important contemporary art critics?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because she offered a new way to assess Modernism
	b. Because she offered a reappraisal of painting and sculpture
	c. Because she was not interested in globalization
	d. Because she advocated participatory art

Question 31

What was the most important quality that contemporary artists associated with Modernism and modernist ideology?

Choose one answer.

	a. Narrative
	b. Autonomy
	c. Mixed Media
	d. Illusionism

Question 32

According to Angela Davies, what did women artists address in their work in the seventies?

Choose one answer.

	a. Creation of stereotypes
	b. Reductive selection of media and artistic genres
	c. Marginalization and exclusion of women artists
	d. All of the above

Question 33

According to Judy Chicago and her explanation of “The Dinner Party,” why did women artists in the seventies turn to crafts in their art making?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because it was cheaper
	b. Because it offered an opportunity for a collective work
	c. All of the above
	d. None of the above

Question 34

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. While the artist’s body has an important role in happening, action art, and performance, it dominates in the artistic genre of ______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Performance
	b. Happening
	c. Action art
	d. Conceptual art

Question 35

In her inspirational article written in the seventies, Professor Linda Nochlin draws attention to which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Absence of women artists both from history and contemporary scene
	b. Increasing presence of technology
	c. Importance of art in education
	d. All of the above

Question 36

In the seventies, when the artists were challenging Modernist canon, why did African, Asian, and Latino women artists feel particularly vulnerable?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because Modernist canon was conceived by white, European man
	b. Because they felt that various media were undeservedly ignored
	c. Because they felt that the mass media and popular culture were absent
	d. Because Modernist canon didn’t allow for representation of patriarchy

Question 37

Mary Kelly’s piece, “Post-Partum Document,” describes which of the following experiences?

Choose one answer.

	a. Motherhood
	b. Sisterhood
	c. Adolescence
	d. All of the above

Question 38

Performance art is best defined as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Direct exchange between artist and audience
	b. Mediation between art, artist and audience
	c. All of the above
	d. None of the above

Question 39

What made the work of Vito Acconci so important in the development of performance art?

Choose one answer.

	a. His use of mixed media
	b. His incorporation of mass media
	c. His exploration of popular culture
	d. His incorporation of subconscious

Question 40

What was the most important contribution of feminist interventions?

Choose one answer.

	a. Creating a new niche in the art market
	b. Opening a new possibility for inclusion of mass media and popular culture
	c. Creating a new way of thinking about the role and function of art in society
	d. All of the above

Question 41

Which female artist’s work addressed and worked through her childhood memories?

Choose one answer.

	a. Judy Chicago
	b. Martha Rosler
	c. Louise Bourgeois
	d. Ana Menidieta

Question 42

Which of the following accurately describes characteristics of performance art?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mixed media
	b. Participation
	c. Artist’s body
	d. All of the above

Question 43

Which of the following best describes ‘The Dinner Party?’

Choose one answer.

	a. Ready-made
	b. Installation
	c. Performance
	d. Sculpture

Question 44

Who utilized some aspects of the Vodou belief system in performance art?

Choose one answer.

	a. Judy Chicago
	b. Chris Burden
	c. Vito Acconci
	d. Ana Mendieta

Question 45

Which of the following best describes why women artists attacked the Modernist canon in the seventies?

Choose one answer.

	a. They did so because they were aware that culture creates and reproduces gender stereotypes.
	b. They did so because they were aware that culture is most efficient when it operates on subconscious level.
	c. All of the above
	d. None of the above

Question 46

Contemporary artist Cindy Sherman combines which of the following in her work?

Choose one answer.

	a. Performance and photography
	b. Performance and painting
	c. Painting and sculpture
	d. Sculpture and performance

Question 47

How does Allan McCollum’s work engage with the contemporary world of mass production?

Choose one answer.

	a. Historically
	b. Rhetorically
	c. Critically
	d. Objectively

Question 48

How would you describe Sherrie Levine’s involvement with the postmodern rhetoric?

Choose one answer.

	a. Levine focused on issues of authenticity and originality as a sign of patriarchal dominance.
	b. Levine focused on commercial and technological issues as a sign of spectacularization.
	c. Levine focused on technocracy and bureaucracy as a sign of an increasing alienation.
	d. All of the above

Question 49

In order to directly engage with the ordinary public, what did Barbara Kruger use?

Choose one answer.

	a. Advertisement in magazines
	b. TV Commercials
	c. Shopping Malls
	d. Commercial Billboards

Question 50

Komar and Melamid are Russian artists whose collaborative work did which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Made the public appreciate abstract painting
	b. Made the public appreciate realist painting
	c. Made the public rethink the social implications of the dichotomy realism/abstraction
	d. Made the public aware of the absence of abstract painting

Question 51

Neo-expressionist artist Anselm Kiefer uses which of the following as inspiration for his work?

Choose one answer.

	a. European history
	b. German history
	c. Non-Western history
	d. All of the above

Question 52

Specifically, why did women artists deride authenticity in their works?

Choose one answer.

	a. It underscored gender roles in patriarchal culture.
	b. It made obvious gap between audience and artist.
	c. It created a sense of uneasiness amongst the public.
	d. None of the above

Question 53

What did Cindy Sherman critique in her “Untitled Film Stills” series?

Choose one answer.

	a. Formalist art as popularized by art press
	b. De-materialized art
	c. Modernist art and sculpture
	d. Gender stereotypes as popularized by mass media

Question 54

What does the ‘expression’ in the name of ‘Neo-Expressionism’ refer to?

Choose one answer.

	a. Historical expressionism
	b. Individual expressions
	c. Public expressions and expectations
	d. Collective beliefs and expressions

Question 55

What made originality such an important issue in postmodern rhetoric?

Choose one answer.

	a. Museum practices
	b. Art critical practices
	c. Public culture
	d. Technology and mass media

Question 56

What was the role of appropriation in postmodern rhetoric?

Choose one answer.

	a. To call attention to issue of originality and reproduction
	b. To underscore representation of race in contemporary art and culture
	c. To examine the importance of mass culture
	d. All of the above

Question 57

Why did Jeff Koons title his artwork “New Hoover Convertibles, New Shelton Wet/Drys 5-Gallon, Double Decker?”

Choose one answer.

	a. As a comment on contemporary art scene
	b. As a comment on consumerism
	c. As a comment on global warming
	d. As a comment on postmodernist rhetoric

Question 58

Why did postmodernist rhetoric become so prevalent in discussions on contemporary art in the eighties?

Choose one answer.

	a. It seemed to offer a solution to an increasing commercialization of art.
	b. It seemed to address a misrepresentation of non-Western artists.
	c. It seemed to offer new critical tools for rethinking artistic practice.
	d. All of the above

Question 59

What does the term ‘postmodernism’ in studies of history refer to?

Choose one answer.

	a. The end of the European dominance in culture and politics
	b. The end of Western colonial policies
	c. The end of globalization
	d. All of the above

Question 60

According to artists involved with it, what is the most important quality of public art?

Choose one answer.

	a. Temporality
	b. Luminosity
	c. Participation
	d. All of the above

Question 61

Fill in the blank. Richard Serra argued that the removal of his sculpture from the Federal Plaza would _____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Ruin the Federal Plaza
	b. Destroy the view
	c. Create a public outrage
	d. Destroy the work

Question 62

In Robert Mapplethorpe obscenity trial, what type of beauty did the defense argue his photographs possessed?

Choose one answer.

	a. Classical
	b. Contemporary
	c. Modern
	d. Romantic

Question 63

In what way does the artist Fred Wilson use the museum as the medium for his work?

Choose one answer.

	a. By exploring his collections and working with curators
	b. By misplacing the labels to draw attention to historical and cultural inconsistencies
	c. By exhibiting pieces from the storage that were marginalized, displaced as a commentary on cultural marginalization
	d. All of the above

Question 64

What artistic medium does Andrea Fraser use to call attention to alleged desensitizing effect of a museum?

Choose one answer.

	a. Performance
	b. Sculpture
	c. Painting
	d. Mixed Media

Question 65

What does Alfredo Jaar’s work in big cities comment on?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cultural marginalization
	b. Political isolation
	c. Racial exclusion
	d. All of the above

Question 66

What does the term ‘institutional critique’ refer to?

Choose one answer.

	a. Artists’ critique of museum and museological practices
	b. Artists’ critique of public sphere
	c. Artists critique of art education and art institutions
	d. All of the above

Question 67

What type of support did Jenny Holzer use for her public art interventions?

Choose one answer.

	a. T-shirts, LED boards, stickers
	b. T-shirts, magazines, billboards
	c. T-shirts, stickers, magazines
	d. All of the above

Question 68

What type of work did Hans Haacke do in museums?

Choose one answer.

	a. Site-specific
	b. Installation
	c. Exposing corporate influence
	d. All of the above

Question 69

What was one of the most important reasons that got Richard Serra the commission for the Federal Plaza in New York City?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because he already worked for different plazas in NYC
	b. Because his work is site-specific
	c. Because his work is multi-media
	d. Because he did similar work in Europe

Question 70

What was the main impetus for making of Krzyst of Wodicko’s “Poliscar?”

Choose one answer.

	a. Isolation and marginalization of disabled people
	b. Isolation and marginalization of disenchanted people
	c. Isolation and marginalization of homeless people
	d. Isolation and marginalization of old people

Question 71

What was the name of the work Jenny Holzer displayed on LED boards in New York City’s Times Square?

Choose one answer.

	a. Tropism
	b. Truism
	c. Futurism
	d. Minimalism

Question 72

What was the main outcome of culture wars?

Choose one answer.

	a. Artists felt that their work was threatened.
	b. The public felt that artists were having too much liberty.
	c. Artists felt that their lives were threatened.
	d. The public felt that artists were irresponsible.

Question 73

An installation artist strictly opposes the use of which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Photographs
	b. Ready-made objects
	c. All of the above
	d. None of the above

Question 74

Different from installation, performance works with which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Painting and sculpture
	b. Artist’s body
	c. Printed media
	d. Mixed media

Question 75

Different objects that Annette Messager uses in her installations are metaphors for which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Observer’s body
	b. Artist’s body
	c. Social disintegration
	d. None of the above

Question 76

Fill in the blank. Australian artist Stelarc manipulates different prosthetics in his performances as a way to expose an increasing role of ___________ on our identity and the way we think of ourselves.

Choose one answer.

	a. Technology
	b. Mass media
	c. Art
	d. Durableness

Question 77

Fill in the blank. Yinka Shonibare recreates the most important scenes from British art and literature from a position of _______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Post-modern identity politics
	b. Post-colonial identity politics
	c. Post-feminist identity politics
	d. Post-gender identity politics

Question 78

How did the artistic genre of installation affect contemporary art practice?

Choose one answer.

	a. It transformed the viewer’s perception of artistic practice.
	b. It transformed the way to install art.
	c. None of the above
	d. Both A and B

Question 79

In one of her works, French performance artist Orlan uses technology in a very unorthodox and sophisticated way by undergoing a surgical intervention while the procedure is transmitted via webcam to Internet audiences around the world. This is in order to create a commentary on which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Technology
	b. Mass media
	c. Racial positioning
	d. Gender issues and women sexuality

Question 80

Kara Walker’s black&white silhouettes are an allegorical enactment of which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Racial tensions that participate in identity formation
	b. Social tension that participate in identity formation
	c. Gender tensions that participate in identity formation
	d. All of the above

Question 81

The installation reacts against which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Fetishization of audience
	b. Fetishization of gallery space
	c. Commodification of art
	d. All of the above

Question 82

The use of soft toys recreates childhood fears of rejection for which artist?

Choose one answer.

	a. Kiki Smith
	b. Robert Gober
	c. Glenn Ligon
	d. Mike Kelley

Question 83

What did anthropology make available to Carrie Mae Weems’ work?

Choose one answer.

	a. An insight into cultural oppression
	b. An insight into cultural construction
	c. An insight into societal relativism
	d. All of the above

Question 84

Which of the following is analogous to an installation?

Choose one answer.

	a. Environment
	b. Set-up
	c. Display
	d. Mise-en-scene

Question 85

Why did the installation become so important for artists working in the 1990s?

Choose one answer.

	a. It made their work more accessible to general audiences.
	b. It made their work readily available for mass-media.
	c. It made the art market more aware of young artists.
	d. It made the audience more responsive in a gallery/museum setting.

Question 86

Most of the contemporary artworks made in the 1990s reference which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Urban experience
	b. Political experience
	c. Personal experience
	d. Collective experience

Question 87

According to Jean Fisher, what is the biggest contribution of Rasheed Araeen’s exhibition ‘The Other Story?’

Choose one answer.

	a. ‘De-imperializing’ the institutional mind
	b. Initiating a wave of neo-imperial exploration of ‘exotic’
	c. All of the above
	d. None of the above

Question 88

Based on your study, which of the following characterizes artistic practice today?

Choose one answer.

	a. Increasing importance of art markets and commercialization
	b. Increasing presence of contemporary non-Western art and at the same time, dissolution of single, dominant art centers
	c. Increasing number of Biennial and other spectacular exhibitions across the globe
	d. All of the above

Question 89

Bill Talen, also known as Reverend Billy, exclusively uses which of the following as a setting for his art?

Choose one answer.

	a. Starbucks coffee shops
	b. Shopping Malls
	c. All of the above
	d. None of the above

Question 90

Doris Salcedo, Colombian artist’s most famous work to date, Shibboleth (2007, London, Tate Modern) was simply a 167m long crack in the floor of the gallery. Based on your understanding of this artist’s work, what was the crack a metaphor for?

Choose one answer.

	a. Political segregation
	b. Economic, social, and cultural borders
	c. Racial segregation
	d. All of the above

Question 91

If we define the performance in the seventies primarily as an exploration of artist’s body and its psycho-social positioning in the world, what would be the way to define the performance in the 21st century?

Choose one answer.

	a. Exposition communal, dominant social ills with a help of parody and humor
	b. Exploration of art and artistic institutions
	c. Examination of Modernist orthodoxies
	d. All of the above

Question 92

In today’s global world, what is the most pressing role for art and artists?

Choose one answer.

	a. To resist and critique consumerism
	b. To draw attention to an increasing power of corporations
	c. To preserve and nurture difference (racial, sexual, and gender)
	d. All of the above

Question 93

South African artist William Kentridge turns his black and white charcoal drawings into animated films as a commentary on what aspect of South African life today?

Choose one answer.

	a. Economic and social tensions
	b. Precariousness of race discourse
	c. All of the above
	d. None of the above

Question 94

The work of Mexican artist, Gabriel Orozco is said to establish a poetic relationship with audience due to his unfamiliar use of which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Painting and drawing
	b. Familiar, everyday objects, like a shoebox for example
	c. Film and mass media
	d. All of the above

Question 95

What are the most effective figurative tools that “The Yes Men” use in their work?

Choose one answer.

	a. Parody and impersonation
	b. Allegory and metaphor
	c. Metonymy and personification
	d. All of the above

Question 96

What does Nada Shabout’s question, ‘Are Images Global’ imply?

Choose one answer.

	a. Lack of correct representation of Middle-East art and artistic practices
	b. Lack of critical appreciation for German art
	c. Lack of understanding of Caribbean art
	d. All of the above

Question 97

What is the biggest difference between Bill Talen’s (Reverend Billy) performances today and Vito Acconci’s performance work in the seventies?

Choose one answer.

	a. The way they approach social reality and define the audience
	b. The way they use different media in their performances
	c. The way they work in the gallery or museum space.
	d. All of the above

Question 98

Why do contemporary artists increasingly work with figurative language (i.e. metaphor, allegory, metonymy, and parody)?

Choose one answer.

	a. It invites the audience to be more responsive and pay attention to a detail.
	b. It makes the audience more confident in its understanding of contemporary art.
	c. It creates tension between the museum and public.
	d. It contributes to a more balanced dialogue between artist and museum.

Question 99

Why does humor seem to be such a powerful tool for artists in addressing consumerism in contemporary society?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because the position of consumption in society is not clearly delineated
	b. Because it is difficult to address such an issue differently
	c. All of the above
	d. None of the above

Question 100

Fill in the blank. In Chin-Tao Wu’s interpretation of today’s contemporary art scene, the old Modernist paradigm of advanced, powerful center and lagging behind periphery is ________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Equally pertinent
	b. Problematic
	c. Dramatically changed
	d. Relatively incorrect