A pseudoperipteral temple is a temple that:

	a. Uses cement columns faced with marble in imitation of the Greeks.
	b. Imitates the Greek style of columns encircling a temple, but uses engaged columns, rather than free-standing columns.
	c. Has a stairway all around the base of the temple.
	d. Has a stairway at the front of the temple.
	e. Has a continuous frieze.

.

A typical Roman city was planned according to which of the following models?

	a. Concentric circles.
	b. Concentric squares.
	c. An x-shape, with four triangular divisions of space.
	d. A rectangular grid with two main streets converging in the center.
	e. None of the above; Romans did not like to plan their cities, instead preferring to let them develop organically.

.

First style Roman wall painting can best be described as:

	a. Imitating colorful marble and stone.
	b. Creating the illusion of a window looking onto a vista.
	c. Geometric patterning.
	d. Landscape paintings.
	e. Mythological scenes.

.

Fourth style Roman wall painting can best be described as

	a. Resembling third style painting, but with more substantial architectural elements.
	b. Resembling third style painting, but with portraiture rather than mythological scenes.
	c. Large-scale narrative paintings.
	d. Paintings depicting wildlife and hunting.
	e. Pure abstraction.

.

From which Roman emperor did the emperor Vespasian actively seek to disassociate himself?

	a. Caligula.
	b. Augustus.
	c. Nero.
	d. Julius Caesar.
	e. Hadrian

.

Herculaneum differs from Pompeii in which important way(s)?

	a. There are no examples of public architecture in Herculaneum.
	b. Herculaneum is less excavated than Pompeii.
	c. Herculaneum was hermetically sealed by a layer of lava.
	d. All of the above.
	e. There are virtually no differences between Herculaneum and Pompeii.

.

In the Odyssey Painting, what detail seems to be the most important to the painter?

	a. Individualistic facial features.
	b. Landscape and the details of nature.
	c. Gesture as a mode of storytelling.
	d. Greek architecture.
	e. Warfare.

.

In the Room of the Mysteries at the House of Augustus, the relationship of Roman wall painting to which of the following is most evident?

	a. Greek sculpture.
	b. Greek painting.
	c. Roman theater.
	d. Etruscan painting.
	e. Roman oratory.

.

One drawback/some drawbacks to cement construction was/were:

	a. It was more expensive than stone construction.
	b. It was less attractive than stone construction.
	c. It was vulnerable to moisture.
	d. B and C only.
	e. A and C only.

.

Pompeii could best be described as:

	a. A resort city.
	b. A Roman colony.
	c. A trade center.
	d. A slave district.
	e. A quarry.

.

Roman amphitheaters differed from Greek theaters in which of the following ways?

	a. Roman amphitheaters did not require a hillside for their construction.
	b. Roman amphitheaters were reserved only for use by the emperor and his closest friends.
	c. Roman amphitheaters were not a valued part of the culture.
	d. Roman amphitheaters had no seating.
	e. All of the above.

.

Second style Roman wall painting can be described as:

	a. Imitating colorful marble and stone.
	b. Creating the illusion of a window looking onto a vista.
	c. Geometric patterning.
	d. Landscape paintings.
	e. Mythological scenes.

.

The emperor Caligula oversaw which significant architectural development?

	a. The invention of concrete.
	b. The lightening of concrete by the removal of stone rubble.
	c. The discovery of local marble quarries.
	d. Both A and C
	e. Both B and C.

.

The Emperor Nero’s Domus Aura is infamous because:

	a. It had a gilded façade.
	b. It was built on hundreds of acres of land taken from the Roman people.
	c. It represents the move away from the rigid, rectangular-plan building.
	d. It had an octagonal, domed room.
	e. All of the above.

.

The fresco from the Villa of Livia at Primaporta is an example of which type of Roman wall painting?

	a. First style.
	b. Second style.
	c. Third style.
	d. Fourth style.
	e. None of the above.

.

The House of the Faun in Pompeii conforms to which of the following building types?

	a. The domus italica.
	b. The Hellenized domus
	c. An imperial villa.
	d. All of the above.
	e. None of the above.

.

The Mausoleum of Augustus most closely resembles the tombs of which culture?

	a. The Egyptians.
	b. The Greeks.
	c. The Persians.
	d. The Visigoths.
	e. The Etruscans.

.

The monument most famously associated with the Emperor Augustus is:

	a. The Colosseum.
	b. The Altar of Augustan Peace (Ara Pacis).
	c. The Pantheon.
	d. The Circus Maximus.
	e. The Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia.

.

The Odyssey Painting:

	a. Was probably based on an earlier Greek painting of the same subject.
	b. Is the first narrative painting in Ancient Rome.
	c. Includes portraits of the family that commissioned the painting.
	d. Is the ultimate First Style Roman wall painting.
	e. All of the above.

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The Theater of Marcellus was built by which emperor in honor of his son-in-law?

	a. Nero
	b. Vespasian
	c. Augustus
	d. Commodus
	e. Diocletian

.

The Tomb of Cestius takes the unusual form of a(n):

	a. Obelisk.
	b. Pyramid.
	c. Portrait head.
	d. Gargantuan column.
	e. Tree.

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The wall paintings in the Augustan villa at Boscotrecase are an example of which type of Roman wall painting?

	a. First style.
	b. Second style.
	c. Third style.
	d. Fourth style.
	e. None of the above.

.

The “Spoils of Jerusalem” is a relief sculpture on which of the following monuments?

	a. The Colosseum.
	b. The Arch of Titus.
	c. The Domus Aurea.
	d. The Baths of Caracalla.
	e. Trajan’s Column.

.

What are the cardo and decumanus?

	a. The inner chambers of a round temple.
	b. The two main streets of a Roman city, intersecting at the center.
	c. The two head administrators of the Roman law courts.
	d. The two main supports for an arch.
	e. The main living spaces of a Roman house.

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What are the so-called “black curtains” often found in Second Style Roman wall painting?

	a. Curtains that would have been draped over the walls to protect the paintings.
	b. Illusionistic curtains painted into the far sides of the scenes to create the illusion of a curtain that could be drawn.
	c. The stark black awnings painted into architectural vistas.
	d. Mysterious black fabric painted into a scene, resembling the curtains one might have seen in a Roman theatrical set.
	e. An illusionistically painted black cornice that appears to protrude into the viewer’s space.

.

What development in Roman domestic architecture emerged around the second century BC?

	a. Houses began to imitate Greek architecture.
	b. Houses began to imitate Etruscan architecture.
	c. Houses were being built with multiple stories.
	d. Houses were becoming smaller and smaller.
	e. All of the above.

.

What does the Arch of Titus celebrate?

	a. Titus’s conquest of Judea.
	b. The birth of Titus.
	c. Titus’s defeat of his coregents.
	d. The birth of Titus’s son.
	e. Titus’s marriage.

.

What event lent credence to Vespasian’s legitimacy as emperor of Rome?

	a. The death of Nero.
	b. The birth of a son.
	c. His marriage.
	d. The conquest of Judea.
	e. All of the above.

.

What is (or which are) the most notable difference between the Theater and the Music Hall at Pompeii?

	a. The Theater was a semicircle, whereas the Music Hall is a full circle.
	b. The Theater is built from stone, whereas the Music Hall is built from concrete.
	c. The Theater is open to the sky, whereas the Music Hall has a roof.
	d. Unlike the Theater, the Music Hall has no seats.
	e. All of the above.

.

What is the domus italica?

	a. The ideal Roman home, passed down through the writings of Vitruvius.
	b. The standard house plan used in early houses at Pompeii.
	c. The standard house plan used only in the distant provinces of Rome.
	d. Both A and B.
	e. None of the above.

.

What is the significance of Augustus finding Rome “a city of brick” and leaving it a “city of marble”?

	a. Augustus went to great expense remodeling old brick Roman buildings.
	b. Augustus sought to build Rome in the style of a Greek city.
	c. Augustus built many more religious buildings than did earlier emperors.
	d. Augustus plundered the quarries of Greece to bring in large amounts of marble.
	e. All of the above.

.

What is the subject of the paintings in the Villa of the Mysteries?

	a. Animal sacrifice.
	b. The afterlife.
	c. Landscape.
	d. A marriage ceremony.
	e. All of the above.

.

What is unusual about the columns at the Port of Claudius?

	a. They are made of wood, rather than stone.
	b. They are sculpted to look like female figures.
	c. They have openwork carving in them.
	d. They are left unfinished, or “rusticated.”
	e. Each column is different from the others.

.

What is/are the major difference(s) between second and third style wall painting?

	a. In Third style wall painting, architectural elements were extremely attenuated.
	b. Third style paintings depict mythological subjects
	c. Third style painting emphasizes the flat wall surface.
	d. Third style painting does not attempt to create a window looking into space.
	e. All of the above.

.

What was the special significance of Julius Caesar’s commissioning of a temple in honor of the god Venus Genetrix?

	a. It was a way of honoring his wife, whose name was Genetrix.
	b. Caesar wanted to build a monument for his lover, and therefore built a temple for the goddess of love.
	c. Caesar and his family claimed to be descended from Venus Genetrix, and the temple therefore honored his own family.
	d. The temple was a votive offering to Venus Genetrix in the hopes of a fruitful crop.
	e. Caesar built the temple as a validation of his violent military campaigns.

.

Which building do the columns of the Forum of Augustus imitate?

	a. The Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia.
	b. The Baths of Caracalla.
	c. The Parthenon.
	d. The Villa of Livia.
	e. The Erechtheion.

.

Which capital type did the Romans favor?

	a. Doric order capitals.
	b. Ionic order capitals.
	c. Corinthian capitals.
	d. Tuscan capitals.
	e. Composite capitals.

.

Which emperor commissioned the building of the Colosseum?

	a. Vespasian
	b. Nero
	c. Diocletian
	d. Domitian
	e. Augustus

.

Which of the following buildings can be described as a Roman combination of Etruscan and Greek architectural principles?

	a. The Temple of Portunus.
	b. The Baths of Caracalla.
	c. The House of the Faun.
	d. The Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia.
	e. All of the above.

.

Which of the following buildings was constructed with concrete?

	a. The Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia.
	b. The Colosseum.
	c. The Pantheon.
	d. The Temple of Portunus.
	e. All of the above.

.

Which of the following conveniences was NOT found in Pompeii?

	a. Fountains.
	b. Cafeteria-style restaurants.
	c. Sidewalks.
	d. Public baths.
	e. Gas lighting.

.

Which of the following describes the typical plan of a Roman basilica?

	a. A domed central-plan.
	b. A rectangular courtyard.
	c. A series of vaults connected by tunnels.
	d. A roofed rectangular space with axial orientation.
	e. A square plan with hemispherical apses connected to all four sides.

.

Which of the following elements of a Roman home can be termed “Hellenizing?”

	a. Columns.
	b. A peristyle courtyard.
	c. First-style Roman wall painting.
	d. All of the above.
	e. A and B only.

.

Which of the following is NOT a room in a Roman bath?

	a. Tepidarium.
	b. Tablinum.
	c. Caldarium.
	d. Natatio.
	e. Frigidarium.

.

Which of the following is NOT an architectural element used in the Colosseum?

	a. Annular vaults.
	b. Concrete.
	c. Groin vaults.
	d. An awning.
	e. Post and lintel construction.

.

Which of the following is NOT depicted in the Villa of the Mysteries?

	a. A frightened woman.
	b. A satyr.
	c. Drinking vessels.
	d. A bride.
	e. Jupiter.

.

Which of the following is the earliest known preserved Roman amphitheater built from stone?

	a. The Theater of Marcellus.
	b. The Colosseum.
	c. The Amphitheater at Pompeii.
	d. The thermopolium.
	e. None of the above.

.

Which of the following statements about First Style wall painting is most accurate?

	a. First Style wall painting was a revolutionary Roman invention.
	b. First Style wall painting borrowed styles from wall paintings in Etruscan tombs.
	c. First Style wall painting was a carryover from the painting traditions of Ancient Greece.
	d. First style wall painting grew out of Samnite traditions.
	e. First style wall painting was borrowed from the Egyptians.

.

Which of the following statements about Roman concrete is most accurate?

	a. It was known by the Romans as opus caementicum.
	b. It allowed for quick and cheap construction.
	c. It enabled architects to build structures that would have otherwise been incredibly difficult—if not impossible—to construct.
	d. It was cast in wooden molds.
	e. All of the above.

.

Which of the following statements about Roman painting is NOT true?

	a. Most Roman paintings were panel paintings hung on the wall.
	b. Most Roman paintings were wall paintings.
	c. Roman paintings sometimes included still life scenes.
	d. Roman painting suggests an interest in nature and specific details.
	e. In some cases, the painters’ names are known.

.

Which of the following statements about Second Style wall painting is most accurate?

	a. Second Style wall painting was a revolutionary Roman invention.
	b. Second Style wall painting borrowed from Etruscan tomb decoration.
	c. Second Style wall painting is a carryover from the painting traditions of Ancient Greece.
	d. Second style wall painting grew out of Samnite traditions.
	e. Second style wall painting was borrowed from the Egyptians.

.

Which of the following was NOT a part of the domus italica?

	a. The fauces.
	b. The atrium.
	c. The impluvium.
	d. The thermopolium.
	e. The hortus.

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Which technique are Romans most famous for employing in their wall paintings?

	a. Linear (one-point) perspective.
	b. Pointillism.
	c. Atmospheric perspective.
	d. Oil paint.
	e. All of the above.

.

Which word might best describe the style of third style Roman wall painting?

	a. Elegant.
	b. Forceful.
	c. Illusionistic.
	d. Primitive.
	e. Autobiographical.

.

“Opus incertum” was a building technique whereby

	a. An arch was carved out of marble.
	b. A road was paved with marble.
	c. Concrete was reinforced with ashlar masonry.
	d. Concrete was faced with mosaics.
	e. Concrete was faced with irregular, small stones.

.

The oldest architectural remains from ancient Rome date to

	a. The third century BC.
	b. The fourth century BC.
	c. The eighth century BC.
	d. The seventh century BC.
	e. 100 BC

.

Almost no new buildings were constructed in third century Rome because of what extenuating circumstance?

	a. A plague killed off most of the local builders.
	b. Quarries had been over-used and there were no local building materials.
	c. Political instability left little time or money for building projects.
	d. Rome was overcrowded, leaving no room for new construction.
	e. All of the above.

.

Although Constantine’s Aula Palatina in Trier follows Roman basilican architecture, it deviates from Roman precedent in which of the following ways?

	a. There is a narthex at the entranceway.
	b. It has no roof.
	c. It is appointed with theater-style seating on the interior.
	d. It is very stark and geometric, with no columns in the cella.
	e. Both A and D.

.

During which time period did brick facing for concrete come to be celebrated as an attractive material (i.e. no longer something to be covered over with plaster)?

	a. The reign of Augustus.
	b. Republican Rome
	c. The second century AD.
	d. The first century BC.
	e. The reign of Constantine.

.

Hadrian’s temple (known as the Pantheon) was dedicated to which gods?

	a. The Capitoline Triad.
	b. Mars and Venus.
	c. All gods.
	d. Venus and Caesar.
	e. Jupiter and Minerva.

.

How did housing in Ostia differ from housing in Pompeii?

	a. In Ostia, houses were rarely designated for single family occupancy.
	b. Housing in Ostia was often multi-storied, whereas housing in Pompeii was single-story.
	c. Pompeiian housing was more lavish than was housing in Ostia.
	d. Ostian housing had to be designed to accommodate more people than Pompeiian housing.
	e. All of the above.

.

How did the Roman cities of Timgad and Leptis Magna differ?

	a. Timgad was a resort town, while Leptis Magna was an industrial center.
	b. Timgad became a part of the empire much later than did Leptis Magna.
	c. Leptis Magna was the religious center in the provinces, whereas Timgad was an administrative center.
	d. Both A and B.
	e. Both A and C.

.

How was the concrete of the Pantheon’s dome manipulated to allow for its construction?

	a. The concrete encased permanent wooden beams.
	b. A lighter concrete mixture with pumice was used towards the top of the dome.
	c. A heavier concrete mixture with basalt was used towards the bottom of the dome.
	d. Both B and C.
	e. All of the above.

.

In what city did the emperor Diocletian build his palace?

	a. Timgad.
	b. Split.
	c. Leptis Magna.
	d. Orange.
	e. Nîmes.

.

In what significant way(s) does the Temple of Venus and Roma differ from the “typical” Roman temple plan?

	a. It has a low podium.
	b. It has a continuous staircase around the circumference of the building.
	c. It has a peripteral colonnade.
	d. It has a double cella.
	e. All of the above.

.

In what way does the Theater in Leptis Magna differ from most other Roman buildings in the city?

	a. It is made using concrete.
	b. It is made using brick.
	c. It is heavily decorated.
	d. It has no roof.
	e. It has no colonnade.

.

In what way is the Roman theater at Orange similar to Greek theaters?

	a. The theater at Orange was built using white marble.
	b. The theater at Orange was built into a natural hillside.
	c. The theater at Orange has a roof.
	d. All of the above.
	e. A and B only.

.

In which region did the “baroque” style occur most frequently in the architecture of ancient Rome?

	a. Rome.
	b. North Africa.
	c. The Western Provinces.
	d. The Eastern Provinces.
	e. Pompeii.

.

In which Roman province would you be most likely to see buildings constructed with Pentellic marble?

	a. Gaul
	b. Timgad
	c. Athens
	d. Capri
	e. None of the above; the Romans did not use Pentellic marble.

.

Roman architecture in the provinces was generally built using which of the following materials?

	a. Marble
	b. Tufa
	c. Brick
	d. Opus incertum
	e. Local stone

.

The Baths of Trajan mark an interesting turning point in Roman baths, as they include which of the following types of rooms?

	a. Dining and banquet halls.
	b. Law courts.
	c. Small temples.
	d. Intellectual halls and meeting rooms.
	e. All of the above.

.

The exedrae on either side of Trajan’s Forum are a direct reference to which of the following?

	a. The Colosseum.
	b. The Baths of Titus.
	c. The Forum of Augustus.
	d. The Forum of Julius Caesar.
	e. The Domus Aurea.

.

The only major architectural commission in third century Rome was:

	a. A basilica.
	b. A public bath.
	c. A temple to all gods.
	d. A defensive wall.
	e. A prison.

.

The Pont-du-Gard is one of the most famous Roman:

	a. Aqueducts.
	b. Roads.
	c. Temples.
	d. Bath houses.
	e. Marketplace.

.

The Roman province in Athens was primarily built under which two Greek-loving Roman emperors?

	a. Septimius Severus and Caracalla
	b. Julius Caesar and Augustus
	c. Augustus and Domitian
	d. Nero and Vespasian
	e. Augustus and Hadrian

.

The Temple of Venus in Hadrian’s Villa at Tivoli is an exact replica of which earlier building?

	a. The Parthenon.
	b. The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Capitolinus.
	c. The Temple of Venus and Roma.
	d. The House of the Faun.
	e. The Temple of Venus from Knidos.

.

What distinguished Constantine (and thus his architectural commissions) from all earlier Roman emperors?

	a. Constantine was a pacifist.
	b. Constantine was priest and emperor simultaneously.
	c. Constantine was the first Christian emperor.
	d. Constantine was an artist.
	e. Both A and D.

.

What event does the Arch of Constantine celebrate?

	a. Constantine’s defeat over the Visigoths at Aosta.
	b. The birth of Constantine’s eldest child.
	c. The founding of a new capital in the Roman east: Constantinople.
	d. Constantine’s victory over Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge.
	e. Constantine’s coronation as emperor of Rome and leader of the Christian Church.

.

What is an insula?

	a. A Roman temple on an island.
	b. An apartment building.
	c. A mansion-villa.
	d. A warehouse.
	e. A university.

.

What is remarkable about the Roman tombs at Petra (in modern-day Jordan)?

	a. They completely abandon Roman stylistic traditions.
	b. They incorporate wood more than stone, concrete, or brick.
	c. They are enormous.
	d. They are built directly into the face of cliff walls.
	e. All of the above.

.

What is the best description of the Column of Trajan?

	a. A porphyry obelisk.
	b. A column with a spiral frieze commemorating Trajan’s Dacian campaigns.
	c. A column sculpted into a monumental portrait of Trajan.
	d. A fluted column supporting a gilded statue of Trajan.
	e. A memorial column put up by Trajan’s widow.

.

What types of ancient Roman buildings can be found beneath the Basilica of Saint Peter, built much later during the Renaissance.

	a. Temples.
	b. Shops.
	c. Baths.
	d. Tombs.
	e. Apartments.

.

What was significant about the city of Leptis Magna in Africa?

	a. Septimius Severus conquered the city at the start of his reign.
	b. It had one of the most important marble quarries in the empire.
	c. It was the source of much of the grain imported to Rome.
	d. It was the birthplace of the emperor Septimius Severus.
	e. All of the above.

.

What was the significance of the founding of a Roman capital in Constantinople?

	a. Constantinople brought the Romans into contact with Islam.
	b. When Constantinople was founded, Christianity was introduced into the Roman empire.
	c. It allowed for greater exchange of luxury items between Rome and the East.
	d. It marked the end of the Roman Empire.
	e. With the founding of Constantinople, Rome was saved from ruin.

.

Which building material is considered the quintessential material of the Roman city of Ostia?

	a. Marble.
	b. Tufa.
	c. Travertine.
	d. Brick.
	e. Porphyry.

.

Which city’s theater has a temple in its porticus?

	a. Ostia.
	b. Delphi.
	c. Pompeii.
	d. Rome.
	e. Tivoli.

.

Which Greek building had arguably the greatest impact on Roman architecture?

	a. The Temple of Hera I
	b. The Treasury at Delphi
	c. The Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia
	d. The Erechtheion
	e. The Altar of Zeus

.

Which of the following adjectives describes an architectural element that follows an arched shape?

	a. Peripteral.
	b. Pseudoperipteral.
	c. Arcuated.
	d. Buttressed.
	e. Fenestrated.

.

Which of the following commissions was NOT undertaken during the Tetrarchic Renaissance?

	a. The Aurelian Walls.
	b. The Decennial Monument.
	c. The restoration of the Curia Julia.
	d. The Baths of Diocletian.
	e. The Palace of Diocletian.

.

Which of the following details of the Pantheon is NOT considered traditional in Roman architecture?

	a. The high podium.
	b. The columns across the porch.
	c. The frontal staircase.
	d. The dome.
	e. The rectangular forecourt.

.

Which of the following is NOT a feature of “baroque” architecture of the Roman period?

	a. Regimented, orderly planning and decoration.
	b. Extensive, often excessive, ornamentation.
	c. A sense of movement in building facades.
	d. Traditional architectural elements, used in an innovative way.
	e. A focus on the three-dimensional quality of a building’s façade, especially the shadows created by deep recesses.

.

Which of the following monuments is/are (an) example(s) of “baroque” architecture of the Roman period?

	a. The Sanctuary of Jupiter Heliopolitanus in Baalbek
	b. Domitian’s Palace
	c. The Baths of Caracalla
	d. The Tomb of Eurysaces
	e. All of the above.

.

Which of the following Roman emperors is most famous for using an “arcuated lintel” in his buildings?

	a. Julius Caesar
	b. Hadrian
	c. Agrippa
	d. Nero
	e. Trajan

.

Which of the following Roman monuments borrows relief sculpture from older Roman monuments?

	a. The Arch of Constantine.
	b. The Baths of Diocletian.
	c. The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Capitolinus.
	d. The Pont-du-Gard.
	e. The Theater at Orange.

.

Which of the following statements about Roman tomb architecture is most accurate?

	a. Tomb architecture followed very strict templates, with very little variation from tomb to tomb.
	b. Only the wealthy could afford to build large tombs for themselves and their families.
	c. Tombs were not a very important part of Roman culture.
	d. Because they served only to house the remains of the dead, they could be much more experimental than other forms of architecture.
	e. Both A and B.

.

Which of the following statements about the Markets at Leptis Magna is NOT true?

	a. They were built during the reign of Augustus.
	b. They were built during the reign of Septimius Severus.
	c. They only used building materials native to the region.
	d. They used no concrete.
	e. They were built in honor of Julius Caesar.

.

Which of the following was a common type of interior decoration in Roman tombs?

	a. Icon paintings.
	b. First style wall painting.
	c. Painted stucco relief.
	d. Architectural elements.
	e. Both C and D.

.

Which statement best describes Hadrian and his architectural commissions?

	a. He helped design many of his buildings, as he was an amateur architect.
	b. Most of the buildings he commissioned were religious buildings.
	c. He was inspired by Greek architecture.
	d. All of the above.
	e. A and C only.

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Which of the following emperors was the first Roman emperor to be born outside of Italy?

	a. Trajan.
	b. Titus.
	c. Augustus
	d. Nero.
	e. Vespasian.

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