Fill in the blank. A solution with pH ____ is acidic.

Choose one answer.

	a. 6
	b. 7
	c. 8
	d. 9

Question 2

Fill in the blanks. Neural circuits consist of nerve cells that carry information toward the nervous system called _____ neurons, and cells that carry information away from the nervous system called _____ neurons.

Choose one answer.

	a. Afferent; efferent
	b. Entry; exit
	c. Sensory; response
	d. Peripheral; central

Question 3

The central nervous system consists of which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Peripheral nerves and central nerves
	b. Sensory nerves and response nerves
	c. The brain and the spinal cord
	d. White matter and grey matter

Question 4

The human body has how many sensory organs?

Choose one answer.

	a. 3
	b. 4
	c. 5
	d. 6

Question 5

The peripheral nervous system mediates which function?

Choose one answer.

	a. Eye movement
	b. Facial sensation
	c. Hearing
	d. All of the above

Question 6

The temporal lobes of the human brain are located where in the skull?

Choose one answer.

	a. The front
	b. The back
	c. The sides
	d. The bottom

Question 7

What charge do you predict for Calcium (Ca)?

Choose one answer.

	a. -2
	b. +2
	c. -4
	d. +4

Question 8

Which of the following has a membrane?

Choose one answer.

	a. Nucleus
	b. Golgi complex
	c. Endoplasmic reticulum
	d. All of the above

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a part of a nerve cell?

Choose one answer.

	a. Myelin sheath
	b. Cell body
	c. Cell wall
	d. Dendrites

Question 10

Which of the following are chemical bonds?

Choose one answer.

	a. Covalet
	b. Ionic
	c. Van der Waals
	d. All of the above

Question 11

A strong stimulus will result in which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. A single action potential of large magnitude
	b. A large number of action potentials
	c. No change in magnitude of action potential compared to a weak stimulus
	d. No change in number of action potentials compared to a weak stimulus

Question 12

Fill in the blanks. The charge of a nerve cell membrane that is not propagating a nerve impulse is __________; when it is depolarized to propagate an action potential, its charge is _______.

Choose one answer.

	a. positive inside and negative outside; negative inside and positive outside
	b. negative inside and positive outside; positive inside and negative outside
	c. negative inside and negative outside; positive inside and positive outside
	d. positive inside and positive outside negative inside and negative outside

Question 13

Fill in the blanks. The sodium potassium pump actively transports ____ sodium ions from inside to outside the cell and ___ potassium ions from outside to inside the cell.

Choose one answer.

	a. 1; 2
	b. 2; 1
	c. 2; 3
	d. 3; 2

Question 14

In a nerve cell, where is action potential propagated along the axon?

Choose one answer.

	a. At the myelin sheath
	b. At the cell body
	c. At the dendrites
	d. At the node of Ranvier

Question 15

The refractory period is the 'rest period' before an ion channel on a nerve cell membrane can re-open again. How many milliseconds does this rest period last?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1
	b. 2
	c. 3
	d. 4

Question 16

The 'all-or-nothing law' for action potential in a nerve cell means which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. That the potassium concentration inside the nerve must reach a certain threshold level
	b. That the action potential is strongest at the beginning of the axon and weakest at the end of the axon
	c. That the strength of the stimulus must reach a certain threshold level
	d. That action potential from several axons can merge to reach a threshold level for propagation

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a type of synapse?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cerebral synapses
	b. Electrical synapses
	c. Neuromuscular junctions
	d. Excitatory ion synapses

Question 18

Which of the following statements about bioelectrical properties of cell membranes is NOT true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Bioelectricity is not found in muscle cells.
	b. At rest, most cells have a potential between -40 to -80mV.
	c. Cell membranes can separate charged ions.
	d. Cell membranes are electrical insulators.

Question 19

Why does the disease of Multiple sclerosis arise?

Choose one answer.

	a. The myelin sheath around the nerve fibers are damaged.
	b. The dendrites of the nerve cells are damaged.
	c. Plaque forms around the synapses of the nerve cells.
	d. The ion channels in the nerve cell membrane have stopped working.

Question 20

The nerve impulse moves in which direction?

Choose one answer.

	a. From dendrites to cell body to axon
	b. From cell body to dendrites to axon
	c. From axon to dendrites to cell body
	d. From dendrites to axon to cell body

Question 21

All synaptic vesicles contain which substance that also acts as a co-transmitter?

Choose one answer.

	a. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
	b. Inositol trisphosphate (IP₃)
	c. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
	d. Ca²⁺

Question 22

What is the active ingredient in cannabis that affects the brain?

Choose one answer.

	a. 2-hydroxy-5-methyllaurophenoxime (HMLO)
	b. Cocaine
	c. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
	d. None of the above

Question 23

What is the most common second messenger used for intracellular signaling?

Choose one answer.

	a. Nitric oxide
	b. Ca²⁺
	c. Na²⁺
	d. Both A and B

Question 24

What is the role of Ca²⁺ in a chemical synapse?

Choose one answer.

	a. To trigger neurotransmitter release when the concentration of Ca²⁺ inside the presynaptic neuron increases
	b. To trigger neurotransmitter release when the concentration of Ca²⁺ inside the presynaptic neuron decreases
	c. To trigger neurotransmitter release when the concentration of Ca²⁺ outside the presynaptic neuron increases
	d. To trigger neurotransmitter release when the concentration of Ca²⁺ outside the presynaptic neuron decreases

Question 25

Which of the following is found in a chemical synapse?

Choose one answer.

	a. A neurotransmitter that is released into the synaptic gap
	b. Neurotransmitter receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
	c. Gap junction connections between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane
	d. Synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic neuron

Question 26

Which of the following is incorrect?

Choose one answer.

	a. Electrical synapses conduct nerve impulses faster.
	b. The signal in the presynaptic neuron remains unchanged after it has passed to the postsynaptic neuron.
	c. Signals can move in either direction in an electrical synapse.
	d. All of the above

Question 27

Which of the following is true of binding of the neurotransmitter, released from the presynaptic neuron of a chemical synapse, to the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron?

Choose one answer.

	a. It results in ion channels of the postsynaptic membrane to open or close.
	b. It directly transfers the nerve impulses from the presynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic membrane.
	c. It deforms the postsynaptic membrane, which results in the formation of a nerve impulse.
	d. None of the above

Question 28

Which of the following is true of metabotropic and ionotropic receptors?

Choose one answer.

	a. Both are located on post-synaptic membranes.
	b. G-proteins bind to both.
	c. Both are activated by the attachment of a neurotransmitter.
	d. Both have ion channels.

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true of the neurotransmitters at neuromuscular junctions?

Choose one answer.

	a. They are always diphenyl trichloroethane (DTT).
	b. They are always 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).
	c. They are always acetylcholine.
	d. None of the above

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT the reason why there is a gap between the presynaptic membrane of one nerve and the postsynaptic membrane of the next nerve?

Choose one answer.

	a. The gap ensures that the nerve impulse flows only in one direction.
	b. There cannot be direct contact between two nerves.
	c. The gap allows for spatial or temporal summation.
	d. The gap allows the nerves to filter out unimportant background stimuli.

Question 31

After traumatic injury to the central nervous system, secondary injury can result from cellular processes that cause neuronal death. Which of the follow statements about these cellular processes is INCORRECT?

Choose one answer.

	a. Levels of extracellular excitatory amino acids decrease.
	b. Intracellular calcium increase.
	c. Intracellular caspases increase.
	d. Neurons become more susceptible to free radical damage.

Question 32

Cutting of an axon results in which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Anterograde degeneration
	b. Retrograde degeneration
	c. Degeneration of presynaptic terminals
	d. All of the above

Question 33

Damage to which part of the brain prevent rodents from developing spatial memories?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cerebrum
	b. Hippocampus
	c. Hypothalamus
	d. Pons

Question 34

How can neurons be excited to death?

Choose one answer.

	a. The action potential charge becomes too high and kills the neuron.
	b. The neuronal membrane becomes damaged from the nerve impulses.
	c. Too much glutamate causes neurons to take in too much calcium and causes intracellular enzymes to release damaging free radicals.
	d. All of the above

Question 35

Regeneration of damaged neurons requires which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Initiation of the gene expression that causes axon elongation
	b. Macrophages to remove fragments of degenerating axon and myelin
	c. Nogo to aid the newly formed axons
	d. Both A and B

Question 36

Regeneration of peripheral nerves and synapses requires which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Glia growth factor (GGF)
	b. Nerve growth factor (NGF)
	c. Dendrite growth factor (DGF)
	d. Synaptic growth factor (SGF)

Question 37

Stem cell replacement therapy may use which of the following for treatment of patients?

Choose one answer.

	a. Fetal stem cells
	b. Adult brain stem cells
	c. Both A and B
	d. None of the above

Question 38

When is the critical period for visual development?

Choose one answer.

	a. During the early embryonic stage
	b. During the early fetal stage
	c. During the late fetal stage
	d. During the early postnatal period

Question 39

Which of the following statements about neurogenesis is TRUE?

Choose one answer.

	a. Only stem cells can undergo cell division.
	b. Only neuroblasts can undergo cell division.
	c. Both A and B
	d. None of the above

Question 40

Fill in the blank. The critical language learning period for humans occurs at around ____ months, when most babies begin producing speechlike (babbling) sounds.

Choose one answer.

	a. 5
	b. 6
	c. 7
	d. 8

Question 41

Fill in the blanks. The chemoattractant ______ and repellent _________ guide growing axons.

Choose one answer.

	a. Netrins; semaphorin
	b. Slit; robo
	c. Attractin; repellin
	d. Robo; repellin

Question 42

Homeotic genes code for which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Fatty acids
	b. Enzymes
	c. Ribosomal RNA
	d. Transcription factors

Question 43

Neural crest cells have how many pathways of differentiation?

Choose one answer.

	a. 2
	b. 3
	c. 4
	d. 5

Question 44

Retinoic acid regulates which genes?

Choose one answer.

	a. Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)
	b. Homeobox (Hox)
	c. Devo
	d. Both A and B

Question 45

The spinal cord is divided into how many regions?

Choose one answer.

	a. 2
	b. 3
	c. 4
	d. 5

Question 46

Which of the following sequences of development is found in an embryo?

Choose one answer.

	a. Primitive streak elongates to form the primitive pit, which elongates to become the notochord.
	b. Primitive pit elongates to form the primitive streak, which elongates to become the notochord.
	c. Primitive pit elongates to form the notochord, which elongates to become the primitive streak.
	d. Notochord elongates to form the primitive pit, which elongates to become the primitive streak.

Question 47

Which of the following statements about autism is INCORRECT?

Choose one answer.

	a. It affects intellectual ability.
	b. It causes impairment of social responsiveness.
	c. It is caused by a genetic defect only.
	d. There is no cure.

Question 48

Which of the following statements concerning fragile X syndrome is INCORRECT?

Choose one answer.

	a. There is no cure.
	b. It affects males only.
	c. It is caused by a mutation in the X chromosomes only.
	d. It affects intellectual ability.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is CORRECT about selective synapse formation?

Choose one answer.

	a. Preganglionic neurons located in particular spinal cord segments preferentially connect with ganglion cells projecting from certain targets, like the eyes.
	b. Selective synapse formation is based on differential affinities of the pre- and postsynaptic elements.
	c. Selective synapse formation ensures that neurons do not innervate nearby glial or connective tissue cells.
	d. All of the above

Question 50

During gastrulation the primary germ layers are formed. Which of the following is NOT a primary germ layer of an embryo?

Choose one answer.

	a. Periderm
	b. Endoderm
	c. Ectoderm
	d. Mesoderm

Question 51

The basal ganglia contains which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Caudate nucleus
	b. Putamen
	c. Globus pallidus
	d. All of the above

Question 52

The cerebral aquaduct connects which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Third and fourth ventricle
	b. Lateral and fourth ventricle
	c. Third and interventricular foramen
	d. Lateral ventricle and interventricular foramen

Question 53

There are how many pairs of spinal nerves?

Choose one answer.

	a. 10
	b. 17
	c. 24
	d. 31

Question 54

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

Choose one answer.

	a. To carry information from the optic nerve to the brain
	b. To process sound
	c. To carry information between the two hemispheres of the brain
	d. To carry information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

Question 55

Which of the following statements about the cerebellar peduncles is INCORRECT?

Choose one answer.

	a. It carries the input and output of the cerebral cortex.
	b. It consists of 3 fiber bundles.
	c. Outputs are conducted via the superior cerebellar peduncles.
	d. Inputs are conducted via the inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles.

Question 56

Which of the following statements about the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is INCORRECT?

Choose one answer.

	a. An average healthy adult has 140ml of CSF.
	b. CSF is produced from lymphatic fluid.
	c. The circulation of CSF is aided by the pulsations of the choroid plexus and by the motion of the cilia of ependymal cells.
	d. CSF acts as a cushion that protects the brain from shocks and supports the venous sinus.

Question 57

Which of the following statements about the dorsal root and ventral root is CORRECT?

Choose one answer.

	a. The ventral root consists of axon from the motor and visceral efferent fibers.
	b. The dorsal root receives information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints.
	c. Both the dorsal and ventral root eventually come together to form the spinal nerve.
	d. All of the above

Question 58

Which of the following statements about the medulla oblongata is CORRECT?

Choose one answer.

	a. It is not connected to the spinal cord.
	b. It contains the inferior olive.
	c. It regulates respiration.
	d. None of the above

Question 59

Which of the following statements about the optic disk or optic papilla is INCORRECT?

Choose one answer.

	a. After exiting the retina, it bundles together to form the optic nerve.
	b. This is the region where the blind spot of the retina is located.
	c. It is identified by its appearance as a black disk on the retina.
	d. None of the above

Question 60

Which part of the brain, if damaged, will result in vision loss (even when the patient's eyes are not damaged)?

Choose one answer.

	a. The cerebellum
	b. The occipital lobe
	c. The cerebral cortex
	d. The parietal lobe

Question 61

The function of the anterolateral system is to convey what information to the brain?

Choose one answer.

	a. Information about pain only
	b. Information about temperature only
	c. Information about both pain and temperature
	d. Information about crude touch, pain, and temperature

Question 62

The spinal trigeminal pathway carries and processes what information from the face to the brain?

Choose one answer.

	a. Information about pain only
	b. Information about temperature only
	c. Information about both pain and temperature
	d. Information about crude touch, pain, and temperature

Question 63

The trigeminal somatic sensory system does which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Conveys information from the skin to the central nervous system
	b. Conveys information from the visceral organs to the central nervous system
	c. Conveys information from the face to the central nervous system
	d. Conveys information from the limbs to the central nervous system

Question 64

There are how many pairs of spinal nerves?

Choose one answer.

	a. 11
	b. 21
	c. 31
	d. 41

Question 65

What is referred pain?

Choose one answer.

	a. The associated pain occurring in the visceral organs when pain is perceived in the cutaneous layer
	b. Pain in the visceral organs that is perceived as cutaneous pain
	c. Pain created by injury to certain parts of the brain that is perceived as cutaneous pain
	d. Pain created by injury to certain parts of the spinal cord that is perceived as cutaneous pain

Question 66

Where are joint receptors found?

Choose one answer.

	a. Connective tissue
	b. Capsule
	c. Ligaments
	d. All of the above

Question 67

Which of the following is true of the somatic sensory cortex?

Choose one answer.

	a. The somatic sensory cortex is located in the parietal lobe.
	b. The somatic sensory cortex consists of 3 regions.
	c. The somatic sensory cortex responds to stimuli from the eyes.
	d. The somatic sensory cortex is not found in primates.

Question 68

Which of the following statements accurately describes sensitization?

Choose one answer.

	a. Sensitization is also called hyperalgesia.
	b. Sensitization occurs when people become hypersensitive to allergens.
	c. Sensitization is caused by a genetic mutation.
	d. Sensitization can occur after brain damage.

Question 69

Which part of the body is able to perceive two simultaneously applied stimuli 5 mm apart as distinct?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cheek
	b. Fingertip
	c. Belly
	d. Toe

Question 70

Which of the following is a proprioceptive sensory receptor?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Ruffini corpuscle
	b. The Merkel complex
	c. Golgi tendon organs
	d. The Meissner corpuscle

Question 71

Fill in the blank. The blind spot in the eye DOES NOT OCCUR at or on the ______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Optic nerve head
	b. Retina
	c. Optic chiasm
	d. Optic disc

Question 72

Humans can detect sound in what range?

Choose one answer.

	a. 5Hz - 5kHz
	b. 10Hz - 10kHz
	c. 15Hz - 15kHz
	d. 20Hz - 20kHz

Question 73

Odors can be classified into how many major groups?

Choose one answer.

	a. 2
	b. 4
	c. 6
	d. 8

Question 74

Sweet taste is perceived in which part of the tongue?

Choose one answer.

	a. All over
	b. Posterolateral edges
	c. Mediolateral edges
	d. Tip

Question 75

What is the function of the vestibular system?

Choose one answer.

	a. To interpret sound
	b. To interpret head position
	c. To coordinate head eye movements
	d. To integrate sound information received from the two ears

Question 76

Which ear component is used for balance, determining body position, and detecting movement?

Choose one answer.

	a. The otolith organs
	b. The cochlear
	c. The malleus
	d. The spiral organ

Question 77

Which of the following are located in the external, middle, and inner ear respectively?

Choose one answer.

	a. Round window; tympanic membrane; concha
	b. Tympanic membrane; concha; round window
	c. Concha; tympanic membrane; round window
	d. Tympanic membrane; round window; concha

Question 78

Which of the following is in the correct order for how sound waves are transmitted through the ear?

Choose one answer.

	a. Basilar membrane > scala tympani > round window
	b. Basilar membrane > round window > scala tympani
	c. Tympanic membrane > 3 bones of middle ear > oval window
	d. Tympanic membrane > oval window > 3 bones of middle ear

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT an established hypothesis as to how taste is encoded?

Choose one answer.

	a. The label line hypothesis
	b. The interactive hypothesis
	c. The ensemble hypothesis
	d. The across-neuron hypothesis

Question 80

Which part of the human eye detects color and light?

Choose one answer.

	a. The lens
	b. The vitreous humor
	c. The cornea
	d. The rods and cones

Question 81

Damage to the non-motor part of the basal ganglia is the cause of which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHT)
	b. Tourette's syndrome
	c. Autism
	d. Parkinson's disease
	e. Schizophrenia

Question 82

Each individual muscle fiber can be innervated by how many motor neurons?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1
	b. 2
	c. 3
	d. unlimited

Question 83

Involuntary visceral reactions, such as blushing in response to consciously embarrassing stimuli, is regulated by which part of the brain?

Choose one answer.

	a. The cerebral cortex
	b. The cerebellum
	c. The basal ganglia
	d. The brain stem

Question 84

The motor cortex consists of which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The premotor cortex
	b. The supplementary motor area
	c. The primary motor cortex
	d. All of the above

Question 85

The "flight or fight" response of individuals to dangerous situations originates from what part of the visceral motor system?

Choose one answer.

	a. Preganglionic neurons
	b. Parasympathetic division
	c. Sympathetic division
	d. Both A and B

Question 86

Which of the following is a symptom of "Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Muscle atrophy
	b. Fibrillation
	c. Hyporeflexia
	d. All of the above

Question 87

Which of the following is an alternate pathway for voluntary motor commands to be sent from the spinal cord?

Choose one answer.

	a. Red nucleus
	b. Rubrospinal tract
	c. Tectospinal tract
	d. Both A and B

Question 88

Which of the following is NOT a stretch reflex?

Choose one answer.

	a. Pulling your elbow away when you bang it against the table
	b. Lifting your arms when given an unexpectedly heavy book
	c. A knee jerk when the doctor taps just beneath your knee cap
	d. All of the above

Question 89

Which of the following supplies inputs from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum?

Choose one answer.

	a. Premotor cortex
	b. Primary mortor cortex
	c. Frontal lobe
	d. Both A and B

Question 90

The synapse at the neuromuscular junction is considered to be which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. A chemical synapse
	b. An electrical synapse
	c. Both A and B
	d. None of the above

Question 91

Damage to which region can trigger amnesia?

Choose one answer.

	a. Hippocampus
	b. Temporal lobes
	c. Thalamus
	d. All of the above

Question 92

Each hemisphere of the brain is divided into how many lobes?

Choose one answer.

	a. 3
	b. 4
	c. 5
	d. 6

Question 93

Emotions trigger what components of the visceral motor system?

Choose one answer.

	a. Sympathetic
	b. Parasympathetic
	c. Enteric
	d. All of the above

Question 94

Fill in the blank. The _________ interprets the significance of visual stimuli (e.g. small animals seeing a lion will become fearful).

Choose one answer.

	a. Amygdala
	b. Formix
	c. Cingulate gyrus
	d. Parahippocampal gyrus

Question 95

There are how many stages of sleep?

Choose one answer.

	a. 2
	b. 3
	c. 4
	d. 5

Question 96

What is the definition of aphasia?

Choose one answer.

	a. Aphasia is the inability to move the muscles of the mouth, tongue, larynx, and pharynx for speech.
	b. Aphasia is the inability to comprehend or produce language.
	c. Aphasia is the inability to recognize different textures.
	d. Aphasia is the inability to recognize different tastes.

Question 97

Which of the following form declarative memory?

Choose one answer.

	a. Facts
	b. Events
	c. Skills and habits
	d. Both A and B

Question 98

Which of the following statements about a patient whose left brain hemisphere does not communicate with its right hemisphere is INCORRECT?

Choose one answer.

	a. Stimuli perceived on the right side is interpreted by the left hemisphere and vice versa.
	b. Both hemispheres are needed for a stimuli presented on the right to be described in vocal words.
	c. Both A and B
	d. None of the above

Question 99

Which of the following statements about association cortices is INCORRECT?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cognition is a function of association cortices.
	b. Association cortices receive and integrate information from a variety of sources.
	c. Two functions of association cortices are stimuli identification and the planning of appropriate behavioral responses to those stimuli.
	d. All of the above

Question 100

What is the outer layer of the brain that is grey in color and known as grey matter called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cerebral cortex
	b. Insula
	c. Central sulcus
	d. None of the above