| a. Its response generally involves the production of antibodies. | ||
| b. Its response generally involves macrophages. | ||
| c. It provides a tailored response to specific pathogens. | ||
| d. It is responsible for the medical efficacy of vaccines. |
| a. Macrophages releasing excessive amounts of cytokines | ||
| b. Macrophages expressing peptides associated with MHC I molecules at their surface | ||
| c. Macrophages expressing peptides associated with MHC II molecules at their surface | ||
| d. Macrophages expressing CD4 co-receptors at their surface |
| a. An influx of mast cells to the affected area | ||
| b. The rapid proliferation of natural killer cells within lymph nodes | ||
| c. The expansion of lymph fluid within lymph nodes | ||
| d. The rapid proliferation of B cells within lymph nodes |
You have a viral infection. Although you might have an increase in lymphocytes generally, which type of lymphocyte would you expect to be the most abundant and effective, and why?
| a. Cytotoxic T cells, because they recognize the antigens displayed by cells infected with viruses | ||
| b. TH1 cells, because their presence is required in order to stimulate B cells to recognize the infection | ||
| c. B cells, because they would be proliferating and secreting large amounts of antibodies | ||
| d. TH2 cells, because their presence is required in order to stimulate B cells to recognize the infection |
| a. Complement activation | ||
| b. Opsonization | ||
| c. Neutralization | ||
| d. Antigen recognition |
| a. Vaccines are produced in cows, which is where the term vaccine comes from. | ||
| b. Edward Jenner discovered that cowpox can be used as a vaccine against smallpox. | ||
| c. Despite our efforts to perfect the smallpox vaccine, the disease is still not eradicated. | ||
| d. Louis Pasteur developed a cholera vaccine, which works against rabies. |
Which of the following types of immune-system cells respond immediately to bacterial infections and release chemokines and cytokines?
| a. Macrophages | ||
| b. Neutrophils | ||
| c. Eosinophils | ||
| d. Cytotoxic T cells |
| a. It lacks specificity. | ||
| b. It can only be used once against any specific pathogen. | ||
| c. It can only be initiated when the thymus is triggered to release certain activators. | ||
| d. It can take several days for an initial response to take effect. |
| a. Heat and redness | ||
| b. Swelling | ||
| c. Pain | ||
| d. Both A and B |
| a. Cytotoxic T Cells | ||
| b. Neutrophils | ||
| c. Eosinophils | ||
| d. Basophils |
| a. The spleen | ||
| b. The thymus | ||
| c. The bone marrow | ||
| d. The mucosal lymphoid tissues (MALT) |
Which of the following is NOT a principle of the Clonal Selection Theory?
| a. Each lymphocyte has a single type of receptor with unique specificity. | ||
| b. A lymphocyte will be activated to proliferate only when its receptor comes into contact with the specific antigen to which it binds. | ||
| c. Receptors with different specificities are produced as the offspring of activated lymphocytes. | ||
| d. It postulates that those lymphocytes that respond to self-antigen are selected against (deleted) and are not present as mature lymphocytes. |
| a. Cytotoxic T cells | ||
| b. T helper 1 cells | ||
| c. T helper 2 cells | ||
| d. Basophils |
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which epithelia function as a first line of immunological defense?
| a. The epithelia provide a physical barrier to pathogens. | ||
| b. Cilia on the epithelial surface capture and display pathogens to immune-system cells. | ||
| c. Good bacteria on the epithelial surface prevent pathogens from colonizing it. | ||
| d. Many epithelial secretions, like tears and saliva, have antimicrobial properties. |
Which complement-system pathway can provide amplification of the other two pathways?
| a. Classical pathway | ||
| b. Mannose-binding (MB) pathway | ||
| c. Alternative pathway | ||
| d. None of these answers |
Which complement-system pathway is initiated with the help of antibodies bound to the surface of a pathogen?
| a. Classical pathway | ||
| b. Mannose-binding (MB) pathway | ||
| c. Alternative pathway | ||
| d. None of these answers |
Which of the following statements about neutrophils is false?
| a. Neutrophils are members of the first line of defense during an immune reaction. | ||
| b. Neutrophils live longer than macrophages after meeting with a pathogen. | ||
| c. Neutrophils have scavenger receptors, allowing them to quickly recognize a pathogen. | ||
| d. Neutrophils die after one round of phagocytosis, which is the major component of pus. |
Which of the following statements about C3b of the complement pathway is false?
| a. All three complement pathways lead to the breakdown of C3 to C3b and C3a. | ||
| b. C3b can act as an opsonin for phagocytes. | ||
| c. C3b can lead to the formation of the membrane attack complex. | ||
| d. C3b can become iC3b, which is known as the active form. |
Complete the following sentence. C3a molecules act as:
| a. pro-inflammatory mediators. | ||
| b. the initial triggers of the classical pathway. | ||
| c. membrane-attack proteins. | ||
| d. opsonins. |
Which of the following statements about Toll-like receptors is false?
| a. They are part of the vertebrate version of an ancient immunological pathway. | ||
| b. They are present on the surface of phagocytes. | ||
| c. They are involved solely in the induction of innate immune responses. | ||
| d. Some members of the Toll-like receptor family bind to CD14. |
Which of the following is true for mammals lacking a receptor for TNF-α ?
| a. They are resistant to septic shock. | ||
| b. Their immune cells cannot extravasate. | ||
| c. They are especially susceptible to septic shock. | ||
| d. Their immune cells are better able to contain local infections. |
Which of the following types of cells would be present first, and in the largest numbers, at the site of a very recent infection?
| a. Dendritic cells | ||
| b. Neutrophils | ||
| c. Cytotoxic T cells | ||
| d. Basophils |
The presence of interferons alpha and beta indicates that the body has been infected with what kind of pathogen?
| a. A bacterial pathogen | ||
| b. A viral pathogen | ||
| c. A fungal pathogen | ||
| d. Any intracellular pathogen |
Complete the following sentence. The presence of interferons alpha and beta will most likely result in or cause:
| a. the activation of B cells. | ||
| b. the activation of naïve monocytes. | ||
| c. an increase in the number of B cells. | ||
| d. the activation of natural killer cells. |
How can the adaptive immune system be so specific during a first response, when it has never seen the pathogen before?
| a. These cells individually adapt to the infecting pathogen. | ||
| b. These cells have many receptors, each with a specific binding site for common patterns only found on pathogens. | ||
| c. These cells are numerous clones, each with a unique receptor. | ||
| d. Cells from the innate immune system only bring certain types of pathogens to cells of the adaptive immune system. |
A protease cleaves an antibody into three fragments. Two of these fragments are identical and are composed of a light polypeptide chain and a heavy polypeptide chain. The third fragment is composed solely of heavy chains. Which of the following statements regarding the identical fragments is true?
| a. They are the area of the antibody involved in effector interactions. | ||
| b. They are also known as Fc fragments. | ||
| c. They make up the C domain of the antibody. | ||
| d. They are the area of the antibody involved in antigen binding. |
If your friend is suffering from severe hay fever, then you will expect an increase in his levels of which immunoglobulin?
| a. IgE | ||
| b. IgG | ||
| c. IgD | ||
| d. IgA |
If you are looking for maternal antibodies in a newborn, what isotype of antibodies should you look for?
| a. IgE | ||
| b. IgG | ||
| c. IgD | ||
| d. IgM |
An antibody isotype that has a high affinity for antigen-binding sites and can diffuse easily into tissues is best suited for what type of immune-system role?
| a. Mediation of allergic response | ||
| b. Activation of complement | ||
| c. Activation of mast cells | ||
| d. Neutralization of toxins |
Which of the following is an example of passive immunization?
| a. Toxoids, toxin sequences with the toxic portion removed, are injected into a patient to promote an antibody response to bacterial toxins. | ||
| b. Maternal antibodies are transported across the placenta into the bloodstream of a fetus. | ||
| c. A horse is immunized with venom and its antibodies are injected into a person bitten by a rattlesnake. | ||
| d. Secretions like tears and saliva always contain antibodies as a protection against potential infection. |
| a. IgA | ||
| b. IgM | ||
| c. IgE | ||
| d. IgG |
Which of the following statements about IgM is false?
| a. It is the first antibody to be secreted by B cells. | ||
| b. It has relatively low affinity as a monomer. | ||
| c. It is the only antibody that forms dimers. | ||
| d. It is a good agglutinating antibody. |
Which of the following is NOT a means through which immunoglobulin diversity is achieved?
| a. Affinity maturation | ||
| b. The association of 2 chains (a light and a heavy chain) in forming antigen-binding sites | ||
| c. The presence of many different V-regions on an individual's genome | ||
| d. The somatic recombination of V, D, and J segments |
Complete the following sentence. Point mutations of the V regions of light- and heavy-chain genes occur at a dramatic rate, leading to the expression of variant B-cell receptors on B cells. This occurrence is known as:
| a. combinatorial diversity. | ||
| b. somatic hypermutation. | ||
| c. somatic recombination. | ||
| d. hypervariable rearrangement. |
Point mutations of the V regions of light- and heavy-chain genes occur at a dramatic rate, leading to the expression of variant B-cell receptors on B cells. Is this occurrence an advantage or a disadvantage for B cells' function, and why?
| a. It is a disadvantage, because these variant B-cell receptors are unable to recognize antigens. | ||
| b. It is an advantage, because B cells with variant receptors divide more quickly. | ||
| c. It is an advantage, because some variant B-cell receptors bind antigen better and are selected for. | ||
| d. It is a disadvantage, because B cells with variant receptors, regardless of their functionality, can never secrete antibodies. |
| a. IgG antibodies are the best at crossing the placenta. | ||
| b. IgM antibodies are the best at opsonizing extracellular bacteria. | ||
| c. IgA antibodies are mostly in the form of a dimer. | ||
| d. IgE are the most problematic during allergic reactions. |
| a. The tumor cells no longer express mutant proteins. | ||
| b. Antibody bound antigens on the tumor cells are endocytosed. | ||
| c. The tumor cells secrete factors that directly inhibit T cells. | ||
| d. All of these answers |
Although MHC I and MHC II signaling pathways are triggered by different pathogens and use different molecules, some of these molecules perform very similar functions. Which of the following statements does NOT describe a similarity in function between molecules in each pathway?
| a. Proteasomes and proteases both degrade antigen proteins into peptides. | ||
| b. Interferons and acids each induce proteasomes and proteases, respectively. | ||
| c. The TAP-1:2 complex and the invariant chain each help ensure that MHC molecules and peptides will be present in the same place so that peptide binding can occur. | ||
| d. The TAP-1:2 complex and HLA-DO both catalyze the binding of MHC molecules with peptides. |
Which MHC class type is found on every nucleated cell in the body and why?
| a. MHC I, to present self peptides | ||
| b. MHC II, to present infecting viruses | ||
| c. MHC II, to present both infecting viruses and phagocytosed bacteria | ||
| d. MHC I, to present self peptides and viral peptides |
Which MHC class type do Antigen Presenting Cells express on their surface?
| a. MHC I | ||
| b. MHC II | ||
| c. Neither | ||
| d. Both MHC I and MHC II |
This molecule is expressed to some degree by almost all nucleated cells:
| a. MHC I | ||
| b. MHC II | ||
| c. CD4 | ||
| d. CD8 |
Which of the following molecules is usually expressed only by antigen-presenting immune-system cells?
| a. MHC I | ||
| b. MHC II | ||
| c. CD4 | ||
| d. CD8 |
Which of the following molecules increases the sensitivity of Cytotoxic T cells to antigen 100-fold?
| a. MHC I | ||
| b. MHC II | ||
| c. CD4 | ||
| d. CD8 |
Which of the following statements
about antigen recognition is
false?
| a. The receptors of B and T cells are very similar in structure. | ||
| b. The receptors of T cells require co-receptors in order to strongly respond to antigens. | ||
| c. The receptors of B and T cells recognize and bind to antigen fragments. | ||
| d. Unlike B cells, the receptors of T cells have only one binding site. |
The parasite that causes malaria enters red blood cells and is relatively undetected by T cells. Which of the following is a possible reason for its ability to avoid detection by T cells?
| a. Red blood cells do not express MHC II molecules. | ||
| b. Red blood cells do not express MHC I molecules. | ||
| c. Red blood cells do not have the cellular machinery to break down antigen proteins. | ||
| d. The unique structure of a red blood cell prevents it from being brought into contact with T cells. |
You discover a cell type that you believe is involved in immune response and antigen recognition. However, when you place these cells in cultures with whole antigens, they do not respond to them. Knowing about the ways in which lymphocytes respond to antigens, what other experiment should you try before concluding that your suspicion was incorrect?
| a. Place these cells in a culture with antigen fragments. | ||
| b. Place these cells in a culture with T cells. | ||
| c. Inject these cells into mice, and observe the resulting level of infection. | ||
| d. Place these cells in a culture with antibodies tailored to specific antigens. |
Interferon-gamma would increase the response to what type of infection?
| a. Viral | ||
| b. Vesicular parasite | ||
| c. Vesicular bacteria | ||
| d. All of these answers |
| a. IL-1 and IL-6 | ||
| b. TNFa | ||
| c. IL-8 and IL-12 | ||
| d. Both A and B |
| a. MHC I | ||
| b. MHC II | ||
| c. Antibodies | ||
| d. T cell receptors |
A researcher finds that some of her
mice lack appropriate B cell
function; they seem unresponsive to
antigens that should stimulate B
cells. She discovers that although
these mice produce healthy B cells
and normal-looking receptors, those
receptors are only present
within B cells rather than
on the B-cell surface. The
researcher concludes that these
cells are lacking which of the
following?
| a. CD3 complex | ||
| b. ζ (zeta) chains | ||
| c. Igα and Igβ | ||
| d. BCR-3 |
ZAP-70 phosphorylates LAT and SLP-76; SLP-76 then activates Tec kinases. This signaling cascade occurs in what type of cells?
| a. B cells | ||
| b. T cells | ||
| c. Both B and T cells | ||
| d. None of these answers |
What would be the most direct way to prevent the activation of the transcription factor NFAT?
| a. Inhibit calcineurin. | ||
| b. Inhibit Src-family kinases. | ||
| c. Increase the expression of Csk. | ||
| d. Inhibit ITAMs. |
Complete the following sentence. Antagonist peptides are thought to:
| a. activate the T-cell receptor. | ||
| b. alter the phosphorylation of ζ chains. | ||
| c. increase the persistence of some viral infections. | ||
| d. increase the responsiveness of T cells to MHC:antigen complexes. |
Apoptosis is induced by which of the following signaling pathways?
| a. NF-κB (Nuclear Factor κB) | ||
| b. GPCR (G Protein Coupled Receptor) | ||
| c. JAKs (Janus Kinases) | ||
| d. TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) Family |
If you wanted to stop B-cell
development in vitro, you would do
which of the following?
| a. Block STAT signaling. | ||
| b. Introduce an antibody against IL-7. | ||
| c. Introduce bone-marrow stromal cells. | ||
| d. All of these answers |
Which of the following statements about double-positive thymocytes (T cells) is false?
| a. The vast majority of them die. | ||
| b. They are capable of recognizing a larger repertoire of antigens than single-positive thymocytes. | ||
| c. They can be either negatively or positively selected. | ||
| d. If they are positively selected, they will not always remain double-positive. |
Mouse One has a defect that prevents T lymphocytes from maturing. Mouse Two has a defect that prevents complete thymus development. Neither mouse has mature T cells. What is one way to induce the development of mature T cells in Mouse One?
| a. Introduce bone-marrow stem cells from Mouse Two into Mouse One. | ||
| b. Inject antibodies against defective T cells into Mouse One. | ||
| c. Graft thymus from Mouse Two into Mouse One. | ||
| d. Inject an antibody against CD4 into Mouse One. |
One immature T cell has a weak affinity for the self MHC:self peptide complex, and one has a strong affinity for the complex. The one with weak affinity is positively selected; the one with strong affinity is induced to undergo apoptosis. What is the adaptive immune system trying to avoid?
| a. Strong reactions against pathogens | ||
| b. An autoimmune disease | ||
| c. Allergies | ||
| d. All of these answers |
Why is negative selection of T cells important?
| a. It ensures that only T cells that respond to MHC signaling mature. | ||
| b. It prevents the later activation of immune cells against self peptides. | ||
| c. It prevents cells whose receptors respond to MHC I from expressing CD4. | ||
| d. It prevents cells whose receptors respond to MHC II from expressing CD8. |
| a. changing the out-put of the endoplasmic reticulum. | ||
| b. changing the proteasome's location in the cell. | ||
| c. changing the gene expression profile of the cell. | ||
| d. changing the antigen receptor position on the surface of the cell. |
| a. CD4 T cell interactions with MHC I | ||
| b. CD8 T cell interactions with MHC II | ||
| c. CD4 T cell interactions with MHC II | ||
| d. CD8 T cell interactions with MHC I |
| a. CD4 T cell interactions with MHC I | ||
| b. CD8 T cell interactions with MHC II | ||
| c. CD4 T cell interactions with MHC II | ||
| d. CD8 T cell interactions with MHC I |
A pathogen enters your blood. Assuming that your innate immune system is unable to eliminate it, where would your T cells be presented with this pathogen?
| a. At the site of infection | ||
| b. In Peyer's patches | ||
| c. In the thymus | ||
| d. In the spleen |
A sample of an individual's immune-system cells shows normal levels of all cell types except dendritic cells: these are present in very low numbers. Which of the following best describes the effect, if any, that this will have on the individual's adaptive immune response?
| a. This will not have an effect; dendritic cells are involved in the innate immune response. | ||
| b. This will have a large negative effect; dendritic cells are essential in activating B cells. | ||
| c. This will have a large negative effect; dendritic cells are the strongest initiators of T cell activation. | ||
| d. This will barely have an effect; dendritic cells are not particularly strong signalers within the immune system. |
Which type of T cells needs to remain adhered to target macrophage cells for longer, and why?
| a. TH1 cells, because it can take hours to manufacture the molecules necessary to induce responses in their targets | ||
| b. CD8 T cells, because it can take hours to induce apoptosis | ||
| c. TH1 cells, because their target cells only slowly express ligand for their receptors | ||
| d. CD8 T cells, because they do not produce sensitizing ligands as CD4 cells do |
An individual who has Hyper-IgM
syndrome (whose symptoms include an
excess of IgM in the plasma and
little or no IgG in the plasma)
probably has which of the
following?
| a. A mutation in his or her CD8 gene | ||
| b. A mutation in his or her gene for the CD40 ligand | ||
| c. A mutation in his or her gene for IgE | ||
| d. None of these answers |
The inhabitants of an isolated island experience an epidemic of a virus. All individuals are infected, and once they recover, the virus is absent for many years. Later, a visitor reintroduces the virus to the island. Only those individuals born after the initial outbreak are infected. What does this tell you about immunological memory?
| a. It requires repeated exposures to the pathogen to be maintained. | ||
| b. It is heritable. | ||
| c. It requires a single exposure in order to persist. | ||
| d. Both B and C |
In order to prevent Rh-negative pregnant mothers from having an immunological reaction against their Rh-positive child's red blood cells, these women are injected with anti-Rh antibodies before they react. Why does this treatment reduce the mothers' responses to their children's blood?
| a. These antibodies remove the majority of Rh-positive red-blood cells before the mothers' immune cells can recognize them and mount a response. | ||
| b. These antibodies act on the mothers' own B cells and suppress their function. | ||
| c. These antibodies bind to B-cell receptors and block the sites that would allow them to recognize Rh-positive blood cells. | ||
| d. These antibodies trigger the release of cytokines that block somatic hypermutation. |
Why is there no problem with the pregnancy of an Rh-negative mother carrying an Rh-positive child if the mother had never been exposed to Rh previously, when a second pregnancy with another Rh-positive child leads to a miscarriage?
| a. The Rh-positive blood of the child during the first pregnancy does not enter the mother's blood stream. | ||
| b. By the time the mother produces anti-Rh antibodies during the first pregnancy, the womb of the mother is protecting the child. | ||
| c. During the second pregnancy, the mother has an allergic reaction against the child. | ||
| d. The risk of a miscarriage is the same for the first and second child. |
Complete the following sentence. An immune cell that expresses an altered CD45 isoform is a:
| a. memory CD8 T cell. | ||
| b. memory CD4 T cell. | ||
| c. memory B cell. | ||
| d. naïve B cell. |
Complete the following sentence. An immune cell that expresses IgG, IgA, or IgE, rather than IgM, on its surface is most likely a:
| a. memory CD8 T cell. | ||
| b. memory CD4 T cell. | ||
| c. memory B cell. | ||
| d. naïve B cell. |
Complete the following sentence. The cells responsible for killing virally infected cells and the reason why we are only infected with the chicken pox once are:
| a. memory CD8 T cells. | ||
| b. memory CD4 T cells. | ||
| c. memory B cells. | ||
| d. naïve B cells. |
| a. Affinity maturation occurs for a more specific secondary response. | ||
| b. Clonal expansion occurs for a stronger secondary response. | ||
| c. Memory B cell clones have an increased sensitivity to the antigen. | ||
| d. None of these answers |
| a. Affinity maturation occurs for a more specific secondary response. | ||
| b. Clonal expansion occurs for a stronger secondary response. | ||
| c. Memory T cell clones have an increased sensitivity to the antigen. | ||
| d. None of these answers |
| a. Activated macrophages cause damage to host tissue. | ||
| b. Keeping macrophages active consumes a huge amount of energy. | ||
| c. Macrophages are kept perpetually activated. | ||
| d. Both A and B |
Identify the type of host evasion by a pathogen that is described here: an influenza (flu) virus has its RNA genome rearranged and combined with another flu type in a non-human animal species. This rearranged virus now re-infects humans.
| a. Serotype variety | ||
| b. Antigenic drift | ||
| c. Antigenic shift | ||
| d. Latency |
Identify the type of host evasion by a pathogen that is described here: a herpes simplex virus remains present at a low level, in a quiescent state, in neurons, until a stressor triggers the virus to re-infect epithelial cells.
| a. Serotype variety | ||
| b. Antigenic drift | ||
| c. Antigenic shift | ||
| d. Latency |
| a. C5-C9 | ||
| b. CD59 | ||
| c. CD40 | ||
| d. B cells |
Some individuals are resistant to infection by HIV. A mutation in what gene appears to be responsible for this resistance?
| a. gp120 | ||
| b. gp41 | ||
| c. CCR5 | ||
| d. CXCR4 |
A small group of people who are resistant to infection by HIV appear to have this resistance because they are homozygous for a non-functional variant of a specific immune-system protein. How does this prevent HIV from infecting them?
| a. It prevents the induction of apoptosis in CD4 T cells. | ||
| b. It prevents glycoproteins on the viral envelope from binding and entering CD4 T cells. | ||
| c. It induces CD4 T cell activation, which helps to maintain a low viral load. | ||
| d. It prevents host proteases from cleaving viral proteins that are required to form the viral envelope. |
Which of the following immune responses is involved in reducing viral numbers during HIV infection?
| a. Seroconversion | ||
| b. Actions by CD8 and TH1 cells | ||
| c. Actions by dendritic cells and macrophages | ||
| d. Both A and B |
Why can't HIV be cleared by anti-viral drugs?
| a. HIV never stops accumulating mutations. | ||
| b. The HIV viral genome integrates into the T cell genome it infected. | ||
| c. HIV infects activated CD4 T cells. | ||
| d. All of these answers |
Complete the following sentence. A friend of yours smells a flower and immediately starts sneezing. In order to annoy him, you immediately diagnose him with the correct immunological term for his condition, which is:
| a. allergic asthma. | ||
| b. allergic rhinitis. | ||
| c. allergic conjunctivitis. | ||
| d. anaphylaxis. |
The IgE-triggered inflammatory response to allergens can cause everything from minor tissue damage and annoyance to life-threatening symptoms. So why does this pathway exist?
| a. Some allergens that are currently harmless were dangerous in our evolutionary history. | ||
| b. It is speculated that IgE is a faulty antibody that has survived only because it outcompetes other antibodies in its affinity for mast cells. | ||
| c. This pathway is very useful against infections by parasites like flatworms (helminths) and ticks. | ||
| d. When triggered by non-allergy antigens, this pathway is the first step in the activation of memory B cells. |
An individual who had a heart attack was treated with an injection of streptokinase, a bacterial enzyme. Seven days after the injection, the patient began suffering chills, fever, and a rash, as the antibody response within her body formed immune complexes. What is the name of this disease, and what type of disease is it?
| a. The Arthus reaction, type III hypersensitivity | ||
| b. Hemolytic anemia, type II hypersensitivity | ||
| c. Serum sickness, type III hypersensitivity | ||
| d. Allergic conjunctivitis, type I hypersensitivity |
What are the major genes involved in autoimmune diseases?
| a. HLA genes (genes for the human MHC complex) | ||
| b. Genes for the CD40 ligand | ||
| c. Genes for the IgE-mediated immune response | ||
| d. IDDM genes |
Why have whole-organ transplantations become more and more successful over the recent years?
| a. Doctors have become more adept at perfectly matching HLA types. | ||
| b. Doctors have become more adept at perfectly matching minor H antigens. | ||
| c. Doctors have made major advancements in immunosuppressive therapies. | ||
| d. Doctors have made major advancements in matching MHC class II types. |
| a. Low levels of antibody production leads to a decreased ability to clear extracellular bacteria and viruses. | ||
| b. A deficiency in T-cell immunity is called SCID, resulting in deficiencies in T-cell memory with retained ability to form B-cell memory. | ||
| c. Intracellular bacteria infections persist in patients with mutations in IL-12, IL-12 receptor, or IFNa receptors. | ||
| d. Both B and C |
Which of the following immunosuppressants would you use if a patient exhibited dangerously high levels of inflammation?
| a. Azathioprine | ||
| b. Prednisone | ||
| c. Cyclosporin A or FK506 | ||
| d. Rapamycin |
Fill in the blank. The immunosuppressant cyclophosphamide is part of a family of compounds that were originally developed for warfare; mustard gas, which was used in World War I and had devastating effects, is an example. Although it is less toxic, ____________ is another drug that is cytotoxic and must be administered in low doses or in tandem with other drugs.
| a. Azathioprine | ||
| b. Prednisone | ||
| c. Cyclosporin A or FK506 | ||
| d. Rapamycin |
A major type of cancer therapy currently in development involves the use of tumor vaccines. What do these vaccines consist of?
| a. Monoclonal antibodies that bind to cell-surface tumor antigens | ||
| b. Adjuvants along with tumor antigens that have been shown to stimulate a cytotoxic T-cell response | ||
| c. Bacterial enzymes that stimulate heightened T-cell proliferation | ||
| d. Tumor-specific T cells that have been developed in horses or mice |
Which of the following statements is true of herd immunity?
| a. It refers to the program through which livestock are immunized. | ||
| b. It refers to a population in which all members have either been immunized or have natural immunity to a pathogen. | ||
| c. It refers to the fact that when a large enough proportion of individuals is immunized, the likelihood of infection to anyone is greatly reduced. | ||
| d. It refers to the protection conferred on an immunized individual when in a large group of unvaccinated individuals. |
The use of specific epitopes in protein-based vaccines is a current area of study. What is one problem with this approach?
| a. Epitopes have a strong likelihood of reverting to wild type and becoming highly infectious. | ||
| b. Specific epitopes are presented by very specific MCH molecules, and humans vary widely in their MHC complex. | ||
| c. Epitope vaccines cannot be given via injection. | ||
| d. There are no current problems with this approach; it merely requires more time and money to be made practical. |
Which of the following statements regarding oral vaccines is false?
| a. They are likely to have more practical support, because they are less painful than injections. | ||
| b. They mimic the route through which most pathogens naturally enter the body. | ||
| c. There is some danger in that they can damage pathogen structure if they are partially digested. | ||
| d. They have been shown to be a less-effective means of stimulating immune responses. |
Complete the following sentence. Current vaccines for viruses are generally:
| a. epitope-based protein vaccines. | ||
| b. live-attenuated vaccines. | ||
| c. vaccines based on killed organisms. | ||
| d. DNA vaccinations. |
Which of the following statements regarding vaccines using live-attenuated viruses is true?
| a. They are more effective but also relatively more dangerous. | ||
| b. They are less effective but also relatively safer. | ||
| c. They are more effective and relatively safer. | ||
| d. It is too early to know whether they will be successful. |
Which of the following statements about therapeutic vaccinations is true?
| a. The goal is to change the pattern of the immune response. | ||
| b. The goal is to supercharge the immune system with the pathogen's antigens and adjuvant. | ||
| c. The goal is to change the isotype of the Ig response. | ||
| d. Both A and B |
You have developed a vaccine using a bacterial toxoid. You know that this toxoid is involved in immune recognition during bacterial infections, but your vaccine does not stimulate a sufficient immune response. What might you do to improve this?
| a. Add adjuvants to the vaccine | ||
| b. Use the attenuated bacterium of a different pathogen as a vector for the toxoid | ||
| c. Use DNA vaccination | ||
| d. A and B |
| a. Antigen variation | ||
| b. Temporary halting of replication | ||
| c. Targeted inhibition of parts of the immune system | ||
| d. All of these answers |
| a. IgA and IgM isotypes | ||
| b. IgG isotype | ||
| c. IgM isotype | ||
| d. IgA, IgE, or IgG isotype |
| a. TLRs are present on antigen-presenting cells. | ||
| b. Every TLR is unique; there is one TLR per pathogen. | ||
| c. TLRs are one of the initial triggers of the immune system. | ||
| d. TLRs trigger the upregulation of co-receptors. |