Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback operating in a self-organizing system?

	a. A society facing declining energy resources decides to decrease the complexity of the transportation system for goods and people, which decreases energy use.
	b. As water becomes scarce, communities often enact laws to promote water conservation.
	c. When one ant finds a food resource and lays down a pheromone trail, more ants follow the trail and lay down their own pheromones, prompting more ants to follow the trail.
	d. Birds avoid congregating in the same area as other birds decrease the risk of predation.

.

Resilience of a complex system can be measured by which of the following?

	a. The amount of stress or disturbance a system can endure without a change in function or structure
	b. The ability of the system to self-organize its processes and components
	c. The increase in capacity of the system for learning and adaptation to external change
	d. All of the above

.

According to Panarchy theory, as a young system begins to mature, the system experiences an increase in which of the following?

	a. Diversity
	b. Connectedness
	c. Efficiency
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following attributes of complex systems have NOT been seen in social-environmental systems?

	a. A complete lack of emergent behaviors
	b. A hierarchy of complex systems
	c. Multiple possible pathways so that the system can evolve or change over time
	d. Many positive and negative feedbacks operating at different scales

.

Catastrophes, hystereses, thresholds, and tipping points all have what in common?

	a. All are examples of nonlinear behaviors in complex systems.
	b. All are very rare occurrences in complex systems.
	c. None of these behaviors are possible when positive feedbacks exist.
	d. All of them occur when a stable attractor gets stronger.

.

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback that may increase a society's resilience?

	a. Global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions leads to an ice-free Arctic Ocean, prompting drilling for fossil fuel resources for energy.
	b. A small country's main trading partner suffers an economic collapse and civil war, decreasing the small country's reserves of food and energy resources.
	c. Women with easy access to birth control decide to have fewer children during periods of food shortages.
	d. Deforestation increases when timber and fuelwood supplies dramatically increase in price.

.

Why does Carl Folke (among others) call the current period the "Anthropocene?"

	a. Humans are evolving more quickly now than in the past.
	b. The industrial revolution was due to human ingenuity.
	c. Humans are improving the resilience of the global system through increased connectivity and trade.
	d. Human activities are governing most of the dynamics and resilience in global and regional systems.

.

Which of the following has NOT been hypothesized as a factor in societal collapse?

	a. The loss of friendly trading partners
	b. A shortage of currency
	c. Sudden environmental degradation or change
	d. Overpopulation or exceeding an area's carrying capacity

.

Criticisms of the "societal collapse" and "state failure" hypotheses share which commonality?

	a. Natural resources are rarely implicated in true collapses and failures.
	b. Contemporary societies are much less vulnerable due to fossil fuel use.
	c. While collapse and failure may happen theoretically, they are rarely observed.
	d. Collapse and failure are assessed using a contemporary Western bias.

.

Which of the following is an example of a threat to a larger system's resilience emerging from many small decisions?

	a. Individuals in a farming community shop more often at a grocery store owned and supplied by a foreign company.
	b. Homeowners decide to landscape their properties with plants native to the area.
	c. The United Nations decides to assess a carbon tax on large oil companies.
	d. The United States imposes an import tax on all goods from Chinese factories.

.

Which of the following factors is NOT a likely factor in the collapse of the Mayan Empire?

	a. Soil erosion and depletion
	b. Overpopulation
	c. Deforestation
	d. Military coup

.

Which of the following countries is currently in something like a collapsed or failed state due primarily to environmental problems?

	a. Haiti
	b. Afghanistan
	c. Somalia
	d. Sudan

.

Which of the following factors has NOT been advocated as a likely factor in the collapse of the Roman Empire?

	a. The energy return on investment on conquering distant areas was too low (that is, it took more energy to feed and transport the army than it got in return from the new areas).
	b. The polytheistic religion of the Romans was violently replaced by the monotheistic religions of the conquered societies.
	c. Barbarian tribes overthrew the Roman Empire.
	d. The increase in governance complexity outstripped the available tax base to support it.

.

Which of the following are NOT defining characteristics of a societal collapse?

	a. Depopulated urban centers and smaller, more isolated communities
	b. Abandonment and decay of large-scale infrastructure (e.g., roads, water delivery networks, large temples)
	c. Plagues and famines
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following natural resources are often used to purchase weapons and fuel civil wars in African countries (also known as "The Resource Curse")?

	a. Precious metals, diamonds, timber
	b. Cotton and hemp
	c. Corn, rice, and other agricultural crops
	d. Water and rice

.

Complete the following statement. A societal dependence on nuclear energy can be disruptive in the long term in the same way as a dependence upon fossil fuels, because:

	a. nuclear energy releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
	b. both require vast amounts of water in the production of energy.
	c. nuclear energy may demonstrate a "speak" when mined uranium sources are depleted.
	d. societal backlash to the use of both nuclear energy and fossil fuels minimizes their contribution to global energy production.

.

The combination of deforestation for wood-based fuel and increase in the use of fossil fuels have had which consequences?

	a. Species distribution ranges have shifted towards the poles and higher elevations.
	b. Global average temperatures have increased.
	c. Concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased.
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following is an example of a renewable energy source?

	a. Petroleum
	b. Natural gas
	c. Wind
	d. Nuclear

.

Deforestation contributes to climate change in what ways?

	a. Emits carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
	b. Can reduce albedo and therefore increase surface temperatures
	c. Reduces carbon sequestration rates
	d. All of the above

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Complete the following statement. Biofuels, based on forest residues and woody biomass, are "carbon neutral," because:

	a. forests reflect sunlight and decrease global warming.
	b. biofuels release less carbon dioxide than fossil fuels.
	c. the amount of carbon harvested for fuel represents the same amount of carbon sequestered by the plant.
	d. the amount of carbon harvested for fuel is much greater than the amount of carbon sequestered by the plant.

.

"Peak oil" refers to which of the following situations?

	a. Oil production reaches its highest possible rate.
	b. Discoveries of new oil fields do not keep pace with oil production.
	c. Oil production does not keep pace with consumption.
	d. The most innovative technologies in oil refining occur.

.

Which of the following is an example of a nonrenewable energy source?

	a. Solar
	b. Hydropower
	c. Biomass
	d. Natural gas

.

Some sustainability experts advocate eating locally produced food over organically produced food, for which of the following reasons?

	a. Organically produced food is difficult to certify.
	b. Local food is healthier.
	c. Local food has fewer food miles and fewer carbon emissions.
	d. Locally produced food is more profitable than organically produced food for farmers.

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Which of the following is NOT a major impact of industrial agriculture as typically practiced?

	a. Increased poverty among farmers in industrialized countries
	b. Pollution of waterways by fertilizers
	c. Conversion of land from natural habitats results in biodiversity loss
	d. Soil depleting faster than it can be formed

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Which of the following technologies were used to maximize crop productivity via the Green Revolution?

	a. Fertilizers produced from natural gas
	b. Herbicides developed from chemical weapons
	c. Irrigation powered by fossil fuels
	d. All of the above

.

What is virtual water?

	a. Water used for Information Technology equipment
	b. Water embedded in products throughout their production process
	c. Liquids (other than water) that have the same properties as water
	d. All of the above

.

Why does the Slow Food movement advocate for locally produced food?

	a. Local food supports local jobs (like farming).
	b. Local food is healthier (fewer preservatives).
	c. Support for local foods preserves cultural heritage and diversity.
	d. All of the above

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What is one critical underlying cause of the increase of health problems in human populations who have recently switched from hunter-gatherer to sedentary agricultural food systems?

	a. Hunter-gatherer diets contain far more sodium than a diet with many processed foods.
	b. Grains have lower levels of phytochemicals and micronutrients than uncultivated plants.
	c. Growing row crops requires far more physical exertion per day than hunting and gathering.
	d. Grain consumption requires more protein in the diet for nutritional balance than uncultivated plant consumption.

.

Why does Wes Jackson (of The Land Institute in Kansas, USA) advocate for the use of polyculture in agricultural areas in the eastern United States?

	a. Different cultures have different knowledge about agricultural practices.
	b. Row crops interspersed among hedgerows and windbreaks provide habitat for predators of crop pests.
	c. Intergrowing many kinds of perennial plants mimics the tallgrass prairies of the area; therefore, it is more productive and sustainable.
	d. Using many different strains of a crop on the same field gives higher yields than planting a field with all genetically identical clones.

.

Why was the impact of early agriculture on the environment much smaller than today?

	a. The amount of land converted from natural habitats was very low, human populations were smaller, and natural resources remained abundant.
	b. Early agriculture used natural resources far more efficiently than today.
	c. Industrial agricultural practices use irrigation and early agriculture did not.
	d. Early agriculture was equally destructive as today's agriculture.

.

Organic farming is now defined by which of the following?

	a. The use of animal wastes for fertilizer
	b. The use of Integrated Pest Management in the place of pesticides
	c. State-level laws (e.g., California, Oregon) that prescribe very specific agricultural methods
	d. Indicators of sustainability for agricultural production on large farms

.

Why does food produced by industrial agriculture have a much larger energy cost?

	a. Energy is required to pump groundwater for irrigating crops.
	b. Transporting food around the world requires energy.
	c. Animals are typically fed grains, which require energy to grow.
	d. All of the above

.

When a wetland is drained and converted to agriculture, which of the following ecosystem services is NOT affected?

	a. Water regulation
	b. Soil formation
	c. Food provisioning
	d. Nutrient cycling

.

Due to climate change, why will oceans provide fewer ecosystem services?

	a. Ocean acidification will negatively impact marine food webs.
	b. Oceans are becoming warmer, altering the breeding success of many marine organisms.
	c. Ocean acidification will alter how sound travels, potentially impacting animals that use sonar and echolocation.
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following is NOT an ecosystem service provided by forests?

	a. Carbon sequestration
	b. Nutrient cycling
	c. Timber
	d. Recreation

.

Which of the following main drivers of biodiversity loss shows evidence of reversing or easing?

	a. Overexploitation
	b. Invasive species
	c. Climate change
	d. None of the above

.

When rivers are dammed and wetlands are drained, what is a typical impact?

	a. Freshwater species go extinct.
	b. Indigenous tribes lose their water supplies and fishing resources.
	c. Indigenous people are forced to leave the area, and their language and heritage is gradually lost.
	d. All of the above

.

Which group of organisms is currently experiencing the greatest loss in species?

	a. Mammals
	b. Amphibians
	c. Conifers
	d. Fungi

.

Which of the following is NOT a possible result of widespread dieback (or deforestation) of the Amazon rainforest?

	a. Improved soil fertility
	b. Continued climate change due to increased carbon emissions
	c. Reductions in regional precipitation
	d. Massive biodiversity loss

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Which of the following goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity were achieved globally by 2010?

	a. Reduce pressure from habitat loss, land use change and degradation, and unsustainable water use
	b. Promote the conservation of genetic diversity
	c. Maintain socio-cultural diversity of indigenous and local communities
	d. None of the above

.

Why are cultural-linguistic diversity and biological diversity most likely correlated?

	a. Humans naturally increase diversity through agricultural activities.
	b. A diversity of species and varieties increases the kinds of belief systems and livelihoods that are possible.
	c. Species diversity generates faster evolution in associated human cultures.
	d. Cultural-linguistic and biological diversity are not correlated.

.

Human cultures historically have maintained local and regional diversity through which of the following?

	a. Transporting domesticated plants and animals as humans colonize new areas
	b. Recycling waste back into the system to maintain soil fertility
	c. Setting aside and protecting natural places for religious or spiritual reasons
	d. Cultivating and domesticating particularly productive varieties

.

What are the current estimated rates of biodiversity and linguistic diversity loss?

	a. Species extinction rates are at 10 times the background rate, and 10% of the world's languages will be extinct by 2100.
	b. 1/4th of species and languages will be extinct by 2500.
	c. Species extinction rates are at 1000 times the background rate, and 50-90% of the world's languages will be extinct by 2100.
	d. The loss of species and languages are expected to level off by 2050.

.

Traditional Ecological Knowledge can help modern societies solve problems such as which of the following?

	a. The development of new medicines from little-known plant and animal species
	b. Sustainable harvesting rates
	c. Examples of local adaptations to climate change
	d. All of the above

.

The most influential change on humans and their environments in migration and trade patterns in the past 200 years has been which of the following?

	a. The spread of the use of English as a language of science and trade
	b. The increased speed and distance of trade via airplanes and ships
	c. The homogenization of diets across the world
	d. The advancements in modern medicine (e.g., vaccinations)

.

Which scenario most clearly might lead to a loss of societal resilience?

	a. An invasion of water hyacinth in a lake increases the breeding grounds for mosquitoes, which can carry malaria. A subsistence fishing community lives along the shores of that lake.
	b. A new immigration policy allows young immigrants who have newly graduated with advanced degrees remain in a country with an aging population.
	c. A European species of trout (a fish) is released into an American lake where native trout have been extinct for one hundred years.
	d. In a small coastal city, a local fish canning industry goes bankrupt, but a new port facility is built to receive imported goods and is connected to an active rail line to the capitol.

.

Why are invasive species successful?

	a. Because they are not accompanied by their predators or competitors from their native range
	b. Because they are larger-bodied than non-invasive species
	c. Because they create toxins to kill off native competitors
	d. Because they travel with human populations that carefully cultivate them

.

Complete the following statement. Weedy species are those that:

	a. create havoc in ecosystems.
	b. can be native but simply expanding their range.
	c. are agricultural crops that have become habituated to a local area.
	d. are always non-native.

.

Which of the following is a common pathway for a plant species to invade a new area?

	a. Through intentional introduction for a purpose (such as decoration or forage for livestock)
	b. Through normal actions associated with trade (such as on the tires of long-distance trucks)
	c. Through the material used to package traded goods
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following industries in the United States have suffered the greatest economic impact from invasive species?

	a. Tourism
	b. Fisheries
	c. Agriculture
	d. Water supply

.

Globalization describes which of the following processes?

	a. A rapid increase in social, economic, and environmental interconnectedness
	b. A transition to more modern activities and use of technology simultaneously in widely dispersed societies
	c. Both A and B
	d. None of the above

.

Which two trends significantly weakened the resilience of the fishing industry in Gujarat, India?

	a. An increase in local demand for fish plus newer fishing boats
	b. An increase in international demand for fish plus new fishing boats and technology
	c. A natural disaster that dramatically reduced fish stocks and destroyed many fishing boats
	d. The fishing industry has always been resilient

.

What are the two major factors that drive migration of Mexican citizens to the United States?

	a. The international price of oil and the relatively low wage rate in Mexico
	b. The ratification of NAFTA and famine in Mexico
	c. The massive privatization of Mexican natural resources and the relatively low wage rate in the United States
	d. None of the above

.

Which of the following is a consequence of economic policy in the United States (e.g., NAFTA) and globally (IMF requirements)?

	a. A massive flow of agricultural products from the United States into Mexico
	b. Large numbers of Mexican citizens to migrate into the United States
	c. The conversion of Mexican worker-owned land to individually-owned land
	d. All of the above

.

The industrialization of shrimp farming in Thailand has had which of the following environmental consequences?

	a. A dramatic increase in mangrove forests along the coasts
	b. A decline in wild populations of shrimp
	c. Massive water pollution
	d. An increase in marine predator populations such as sharks

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What is "deviant" globalization?

	a. Trade patterns that are skewed because of trade embargoes
	b. The migration of criminals and other deviants
	c. When wealthy people invest in poor countries
	d. The flow of immoral goods and services such as narcotics and slave labor

.

Global movement of illegal goods is made possible by which of the following?

	a. Corrupt traders
	b. A "moral gradient" where the good is legal in some countries but illegal in others
	c. The lack of information on international trade laws
	d. The lack of international treaties

.

Which of the following regions suffer from the highest number of invasive species?

	a. Europe
	b. Africa
	c. Regions with a large amount of exchange in traded goods
	d. Regions that have low rates of disturbance

.

Complete the following statement. Carrying capacity is the relationship of:

	a. a population of organisms to its available resources.
	b. the growth rate of an economic system relative to demand.
	c. an ecosystem's ability to treat waste to the rate at which pollution is dumped into it.
	d. a container's rate of expansion to the amount of material that can be carried in it.

.

Pollution prevention policies in wealthy countries generally do not address which of the following problems?

	a. Unfair consumption patterns
	b. A linear consumption system (from virgin materials to landfills) with inadequate recycling
	c. Products designed to degrade quickly
	d. All of the above

.

In the absence of human population control policies, a population in which most of the people are below age 40 is often driven by which of the following?

	a. Short life expectancy
	b. High birth rates
	c. High infant mortality rates
	d. All of the above

.

Which policy targets are most important to track when trying to drive a demographic transition in a country?

	a. Decreasing birth rates
	b. Increasing life expectancy
	c. Decreasing rate of natural increase
	d. All of the above

.

The United States has what percentage of pre-European settlement forests remaining?

	a. 50%
	b. 25%
	c. 4%
	d. 1%

.

What is a proven approach for reducing population growth?

	a. Allow women access to contraception
	b. Per child taxes on families
	c. Male sterilization programs
	d. Reduce health care availability

.

What would be an effective mechanism for curbing consumption?

	a. Reduce population growth in developing countries
	b. Increase the employment rate
	c. Reduce available credit
	d. Make "planned obsolescence" illegal

.

How many planets would be required if all humans consumed at the same rate as American citizens?

	a. 100 planets
	b. 50 planets
	c. 3-5 planets
	d. 1 planet

.

Laws that would protect human health and the environment in developing countries would do which of the following?

	a. Make it illegal to export e-waste to non-OECD (developing) countries with inadequate human and environmental protection laws
	b. Increase shipments of toxic waste to developed countries
	c. Decrease the number of treaties addressing e-waste trade
	d. None of the above

.

Which of the following is an impact on human populations of migration?

	a. Immigrants can decrease the average age of the receiving population.
	b. Emigration can decrease the pressure on local natural resources (and hence fertility and reproduction rates) of the source population.
	c. Immigrants can increase the genetic and cultural diversity of the receiving population.
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following is a primary driver of migration from rural areas into cities?

	a. Loss of access to natural resources
	b. Search for employment
	c. Both A and B
	d. None of the above

.

Complete the following statement. Recycling cannot completely solve the "linear system on a finite planet" problem, because:

	a. recycling is also linear.
	b. many products cannot be recycled after they are used.
	c. recycled products cannot be reused.
	d. recycling requires too many virgin resources.

.

How does the rapid increase in urbanized populations (50% of the global human population by 2000) benefit the environment?

	a. Urban dwellers recycle more than rural populations.
	b. Urban dwellers use less energy.
	c. Urban areas will never benefit the environment.
	d. Urban populations occupy far less land area than rural populations.

.

Which nutrient is vital to agricultural production but is only sourced from mineral deposits (that is, cannot be generated from fossil fuels) which are finite and running out?

	a. Nitrogen
	b. Phosphorus
	c. Carbon
	d. Magnesium

.

Fossil fuels are currently used to make a variety of which of the following materials that do not quickly degrade and are currently threatening marine ecosystems globally?

	a. Plastics
	b. Electronics
	c. Automobile components (e.g., tires)
	d. Fertilizers

.

Which solutions could contribute to more sustainable use of phosphorus resources?

	a. Eating less meat
	b. Reducing the amount of wasted food (particularly if it goes to landfills)
	c. Capturing phosphorus in human waste through composting toilets
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following resources are all predicted to peak by 2030, affecting the production of electronics, construction, and fine art?

	a. Tin
	b. Gold
	c. Lead
	d. All of the above

.

Why is focusing on an increase in soil carbon storage advantageous?

	a. It can slow climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions.
	b. It can help increase soil availability, quality, and fertility.
	c. It can improve local water quality.
	d. All of the above

.

What is the biggest concern regarding the depletion of deep groundwater aquifers?

	a. Massive sinkholes could open up.
	b. The water pumped from them is mostly used for irrigation, and agricultural production will plummet when the aquifers are depleted.
	c. Cities will become uninhabitable once their primary source of drinking water disappears.
	d. Depletion increases the concentration of toxic chemicals in the aquifers, making them increasingly poisonous.

.

Fossil fuel used by human societies contribute to alterations in the nitrogen cycle through which two flows?

	a. Burning fuels releases nitrogen to the atmosphere, and fossil fuels are used to produce synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.
	b. Fossil fuels release nitrogen when livestock are moved to slaughter houses, and livestock emit nitrogen directly through flatulence.
	c. Soot (containing nitrogen) from fossil fuel burning induces lightening, which fixates nitrogen in the atmosphere.
	d. Fossil fuels do not release nitrogen.

.

When does eutrophication occur?

	a. When excess nitrogen and phosphorus leach off of agricultural fields into streams and lakes
	b. When aquatic organisms die more quickly
	c. When algae fix excess nitrogen from the atmosphere
	d. When algae prompt increasing phosphorus release from stream and lake sediments

.

Which critical element for agriculture is projected to peak in the mid-twenty-first century, with the majority of the source in northwestern Africa?

	a. Nitrogen
	b. Magnesium
	c. Phosphorus
	d. Silica

.

Why do synthetic plastics not degrade quickly in landfills?

	a. They are not exposed to oxygen, heat, or UV light.
	b. They were purposely designed not to degrade under any conditions.
	c. They become contaminated with rotting organic matter and bind to this matter.
	d. The necessary bacteria are not present.

.

Most of the plastic volume by weight found in municipal solid waste (mostly going to landfills) is found in which of the following?

	a. Electronic waste
	b. Containers and packaging
	c. Appliances
	d. Office waste

.

The I=PAT equation is a measure for which of the following?

	a. The influence of the environment on people, activities, and technology
	b. The impact on the environment of a specific human population, its affluence, and the technologies it uses
	c. The sustainability innovations that come from people, access, and telecommunication
	d. The impact on future generations from environmental pressures, access, and transportation of an economic industry or sector

.

The stakeholders directly involved in the honey bee Colony Collapse Disorder include which of the following?

	a. Beekeepers in the United States, Europe, and Asia
	b. Farmers
	c. Consumers of fruits, nuts, and vegetables
	d. All of the above

.

The Ecological Footprint of a country would include which of the following?

	a. The total area required to produce all of the resources that are consumed and the area required to assimilate all of the waste produced
	b. The combined weight of all of the resources consumed and waste produced
	c. The amount of resources and wastes that are traded to other countries
	d. The cost of the resources consumed and waste produced, relative to the value of those resources and wastes not consumed or produced

.

Which of the following represents an example of incongruence between values and behaviors?

	a. A poor couple in a developing country purposely has eight children to help with farm labor.
	b. A person who loses their home to a tornado that was made more powerful by an unusually warm spring front drives a container truck for a living.
	c. A group of sustainable development professionals travel to a meeting in a distant location, specializing in wealthy holiday travelers.
	d. The country that is the most responsible for carbon emissions suffers fewer losses from climate change-driven sea level rise than countries with very low emissions.

.

When an individual makes a decision regarding mode of transportation, the individual is influenced by which of the following systems?

	a. Available modes of transportation (e.g., nearby public transportation stop)
	b. Local transportation boards that decide how to fund different modes of transportation
	c. Transportation policy written at the national level
	d. All of the above

.

According to the Bruntland Commission, what is the definition of sustainable development?

	a. "Development that does not compromise the resources available to future generations."
	b. "Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
	c. "Development that allows all people to meet their own needs."
	d. "The use of natural resources and human talents that allow all societies to reach their full potential."

.

Which of the following is an example of an unforeseen negative consequence in sustainable development policy?

	a. Free food given as humanitarian aid to poor countries forces local farmers to sell their farms and move to cities (local people will not pay for locally produced food if it being given for free).
	b. Subsidies to produce biofuel ethanol from corn (a carbon neutral fuel) to mitigate climate change causes corn prices to spike and poor people to struggle to buy food.
	c. Genetically modified seed that allows farmers to avoid spending money on pesticides prevents farmers from saving seeds from year to year, forcing them to buy new seeds every year.
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following identifies the stakeholders in a sustainable development decision regarding water rights to an aquifer?

	a. All individuals that are affected by the decisions made
	b. All individuals that own property above the aquifer
	c. Officials from the government that regulates aquifer use
	d. All property owners that purchase water from the aquifer

.

Diversification is a strategy that can make which industries more sustainable?

	a. Agriculture
	b. Energy production
	c. Forestry
	d. All of the above

.

Complete the following statement. Payment for Ecosystem Services is a strategy that:

	a. puts conservation funds in a trust to be used by future generations.
	b. pays landowners for preserving natural habitats based on the amount of services the habitats provide.
	c. requires corporations to pay for the damages they inflict on ecosystems.
	d. employs subsistence farmers to implement sustainable farming techniques over large areas.

.

Complete the following statement. Combined heat and power has been advocated as a sustainable solution for energy issues, because:

	a. it reduces carbon dioxide emissions and hence mitigates climate change.
	b. it reduces land use, water pollution, and other environmental issues associated with energy generation.
	c. it reduces the cost of energy production by eliminating wasted energy.
	d. All of the above

.

Complete the following statement. Although wind and solar are intermittent energy sources, they are favored by rural areas in developing countries, because:

	a. they do not have to be hooked up to a centralized grid to access, and they can be harnessed with spare parts.
	b. they are cheaper than local bioenergy sources.
	c. they are more reliable and excess can be sold back to the power company to generate income.
	d. these energy sources are typically not favored by people in rural areas of developing countries.

.

Why do sustainable development professionals generally advocate for more decentralized, local agricultural production?

	a. It gives farmers more control over production.
	b. It gives consumers more control over what they eat.
	c. It allows for more holistic farming practices (e.g., using composted livestock manure on crops).
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following is the most direct social benefit of urban farming?

	a. Reducing water pollution
	b. Teaching urban youth how food is produced and improving their access to fresh fruits and vegetables
	c. Increasing the number of times a dollar circulates in a community
	d. Reducing vacant lots

.

According to some biologists, what is the first step necessary to reduce biodiversity loss?

	a. Prevent the expansion of agriculture
	b. Reclassify subspecies as species
	c. View species extinctions caused by humans as a moral wrong, on par with slavery
	d. Institute captive breeding programs

.

What is the United Nations Biotrade Initiative?

	a. A global initiative to stop the illegal trade in endangered species
	b. A country-level program for the sustainable sale of goods and services from native biodiversity
	c. A country-level information campaign on conserving local species
	d. A seed-trading program for farmers

.

What is the philosophy behind a congestion tax?

	a. Local governments should profit from the use of their roadways.
	b. People that drive into the city during busy times should be fined.
	c. Traffic-free roadways are a commonly owned but finite resource, and people should pay to use them.
	d. Taxes on driving will induce more people to take public transportation, making it more economically viable.

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According to Lester Brown, what are two main facets of "The New Economy"?

	a. All energy will be renewable and waste will be minimized.
	b. All food will be organic and everyone will be vegetarian.
	c. All people will consume the way Chinese people consume and recycle the way Indian people recycle.
	d. Oil prices will dictate food prices, and food prices will dictate transportation prices.

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