Arrange the following steps of systems engineering approach in the most appropriate sequence:

(a) Creation of alternative system design concepts
(b) Selection and implementation of the best design
(c) Identification and quantification of systems goals
(d) Performance of design trades
(e) Verification that the design is properly built and integrated
(f) Assessment of how well the system meets the goals

Select from the list of choices below.

	A. b, c, e, a, f, d
	B. c, d, e, b, a, f
	C. c, a, d, b, e, f
	D. b, e, c, a, f, d
	E. a, f, c, d, e, b

.

As new systems become larger and more complex, the need for system engineers:

	A. continues to decline at a steady pace.
	B. continues to rapidly grow.
	C. practically remains the same regardless of the size or complexity.
	D. is not influenced by these factors.
	E. only increases if the new system is an interplanetary space mission.

.

Realizing that systems engineering is developed on the lessons of the past, systems or pieces built by different subsystems groups:

	A. always performed system functions.
	B. never failed at the interfaces.
	C. never experienced cost overruns or schedule delays.
	D. often resulted in unusable systems.
	E. always experienced cost overruns or schedule delays.

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From a process perspective, the product verification and product validation processes are fundamentally different. Verification of a product shows that:

	A. it meets the expectations of the customer and other stakeholders.
	B. the product accomplishes the intended purpose in the intended environment.
	C. the product can meet each “shall” statement as proven through performance of a test, analysis, inspection, or demonstration.
	D. testing is conducted under realistic conditions (or simulated conditions) on end products for the purpose of determining the effectiveness and suitability.
	E. All of the above

.

From a process perspective, the product verification and product validation processes are fundamentally different. Validation of a product shows that:

	A. it meets the expectations of the customer and other stakeholders as shown through performance of a test, analysis, inspection, or demonstration.
	B. the product accomplishes the intended purpose in the intended environment.
	C. the product can meet each “shall” statement as proven through performance of a test, analysis, inspection, or demonstration.
	D. testing is conducted under realistic conditions (or simulated conditions) on end products for the purpose of determining the effectiveness and suitability.
	E. A, B, and D

.

Verification testing:

	A. relates back to the ConOps document and is conducted under realistic conditions (or simulated conditions).
	B. relates to determining the effectiveness and suitability of the product for use in mission operations by typical users.
	C. shows that the product accomplishes the intended purpose in the intended environment.
	D. relates back to the approved requirements set and can be performed at different stages in the product life cycle.
	E. All of the above

.

Validation testing:

	A. relates back to the ConOps document and is conducted under realistic conditions (or simulated conditions).
	B. relates to determining the effectiveness and suitability of the product for use in mission operations by typical users.
	C. shows that the product can meet each “shall” statement as proven through performance of a test, analysis, inspection, or demonstration.
	D. relates back to the approved requirements set and can be performed at different stages in the product life cycle.
	E. All of the above

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Demonstrate your understanding of the cost effectiveness of systems engineering by matching each element in Column 1 with a corresponding element in Column 2. Choose the correct response from the list of responses below the table.

	A. (a) – (ii) (b) – (i) (c) – (iii)
	B. (a) – (i) (b) – (ii) (c) – (iii)
	C. (a) – (iii) (b) – (ii) (c) – (i)
	D. (a) – (i) (b) – (iii) (c) – (ii)
	E. (a) – (iii) (b) – (i) (c) – (ii)

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When finding and eliminating “wasted motion,” teams need to take the following actions:

(i) Determine if every part of the process results in the teams’ desired outcome.
(ii) Remove the wasted motion.
(iii) Look closely at the process.

In what order should teams take the actions listed above? (Select from the list below.)

	A. i, iii, ii
	B. iii, i, ii
	C. ii, i, iii
	D. ii, iii, i
	E. i, ii, iii

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The Myers-Briggs consists of 16 different personality types. For the personality INTP, the energy is derived from (i) inwardly world OR (ii) outwardly world AND the way this personality deals with outside world is characterized by (iii) judging OR (iv) perceiving. Select the answer below that best identifies this personality:

	A. i & iii
	B. ii & iii
	C. ii & iv
	D. i & iv

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Match the right correlation of each project life cycle phase with the two broad phases. Choose the correct response from the list of responses below the table.

	A. (a) – (i), (ii), (iv) (b) – (iii), (v), (vi), (vii)
	B. (a) – (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) (b) – (v), (vi), (vii)
	C. (a) – (i), (ii), (iii) (b) – (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
	D. (a) – (i), (ii) (b) – (iii), (iv), (v), (vii)
	E. (a) – (i), (ii), (v), (vi) (b) – (iii), (iv), (vii)

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From the table below, match the reviews with the broad phases where the review is most likely to occur in NASA’s life cycle. Choose the correct response from the list of pairs of responses below the table.

	A. (a) – (i), (ii) (b) – (ii), (iii), (iv)
	B. (a) – (i), (ii) (b) – (iii), (iv)
	C. (a) – (i), (ii) (iii) (b) – (iii), (iv)
	D. (a) – (i), (ii), (iii) (b) – (iv)
	E. (a) – (i) (b) – (ii), (iii), (iv)

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“NASA Space Flight Program and Project Management Requirements” defines the major NASA life-cycle phases as Formulation and Implementation. The broad purpose of the program Formulation is to:

	A. recognize the need or the discovery of an opportunity and proceed through various stages of development to a final disposition.
	B. decompose the program/project life cycle into phases and organize the entire process into more manageable pieces.
	C. establish a cost-effective program that is demonstrably capable of meeting Agency and mission directorate goals and objectives.
	D. execute the program and constituent projects and ensure the program continues to contribute to Agency goals and objectives within funding constraints.
	E. devise various feasible concepts from which new projects (programs) can be selected.

.

“NASA Space Flight Program and Project Management Requirements” defines the major NASA life-cycle phases as Formulation and Implementation. The broad purpose of the program Implementation is to:

	A. recognize the need or the discovery of an opportunity and proceed through various stages of development to a final disposition.
	B. decompose the program/project life cycle into phases and organize the entire process into more manageable pieces.
	C. establish a cost-effective program that is demonstrably capable of meeting Agency and mission directorate goals and objectives.
	D. execute the program and constituent projects and ensure the program continues to contribute to Agency goals and objectives within funding constraints.
	E. devise various feasible concepts from which new projects (programs) can be selected.

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Each phase of systems engineering is separated by a:

	A. control gate.
	B. concept study.
	C. pre-phase A.
	D. formulation.
	E. need for a higher level manager.

.

The NASA life-cycle phases of Formulation and Implementation divide into the following seven incremental pieces: (i) Pre-Phase A, (ii) Phase A, (iii) Phase B, (iv) Phase C, (v) Phase D, (vi) Phase E, and (vii) Phase F. The purpose of Pre-Phase A is to:

	A. produce a broad spectrum of ideas and alternatives for missions from which new programs/projects can be selected.
	B. determine the feasibility and desirability of a suggested new major system and establish an initial baseline compatibility with NASA’s strategic plans.
	C. define the project in enough detail to establish an initial baseline capable of meeting mission needs.
	D. conduct the mission and meet the initially identified need and maintain support for that need.
	E. implement important changes based on stakeholder input

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Every NASA life-cycle phase is associated with one or more phase boundaries or project reviews. The review(s) associated with Pre-Phase A is/are:

	A. PDR (Preliminary Design Review) and Safety Review.
	B. SRR (System Requirements Review), MDR (Mission Definition Review) and SDR (System Definition Review).
	C. CDR (Critical Design Review), PRR (Production Readiness Review), SIR (System Integration Review) and Safety Review.
	D. MCR (Mission Concept Review) and Informal Proposal Review.
	E. TRR (Test Readiness Review), SAR (System Acceptance Review), ORR (Operational Readiness Review), FRR (Flight Readiness Review), System functional and physical configuration audits and Safety Review.

.

The NASA life-cycle phases of Formulation and Implementation are divided into the following seven incremental pieces: (i) Pre-Phase A, (ii) Phase A, (iii) Phase B, (iv) Phase C, (v) Phase D, (vi) Phase E, and (vii) Phase F. The purpose of Phase A is to:

	A. complete the detailed design of the system (and its associated subsystems, including its operations systems), fabricate hardware, and code software.
	B. assemble and integrate the products and create the system, meanwhile developing confidence that it will be able to meet the system requirements; conduct launch and prepare for operations.
	C. conduct the mission and meet the initially identified need and maintain support for that need.
	D. determine the feasibility and desirability of a suggested new major system and establish an initial baseline compatibility with NASA’s strategic plans.
	E. assemble and integrate the products and create the system, meanwhile developing confidence that it will be able to meet the system requirements; conduct launch and prepare for operations.

.

Every NASA life-cycle phase is associated with one or more phase boundaries or project reviews. The review(s) associated with Phase A is/are:

	A. PDR (Preliminary Design Review) and Safety Review.
	B. SRR (System Requirements Review), MDR (Mission Definition Review) and SDR (System Definition Review).
	C. CDR (Critical Design Review), PRR (Production Readiness Review), SIR (System Integration Review) and Safety Review.
	D. PLAR (Post-Launch Assessment Review), CERR (Critical Events Readiness Review), PFAR (Post-Flight Assessment Review), System Upgrade Review and Safety Review.
	E. DR (Decommissioning Review).

.

The NASA life-cycle phases of Formulation and Implementation are divided into the following seven incremental pieces: (i) Pre-Phase A, (ii) Phase A, (iii) Phase B, (iv) Phase C, (v) Phase D, (vi) Phase E, and (vii) Phase F. The purpose of Phase B is to:

	A. conduct the mission and meet the initially identified need and maintain support for that need.
	B. implement the systems decommissioning/disposal plan developed in Phase C and analyze any returned data and samples.
	C. define the project in enough detail to establish an initial baseline capable of meeting mission needs.
	D. complete the detailed design of the system (and its associated subsystems, including its operations systems), fabricate hardware, and code software.
	E. assemble and integrate the products and create the system, meanwhile developing confidence that it will be able to meet the system requirements; conduct launch and prepare for operations.

.

Every NASA life-cycle phase is associated with one or more phase boundaries or project reviews. The review(s) associated with Phase B is/are:

	A. PDR (Preliminary Design Review) and Safety Review.
	B. CDR (Critical Design Review), PRR (Production Readiness Review), SIR (System Integration Review) and Safety Review.
	C. MCR (Mission Concept Review) and Informal proposal review.
	D. TRR (Test Readiness Review), SAR (System Acceptance Review), ORR (Operational Readiness Review), FRR (Flight Readiness Review), System functional and physical configuration audits and Safety Review.
	E. PLAR (Post-Launch Assessment Review), CERR (Critical Events Readiness Review), PFAR (Post-Flight Assessment Review), System upgrade review and Safety Review.

.

The NASA life-cycle phases of Formulation and Implementation are divided into the following seven incremental pieces: (i) Pre-Phase A, (ii) Phase A, (iii) Phase B, (iv) Phase C, (v) Phase D, (vi) Phase E, and (vii) Phase F. The purpose of Phase C is to:

	A. conduct the mission and meet the initially identified need and maintain support for that need.
	B. determine the feasibility and desirability of a suggested new major system and establish an initial baseline compatibility with NASA’s strategic plans.
	C. assemble and integrate the products and create the system, meanwhile developing confidence that it will be able to meet the system requirements; conduct launch and prepare for operations.
	D. complete the detailed design of the system (and its associated subsystems, including its operations systems), fabricate hardware, and code software.
	E. implement the systems decommissioning/disposal plan developed in Phase C and analyze any re- turned data and samples.

.

Every NASA life-cycle phase is associated with one or more phase boundaries or project reviews. The review(s) associated with Phase C is/are:

	A. PLAR (Post-Launch Assessment Review), CERR (Critical Events Readiness Review), PFAR (Post-Flight Assessment Review), System upgrade review, and Safety Review.
	B. DR (Decommissioning Review).
	C. CDR (Critical Design Review), PRR (Production Readiness Review), SIR (System Integration Review), and Safety Review.
	D. MCR (Mission Concept Review) and Informal proposal review.
	E. TRR (Test Readiness Review), SAR (System Acceptance Review), ORR (Operational Readiness Review), FRR (Flight Readiness Review), System functional and physical configuration audits, and Safety Review.

.

The NASA life-cycle phases of Formulation and Implementation divide into the following seven incremental pieces: (i) Pre-Phase A, (ii) Phase A, (iii) Phase B, (iv) Phase C, (v) Phase D, (vi) Phase E, and (vii) Phase F. The purpose of Phase D is to:

	A. implement the systems decommissioning/disposal plan developed in Phase C and analyze any re- turned data and samples.
	B. assemble and integrate the products and create the system, meanwhile developing confidence that it will be able to meet the system requirements; conduct launch and prepare for operations.
	C. complete the detailed design of the system (and its associated subsystems, including its operations systems), fabricate hardware, and code software.
	D. conduct the mission and meet the initially identified need and maintain support for that need.
	E. show the disposal process

.

Every NASA life-cycle phase is associated with one or more phase boundaries or project reviews. The review(s) associated with Phase D is/are:

	A. TRR (Test Readiness Review), SAR (System Acceptance Review), ORR (Operational Readiness Review), FRR (Flight Readiness Review), System functional and physical configuration audits, and Safety Review.
	B. PLAR (Post-Launch Assessment Review), CERR (Critical Events Readiness Review), PFAR (Post-Flight Assessment Review), System upgrade review, and Safety Review.
	C. SRR (System Requirements Review), MDR (Mission Definition Review), and SDR (System Definition Review).
	D. PDR (Preliminary Design Review) and Safety Review.
	E. CDR (Critical Design Review), PRR (Production Readiness Review), SIR (System Integration Review), and Safety Review.

.

The NASA life-cycle phases of Formulation and Implementation are divided into the following seven incremental pieces: (i) Pre-Phase A, (ii) Phase A, (iii) Phase B, (iv) Phase C, (v) Phase D, (vi) Phase E, and (vii) Phase F. The purpose of Phase E is to:

	A. assemble and integrate the products and create the system, meanwhile developing confidence that it will be able to meet the system requirements; conduct launch and prepare for operations.
	B. complete the detailed design of the system (and its associated subsystems, including its operations systems), fabricate hardware, and code software.
	C. assemble and integrate the products and create the system, meanwhile developing confidence that it will be able to meet the system requirements; conduct launch and prepare for operations.
	D. conduct the mission and meet the initially identified need and maintain support for that need.
	E. implement the systems decommissioning/disposal plan developed in Phase C and analyze any re- turned data and samples.

.

Every NASA life-cycle phase is associated with one or more phase boundaries or project reviews. The review(s) associated with Phase E is/are:

	A. SRR (System Requirements Review), MDR (Mission Definition Review), and SDR (System Definition Review).
	B. PDR (Preliminary Design Review) and Safety Review.
	C. PLAR (Post-Launch Assessment Review), CERR (Critical Events Readiness Review), PFAR (Post-Flight Assessment Review), System upgrade review, and Safety Review.
	D. DR (Decommissioning Review).
	E. MCR (Mission Concept Review) and Informal proposal review.

.

The NASA life-cycle phases of Formulation and Implementation are divided into the following seven incremental pieces: (i) Pre-Phase A, (ii) Phase A, (iii) Phase B, (iv) Phase C, (v) Phase D, (vi) Phase E, and (vii) Phase F. The purpose of Phase F is to:

	A. allow for scoping and ConOps exercises
	B. determine the feasibility and desirability of a suggested new major system and establish an initial baseline compatibility with NASA’s strategic plans.
	C. assemble and integrate the products and create the system, meanwhile developing confidence that it will be able to meet the system requirements; conduct launch and prepare for operations.
	D. conduct the mission and meet the initially identified need and maintain support for that need.
	E. implement the systems decommissioning/disposal plan developed in Phase C and analyze any re- turned data and samples.

.

Every NASA life-cycle phase is associated with one or more phase boundaries or project reviews. The review(s) associated with Phase F is/are:

	A. SRR (System Requirements Review), MDR (Mission Definition Review), and SDR (System Definition Review).
	B. CDR (Critical Design Review), PRR (Production Readiness Review), SIR (System Integration Review), and Safety Review.
	C. TRR (Test Readiness Review), SAR (System Acceptance Review), ORR (Operational Readiness Review), FRR (Flight Readiness Review), System functional and physical configuration audits, and Safety Review
	D. PLAR (Post-Launch Assessment Review), CERR (Critical Events Readiness Review), PFAR (Post-Flight Assessment Review), System upgrade review, and Safety Review
	E. DR (Decommissioning Review)

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Which control gate separates Pre-phase A (Concept Studies)?

	A. Critical Design Review
	B. Preliminary Design Review
	C. System Definition Review
	D. System Requirements Review
	E. Mission Concept Control

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Phase B (Preliminary Design and Technology Completion) is characterized by the following control gate:

	A. Preliminary Design Review.
	B. Critical Design Review.
	C. System Requirements Review.
	D. System Definition Review.
	E. Functional Design Review.

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A system “baseline” is defined as an agreed upon set of requirements, designs or documents that are established after each phase. The system baseline associated with Phase B is (choose two answers):

	A. system requirements baseline.
	B. allocated baseline.
	C. functional baseline.
	D. preliminary design baseline.
	E. functional system baseline.

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An allocated baseline extends top-level performance requirements of the functional baseline to sufficient detail. The allocated baseline is associated with:

	A. Phase A.
	B. Phase B.
	C. Phase C.
	D. Pre-phase A.
	E. Final phase.

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Choose the best answer to complete the phrase. The Program/Project Life Cycle (PLC) consists of:

	A. a need or the discovery of an opportunity and proceed through various stages of development to a final disposition.
	B. defining the major NASA life-cycle phases.
	C. a categorization of everything that should be done to accomplish a program or project into distinct phases.
	D. establishing a cost-effect program that is demonstrably capable of meeting goals and objectives.
	E. determining the review criteria for each phase to deliver a cost effective solution.

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NASA Space Flight Program and Project Management Requirements defines the major NASA life cycle phases as:

	A. Concept and Technology Development.
	B. Operations and Sustainment.
	C. Identity Feasible Alternatives.
	D. Formulation and Implementation.
	E. Final Design and Fabrication.

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Key Decision Points (KDP) are:

	A. the events at which the decision authority determines the readiness of a program/project to progress to the next phase of the life cycle.
	B. project reviews done at the beginning of each phase to determine the need for that phase.
	C. are the programmatic gates for going from Pre-Phase to Phase.
	D. used to determine the timeline and cost of doing a conceptual design.
	E. tools used by project managers to assess team members’ performance.

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The NASA life-cycle broad phases of Formulation and Implementation are divided into how many incremental pieces?

	A. 3
	B. 5
	C. 7
	D. 9

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Pre-Phase A is a critical time to:

	A. look at many different concepts to see if they meet the program/project objectives.
	B. design a system and all of its subsystems so that it will be able to meet its requirements.
	C. define the project in enough detail to establish a design baseline.
	D. determine the feasibility of a suggested new system in preparation for seeking funding.
	E. build subsystems and operations systems and integrate to create a system.

.

Control gates are necessary because:

	A. a project team cannot proceed from Pre-Phase A to Phase A.
	B. they are critical for reviewing documents specific to conceptual design.
	C. NASA projects today are largely multidisciplinary.
	D. they are a part of the guidelines established during the inception of NASA moon missions.
	E. they are mechanisms for project review and help determine go/no go decisions, or whether a project should move forward.

.

Baselines are necessary because:

	A. they are critical for reviewing documents specific to conceptual design.
	B. a project team cannot proceed from Pre-Phase A to Phase A.
	C. they are a part of the guidelines established during the inception of NASA moon missions.
	D. they are an agreed-to set of requirements, designs, or documents that are established after each project/program phase.
	E. they determine the success of a project.

.

Technology maturation ideally should occur in which phase of the Program/Project Life Cycle?

	A. Pre-Phase A
	B. Phase A
	C. Phase B
	D. Phase C
	E. Phase F

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One of the Control Gates for Phase B is:

	A. Critical Design Review.
	B. Non-advocate Review/Confirmation Review.
	C. Flight Readiness Review.
	D. Post-launch Assessment Review.
	E. Mission Concept Review.

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One of the reasons that Phase C is critical is because:

	A. it is the first phase in implementation and when the costs of the project are increasing.
	B. the team is still reviewing concepts to determine which one best meets the requirements.
	C. it is a critical time to design a system and all of its subsystems so that it will be able to meet its requirements.
	D. a critical time to define the project in enough detail to establish a design baseline.
	E. a critical time to determine the feasibility of a suggested new system in preparation for seeking funding.

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Scope is defined as:

	A. that which is relevant to your project.
	B. that which is the goal of your project.
	C. identifying stakeholders of your project.
	D. that which is relevant to operational concepts.
	E. that which involves identifying the project team.

.

Why is it important to identify stakeholder expectations?

	A. The project will be a failure otherwise.
	B. Because it helps to identify the objectives of the mission.
	C. Stakeholder expectations translate to defining the scope of a project.
	D. Stakeholders dictate the success or failure of a project.
	E. Stakeholders may not be aware of the process involved in successfully executing a space mission.

.

What are the typical outputs for capturing stakeholder expectations?

	A. Top level requirements and ConOps
	B. Mission drivers
	C. Operational objectives
	D. Constraints
	E. Design drivers

.

The Stakeholder Expectations Definition Process is:

	A. laying out the Design Reference Missions.
	B. the process of capturing scope and mission CONOPS.
	C. the initial process within the SE engine that establishes the foundation from which the system is designed and the product is realized.
	D. the process of identifying the dimensions of scope.
	E. the process of identifying all stakeholders for a proposed mission.

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What are some elements of systems design keys?

	A. understanding and defining the mission objectives and operational concepts
	B. complete and thorough requirements traceability
	C. clear and unambiguous requirements
	D. document all decision made during the development of the original design concept in the technical data package
	E. All of the above

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Which one of the following documents or situations can give rise to Mission Authority?

	A. need
	B. vision of a particular stakeholder
	C. operational objectives
	D. presidential directive
	E. an individual within NASA

.

ConOps is important because it:

	A. defines the objectives of the mission.
	B. describes the system characteristics from an operational perspective and helps facilitate an understanding of the system goals.
	C. identifies customers and stakeholders.
	D. elaborates on the scope of a mission.
	E. determines the success or failure of a proposed mission.

.

System design processes:

	A. are four interdependent, highly iterative and recursive processes, resulting in a validated set of requirements and a validated design solution that satisfies a set of stakeholder expectations.
	B. involve identifying stakeholder expectations through stakeholder expectations definition.
	C. involve elaborating on the scope of a proposed mission.
	D. capture the project scope and mission CONOPS.
	E. define the success or failure of a proposed mission.

.

The four system design processes are: (i) develop stakeholder expectations, (ii) technical requirements, (iii) logical decompositions, and (iv) design solutions. These system design processes are primarily applied from:

	A. Phase A through Phase F.
	B. Phase A through Phase E.
	C. Pre-Phase A through Phase C.
	D. Phase D through Phase F.
	E. Pre-Phase A through Phase F.

.

The four system design processes are: (i) develop stakeholder expectations, (ii) technical requirements, (iii) logical decompositions, and (iv) design solutions. The main purpose of the stakeholder expectations definition process is:

	A. to identify who the stakeholders are and how they intend to use the product.
	B. to serve as the basis for subsequent definition documents such as the operations plan, launch and early orbit plan, and operations handbook.
	C. used to translate the high-level requirements derived from the stakeholder expectations and the outputs of the Logical Decomposition Process into a design solution.
	D. to transform the stakeholder expectations into a definition of the problem and then into a complete set of validated technical requirements.
	E. the process for creating the detailed functional requirements that enable NASA programs and projects to meet the stakeholder expectations.

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The four system design processes are: (i) develop stakeholder expectations, (ii) technical requirements, (iii) logical decompositions, and (iv) design solutions. The main purpose of the technical requirements definition process is:

	A. to serve as the basis for subsequent definition documents such as the operations plan, launch and early orbit plan, and operations handbook.
	B. used to translate the high-level requirements derived from the stakeholder expectations and the outputs of the Logical Decomposition Process into a design solution.
	C. to identify who the stakeholders are and how they intend to use the product.
	D. to transform the stakeholder expectations into a definition of the problem and then into a complete set of validated technical requirements.
	E. the process for creating the detailed functional requirements that enable NASA programs and projects to meet the stakeholder expectations.

.

The four system design processes are: (i) develop stakeholder expectations, (ii) technical requirements, (iii) logical decompositions, and (iv) design solutions. The main purpose of the logical decomposition process is:

	A. used to translate the high-level requirements derived from the stakeholder expectations and the outputs of the Logical Decomposition Process into a design solution.
	B. to identify who the stakeholders are and how they intend to use the product.
	C. to transform the stakeholder expectations into a definition of the problem and then into a complete set of validated technical requirements.
	D. to serve as the basis for subsequent definition documents such as the operations plan, launch and early orbit plan, and operations handbook.
	E. the process for creating the detailed functional requirements that enable NASA programs and projects to meet the stakeholder expectations.

.

The four system design processes are: (i) develop stakeholder expectations, (ii) technical requirements, (iii) logical decompositions, and (iv) design solutions. The main purpose of the logical decomposition process is:

	A. to transform the stakeholder expectations into a definition of the problem and then into a complete set of validated technical requirements.
	B. the process for creating the detailed functional requirements that enable NASA programs and projects to meet the stakeholder expectations.
	C. to serve as the basis for subsequent definition documents such as the operations plan, launch and early orbit plan, and operations handbook.
	D. used to translate the high-level requirements derived from the stakeholder expectations and the outputs of the Logical Decomposition Process into a design solution.
	E. to identify who the stakeholders are and how they intend to use the product.

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The ConOps is an important driver in the system requirements and therefore must be considered early in the system design processes. Typical information contained in the ConOps includes:

	A. System requirements and objectives
	B. Description of major phases, operation timelines; operational scenarios and/or DRM; end-to-end communications strategy; command and data architecture, etc
	C. Operational power budget
	D. Link budget
	E. Launch interface specifications

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An important part of the ConOps is defining operational activities. Operational activities occur primarily in which lifecycle phase(s):

	A. Phase E
	B. Phase A through Phase F.
	C. Pre-Phase A through Phase C.
	D. Phase A through Phase C.
	E. Phase A and Phase B only.

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A requirement is defined as:

	A. the activity that drives cost.
	B. a characteristic or statement that captures the understanding of what is to be done, how well, and under what constraints.
	C. a method that measures performance.
	D. a baseline of concept of operations.
	E. a way to analyze the scope of the problem.

.

Requirements are:

	A. recursive and iterative.
	B. linear and non-iterative.
	C. singular and non-repetitive.
	D. final and iterative.
	E. recursive and non-iterative.

.

Requirements drive:

	A. mission concept.
	B. stakeholder expectations.
	C. cost.
	D. effectiveness.
	E. gate controls.

.

An input of the Technical Requirements Definition Process is:

	A. design and product constraints.
	B. measures of performance.
	C. functional and behavioral expectations.
	D. scope of problem.
	E. baselined stakeholder expectations.

.

Requirements can often change due to:

	A. change of priorities.
	B. new understanding of the difficulties of an implementation approach.
	C. new requirements being added or discovered.
	D. measured performance not meeting the requirement performance.
	E. All of the above

.

Requirements are derived from:

	A. presidential directive.
	B. vision of a particular stakeholder.
	C. operational objectives.
	D. stakeholder and customer need statements.
	E. any or all of the above.

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Defining constraints that the design must adhere to or how the system will be used is a/an:

	A. design boundary in process activity in requirements.
	B. typical input needed for the requirements process.
	C. typical output for the technical requirements definition process.
	D. measure based on the expectations and requirements that will be tracked.
	E. approved set of requirements that represents a complete description of the problem.

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Functional requirements define:

	A. how well the system needs to perform the functions.
	B. what functions need to be done to accomplish the objective.
	C. customers and stakeholders.
	D. costs.
	E. mission statement.

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Requirements are written using the word:

	A. must.
	B. will.
	C. may.
	D. shall.
	E. can.

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Trade studies, or trade-off studies, help systems engineers to:

	A. develop baselines for a system.
	B. draw objective comparisons and make design decisions.
	C. define the mission.
	D. make mission decisions.
	E. define the process.

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A benefit of conducting trade studies is:

	A. it supports decisions throughout the systems engineering process.
	B. to understand the full implications of the goals, objectives, and constraints to formulate an appropriate system solution.
	C. to address management of problems, nonconformance, and anomalies.
	D. to determine the advantage of one alternative over another in terms of equivalent cost or benefits.
	E. None of the above.

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It is important for systems engineers to conduct trade studies because they:

	A. help to understand the full implications of the goals, objectives, and constraints to formulate an appropriate system solution.
	B. determine the advantage of one alternative over another in terms of equivalent cost or benefits.
	C. identify desirable and practical alternatives among requirements, technical objectives, design, program schedule, functional and performance requirements, and life cycle costs are identified and conducted.
	D. help to address management of problems, nonconformance, and anomalies.
	E. provide guidance, methods, and tools to support the Decision Analysis Process at NASA.

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Trade studies depend upon having criteria for making decisions based on:

	A. design and product constraints.
	B. costs.
	C. functional and behavioral expectations.
	D. scope of problem.
	E. measure of effectiveness, or MOE, and measure of performance, or MOP.

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Measure of Effectiveness (MOE) is:

	A. how well the trade study is conducted.
	B. how the mission is achieved.
	C. how well the costs are controlled.
	D. how well mission objectives are achieved.
	E. All of the above

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An example of Measure of Effectiveness (MOE) is:

	A. constraints.
	B. technical requirements.
	C. operational objectives.
	D. stakeholder and customer need statements.
	E. life cycle cost.

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The Measure of Performance (MOP) is a:

	A. quantitative measure.
	B. qualitative measure.
	C. single measure.
	D. functional measure.
	E. None of the above

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A trade tree is:

	A. a tool for cost-benefit analysis.
	B. a design tool for accommodating system requirements.
	C. a graphical method of capturing alternatives with multiple variables.
	D. a method for evaluating a project team.
	E. an extension for decision based trade studies.

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The number of end points of the trade tree gives the total number of:

	A. alternatives.
	B. criterion.
	C. trade studies.
	D. requirements.
	E. stakeholders.

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A trade tree is a representation of:

	A. baselines.
	B. requirements.
	C. competing study alternatives.
	D. criteria.
	E. risks.

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A system is an integrated composite of elements that provides a capability to satisfy a stated need or objective. Identify the three elements from the list below (choose the three best answers):

	A. People
	B. Products
	C. Processes
	D. Time
	E. Environment

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Identify the elements that best describe systems engineering as a rigorous approach to systems (choose the three best answers):

	A. Design
	B. Hardware
	C. Creation
	D. Operation
	E. People

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The three sets of common technical processes in NASA Systems Engineering Processes and Requirement are (choose the three best answers):

	A. system design.
	B. product realization.
	C. technical management.
	D. scope definition.
	E. cost benefit analysis.

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Project management can be thought of as having two major areas of emphasis, both of equal weight and importance. These areas are (choose the two best answers):

	A. systems engineering.
	B. product realization.
	C. technical management.
	D. project control.
	E. resource management.

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What three factors motivated the need for systems engineering (choose the three best answers)?

	A. An aging workforce
	B. Skill retention
	C. Technical performance
	D. Foregoing the design phase
	E. Skipping the testing phase to reduce cost

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As a project progresses from a feasible concept to an as-deployed system, which two of the following elements determine this transition (choose the two best answers):

	A. key decision points
	B. top-level architecture
	C. product baseline
	D. scope definition
	E. major project review

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From the list below, choose the three most appropriate factors that contributed to the development of systems engineering:

	A. Potential for wasted effort
	B. Potential for inconsistent design
	C. Avoid human labor
	D. Potential for automated design
	E. Potential for disciplined systematic approach

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What best characterizes the transition from the college environment to the work world (choose the two best answers)?

	A. Transitioning from individual work performance to team performance
	B. Transitioning from well-defined, bounded problems to ill-defined, ambiguous problems
	C. Transition from theory-based learning to learning from experience
	D. Absence of critical thinking
	E. Absence of supervisors and accountability

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The need for multidisciplinary teams is motivated by the realization that:

	A. no individual has all the required knowledge.
	B. diverse team interaction encourages ingenuity and creativity.
	C. they can identify and resolve technical subsystems conflicts early.
	D. there are fewer problems transitioning from engineering to manufacturing to operations.
	E. an individual can only specialize in one discipline.

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The Myers-Briggs Personality Indicator (MBTI) can be utilized (choose all that apply):

	A. for career planning and problem solving.
	B. for team building and enhancing teamwork.
	C. for hiring and staffing.
	D. as a leadership tool.
	E. to determine a successful career path.

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Phase A (Concept and Technology Development) is characterized by the following control gates (choose two that best apply):

	A. Preliminary Design Review
	B. System Definition Review
	C. System Requirements Review
	D. Critical Design Review
	E. Mission Design Review

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A system “baseline” is defined as an agreed-to set of requirements, designs or documents that are established after each phase. The system baselines associated with Phase A are (choose the two best answers):

	A. system baseline
	B. system definition baseline
	C. preliminary design baseline
	D. system requirements baseline
	E. functional baseline

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Parent system-of-interests documents can be:

	A. needs statements
	B. contracts
	C. presidential directives
	D. announcement of opportunities
	E. proposals

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The typical inputs needed for the Stakeholder Expectations Definition Process include the following (choose the two best answers):

	A. Upper Level Requirements and Expectations
	B. Top-Level Requirements and Expectations
	C. ConOps (Concept of Operations)
	D. Identified Customers and Stakeholders
	E. Process Activities

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The typical outputs for capturing stakeholder expectations include the following (choose the two best answers):

	A. Upper Level Requirements and Expectations
	B. Identified Customers and Stakeholders
	C. Top-Level Requirements and Expectations
	D. ConOps (Concept of Operations)
	E. Process Activities

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The Technical Requirements Definition Process transforms the stakeholder expectations into a definition of the problem and then into a complete set of validated technical requirements. Typical inputs needed for the requirements process would include the following (choose the two best answers):

	A. Top-level requirements and expectations
	B. Technical requirements
	C. Concept of Operations
	D. Technical Measures
	E. Process Activities

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The Technical Requirements Definition Process transforms the stakeholder expectations into a definition of the problem and then into a complete set of validated technical requirements. Typical outputs for the technical requirements definition process needed for the requirements process include the following (choose the two best answers):

	A. Top-level requirements and expectations
	B. Technical requirements
	C. Concept of Operations
	D. Technical Measures
	E. Process Activities

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Logical Decomposition is the process for creating the detailed functional requirements that enable NASA programs and projects to meet the stakeholder expectations. Typical inputs needed for the Logical Decomposition Process include the following (choose the three best answers):

	A. Technical requirements
	B. Technical measures
	C. System architecture model
	D. End product requirements
	E. Functional flow block diagrams

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Logical Decomposition is the process for creating the detailed functional requirements that enable NASA programs and projects to meet the stakeholder expectations. Typical outputs of the Logical Decomposition Process include the following (choose the two best answers):

	A. Technical requirements
	B. Technical measures
	C. System architecture model
	D. End product requirements
	E. Functional flow block diagrams

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The Design Solution Definition Process is used to translate the high-level requirements derived from the stakeholder expectations and the outputs of the Logical Decomposition Process into a design solution. The fundamental inputs needed to initiate the Design Solution Definition Process are (choose the two best answers):

	A. The system specification
	B. Technical requirements
	C. Logical decomposition models
	D. The end-product specification
	E. The system external interface specifications

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The Design Solution Definition Process is used to translate the high-level requirements derived from the stakeholder expectations and the outputs of the Logical Decomposition Process into a design solution. Outputs of the Design Solution Definition Process include the following (choose the three best answers):

	A. The system specification
	B. Technical requirements
	C. Logical decomposition models
	D. The end-product specification
	E. The system external interface specifications

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The three types of requirements are:

	A. Functional
	B. Performance
	C. Regulatory
	D. Derived
	E. Constraints

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