In Plotinus's work, episteme is closely associated with which of the following?

	a. Techne
	b. Experimentation
	c. Imitation of nature
	d. Nous

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In Roman deep mining, what was a gallery?

	a. A means of draining water from mines
	b. The outside opening into a mine
	c. A hoisting device
	d. A horizontal tunnel near the ore

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Roman concrete was composed of water, a binding agent, and which of the following?

	a. Metal
	b. Aggregate
	c. Volcanic dust
	d. Mud

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What was the function of the Pantheon?

	a. To serve as a place of worship
	b. To demonstrate the connection between the imperial family and all the gods
	c. To store grain for the city
	d. To house sporting events for the populace

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What was the major Roman method for lighting in underground mining?

	a. Carrying torches
	b. Opening shafts for sunlight
	c. Using oil lamps
	d. Lighting bonfires

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Which civilization built the bridge in the image below?

	a. Ancient Roman
	b. Ancient Greek
	c. Medieval European
	d. Medieval Chinese

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Which of the following statements about Roman architecture is true?

	a. Roman architects incorporated arches, vaults, and domes.
	b. Roman architects built massive pyramids.
	c. Roman architects stressed harmonious proportions above all.
	d. Roman architects built great cathedrals.

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Which of the following statements about Roman roads is false?

	a. Roman roads made frequent turns.
	b. Roman soldiers relied heavily on the roads.
	c. Surveyors determined the road's direction.
	d. Roman roads were built with consideration for water drainage.

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Which of the following statements concerning Roman methods of mine drainage is false?

	a. They constructed adits to drain mines.
	b. They used steam pumps to drain mines.
	c. They used waterwheels underground to drain mines.
	d. They used Archimedean screws to drain mines.

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Aristotle would agree with which of the following statements?

	a. Techne is craft knowledge.
	b. Techne includes experimentation.
	c. Techne is scientific knowledge.
	d. Techne is unchanging truth.

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Al-Khwarizmi was a mathematician of the House of Wisdom. What innovation did Al-Khwarizmi's The Book of Addition and Subtraction According to the Hindu Calculation introduce into the Arabic world?

	a. Geometry
	b. Roman numerals
	c. The abacus
	d. Zero and decimal places

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In 1391, Geoffrey Chaucer wrote a book to his son, Lewis, on which subject?

	a. How to turn lead into silver
	b. How to use a sundial
	c. Roman engineering
	d. How to make and use an astrolabe

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The House of Wisdom specialized in Arabic translations of scientific texts, especially from which of the following languages?

	a. Greek
	b. Latin
	c. Hebrew
	d. Chinese

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What gave the Mongols technological superiority in battle?

	a. Using cannons on the battle field
	b. Shooting bows and arrows on horseback
	c. Using sling shots
	d. Using lances on horseback

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What is the first step in using an astrolabe?

	a. Move the rete.
	b. Focus the telescope on the moon.
	c. Select a star, and determine its altitude.
	d. Lay the device flat on the ground.

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Which of the following is a fair definition of alchemy?

	a. A form of magic that never existed
	b. An early form of chemistry concerning such things as alcohol and gunpowder
	c. A means of surveying
	d. A method of iron production

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Which of the following is a fair description of Zheng He's voyages?

	a. He explored no farther than Southeast Asia.
	b. He made it to Hormuz in the Persian Gulf in his final voyage.
	c. He crossed the Indian Ocean and explored the coast of Africa.
	d. He rounded the African continent and entered the Atlantic Ocean.

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Which of the following was an Arabic contribution to mathematics?

	a. Geometry
	b. Calculus
	c. Trigonometry
	d. Addition

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Which of the following was NOT a clear Chinese influence on the West?

	a. The use of gunpowder in cannons
	b. The process of making paper
	c. The process of preparing gunpowder
	d. Block printing

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What invention is credited to Pe Cheng sometime in the 1040s AD?

	a. Paper
	b. Printing Press
	c. Gunpowder
	d. Moveable type

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What is the best definition of the social and political system, manorialism?

	a. Village-level communism
	b. Rule of a king or queen
	c. A set of relationships between lords and serfs
	d. The rule of a powerful few

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What is the most controversial claim made by Lynn White concerning the influence of the stirrup on medieval life?

	a. Metal smiths were capable of fashioning stirrups.
	b. The Mongols invented the stirrup.
	c. The stirrup was strong enough to support a knight in armor.
	d. The stirrup promoted feudalism.

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What was the putting-out system in medieval textiles?

	a. When a merchant acted as middleman between wool supplier and weaver
	b. The system of loaning weavers capital
	c. Organizing the machines in factories
	d. Long-distance wool trade with India

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Which engineering challenge motivated Gothic innovations?

	a. How to build taller, larger cathedrals
	b. How to build cathedrals out of marble
	c. How to build cathedrals out of cement
	d. How to build cathedrals on river beds

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Which of the following best characterizes the relation between women and men in the crafts prior to the dominance of guilds?

	a. Women had little role in the crafts.
	b. The shop owners kept their wives out of public view.
	c. Shop owners and their wives could work together to maintain a shop.
	d. Women could not learn the trade of their husbands.

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Which of the following buildings features elaborate stained glass windows?

	a. The Pantheon
	b. A medieval shop
	c. The Tower of Pisa
	d. Chartres Cathedral

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Which of the following is NOT featured at Notre Dame Cathedral?

	a. Flying buttresses
	b. Pointed arches
	c. Stained glass windows
	d. Stone barrel vault

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Which of the following was a major function of a guild?

	a. To organize worship
	b. To promote free market competition between producers
	c. To regulate the production, standards, and marketing of a craft or trade
	d. To defend workers from factory owners

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Why is Cennini's "The Craftsman's Handbook" a primary source?

	a. Because artists use it today
	b. Because it dates to the 14th century
	c. Because it is about painting
	d. Because it was written in Italian

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Which of the following best characterizes the innovation introduced to the plow in medieval Europe?

	a. Plows were made heavy with a moldboard.
	b. Slaves pulled the plows.
	c. Plows were mechanized.
	d. Plows were put on wheels.

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In 1713, Peter the Great of Prussia commanded an army of over 300,000 men, fitted with the latest gunpowder technologies, and Prussia had one of the largest state bureaucracies in Europe. What does this say about the Military Revolution thesis?

	a. The Military Revolution thesis should be revised to account for Prussia.
	b. The Military Revolution thesis may be true.
	c. The Military Revolution thesis is false.
	d. Large armies do not require substantial state backing.

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The Military Revolution theory claimed to explain why Spain lost military supremacy in Europe. Issuing a revision to the theory, what did Geoffrey Parker argue?

	a. Spain's "outdated" tactics remained influential throughout the 17th century.
	b. Spain never competed well against better developed states.
	c. Spain adopted many French military innovations.
	d. Spain was the first kingdom to employ cannon on the battlefield.

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What is the technological function of the lantern that sits atop the Florence Cathedral Dome?

	a. To press down on the structure
	b. To house a fog light for ships
	c. To store building machines
	d. To allow air to ventilate the building

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What made the caravel ideal for exploration?

	a. The caravel's large size could withstand heavy waves.
	b. The caravel was small, light, and could sail into the wind.
	c. The caravel's large size could accommodate many soldiers.
	d. The caravel's steel rudder was highly durable.

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What was the explorer Balboa's major accomplishment?

	a. He baptized hundreds of natives.
	b. He found gold and silver among the Aztecs.
	c. He discovered Cuba and Hispaniola.
	d. He crossed the Isthmus of Panama, suggesting a new route to the East.

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When proposing his plans for the Florence Cathedral Dome, why did Brunelleschi present an egg?

	a. To demonstrate the color of his proposed dome
	b. To symbolize his displeasure at having lost the competition for the Baptistery doors
	c. Because the Medici enjoyed eating eggs
	d. To demonstrate the shape of his proposed structure

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Which of the following best characterizes Da Vinci's career?

	a. He was a rebel without an institutional base.
	b. He always placed painting ahead of engineering in importance.
	c. He continually attempted to serve noble patrons.
	d. He never managed to remove himself from the world of common artisans.

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Which of the following best characterizes Renaissance architect Alberti's estimation of prior architects?

	a. He sought to begin anew without consideration for prior architects.
	b. He rejected most classical learning and built on medieval examples.
	c. He revived classical architects like Vitruvius.
	d. He revived medieval architects like Abbot Suger.

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Which of the following best defines the invention of moveable type?

	a. Likely invented first in Korea, Gutenberg independently developed a similar process.
	b. Gutenberg first invented the process after having traveled to China.
	c. Gutenberg's assistant invented it, but as the master, Gutenberg took credit for inventing moveable type.
	d. Gutenberg stumbled upon the invention while printing the Bible.

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Which of the following best describes Gutenberg's moveable type?

	a. Wooden blocks
	b. Reusable wooden pieces
	c. Reusable metallic pieces
	d. A mechanical printing press

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Which of the following statements concerning the Columbian Exchange is true?

	a. The New World had more large mammals.
	b. Columbus introduced the IIama into the New World.
	c. The Old World had more large mammals.
	d. The horse was native to the New World.

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What social status did most artists have prior to Da Vinci?

	a. Prior to Da Vinci, most artists were nobility.
	b. Prior to Da Vinci, most artists were lower-class artisans.
	c. Prior to Da Vinci, most artists were wealthy but lower than nobility.
	d. Prior to Da Vinci, most artists were regarded like kings and queens.

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How did Galileo come to discover the satellites (moons) of Jupiter?

	a. Through pendulum experiments
	b. By understanding the effects of gravity
	c. After dropping balls from the Tower of Pisa
	d. By using a 20-powered telescope

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In a Watt steam engine, what force moves the piston down the cylinder?

	a. Expanding air
	b. Human-powered cranks
	c. A waterwheel
	d. A vacuum

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Industrial society had many critics. Who were the Luddites?

	a. Marxist theorists teaching at Oxford
	b. Craftsmen who destroyed textile machines
	c. Wives of cotton factory workers
	d. Miners who went on strike

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Robert Boyle once said that nature was "a great piece of clock-work". He was essentially defining which of the following?

	a. A mechanical philosophy
	b. Aristotle's philosophy
	c. Copernicus's conception of the universe
	d. The Industrial Revolution

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To whom would Roman Catholics of the 17th century most likely turn to in order to confirm or deny Galileo's discoveries?

	a. Members of the Royal Society of Science
	b. Monks of the Augustinian order
	c. Jesuits of the Collegio Romano
	d. Oxford University

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What did the Darby family build to demonstrate the superiority of cast iron produced with coke?

	a. A bridge
	b. A carriage
	c. A steam engine
	d. A printing press

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What effect did new industrial society have on families and women?

	a. The family could run a small factory from the home.
	b. Women more often stayed at home, which was now distinct from work.
	c. Women would care for children in the factory environment.
	d. Working class families quickly enjoyed the benefits of industrial society.

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What was Newton's major contribution to the Scientific Revolution?

	a. He founded the Royal Society of Science.
	b. He developed a mathematical explanation of bodies in motion from planets to falling apples.
	c. He was the first to publicly support Copernicus.
	d. He wrote in a style accessible to a wide audience.

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Which of the following innovations in production did not catch on in France but revolutionized the US gun-making industry?

	a. The division of labor
	b. Steam-powered machines
	c. Interchangeable parts
	d. Employing women and children at low wage

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Which of the following was one of the earliest events to spark the Industrial Revolution?

	a. The invention of the steam train
	b. Organization of spinning and weaving in factories
	c. New farming technologies and a boom in agricultural productivity
	d. More humane labor laws

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Why did Galileo study the swinging of a pendulum?

	a. To determine the speed of the earth's rotation
	b. To prove the Copernican system
	c. To understand the mechanics of motion
	d. To understand Aristotle's theories

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Why did Pope Urban VIII condemn Galileo's "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic and Copernican" (1632)?

	a. Galileo made the representative of medieval cosmology a fool.
	b. Galileo claimed that everything in the Bible was wrong.
	c. Galileo was sympathetic to Ptolemy.
	d. Galileo failed to include the voice of the Pope.

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Which of the following was a strategy that Copernicus used to avoid confrontation with religious authorities in his day?

	a. He did not dedicate any of his work to the Pope.
	b. He tutored leading religious figures in astronomy.
	c. He found passages in the Bible that suggested the earth moved around the sun.
	d. In the preface to his major work, he stated it was intended only for mathematicians.

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In "Tools of Empire", Daniel Headrick considers the use of steamers part of the "penetration phase" of empire. What does this mean?

	a. Steam ships became a part of the culture of subjugated nations.
	b. Steam ships transported thousands of British soldiers to the coast of Africa.
	c. Steam ships lay the first Trans-Atlantic cable.
	d. Steam ships allowed imperialists to move deeper into foreign territories.

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The following image features the phrase, "Lightening the White Man's Burden". What is the "burden"? ( Note: This image is courtesy of the Library of Congress, and the original can be found at )

	a. The cost of shipping soap
	b. The difficulty of keeping sailors healthy
	c. The difficulty of getting natives to work
	d. The white man's belief that he needed to civilize the natives

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What is the best interpretation of the steam trains featured in Gast's "American Progress", shown below?

	a. It was necessary to lay track on flatland rather than mountainous.
	b. Steam power would render the work of the farmers in the foreground obsolete.
	c. Technologies of imperialism clear the West of Indians and buffalo.
	d. Advances in steam technology lagged behind advances in telegraphy.

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What was Colombia's reaction to American plans to build the Panama Canal?

	a. Colombia encouraged Panama's uprising.
	b. Colombia rejected American plans and sought a more lucrative deal.
	c. Colombia declared war on the US.
	d. Colombia allied with the Panamanians against the US.

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What was the purpose of Matthew Perry's mission to Japan?

	a. To force the Japanese to trade with the US
	b. To demonstrate the usefulness of the Panama Canal
	c. To build railroads
	d. To test the efficiency of coal-powered steam ships

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What was the significance of the Panama Canal to Roosevelt's foreign policy?

	a. He wanted to force the French out of Panama.
	b. He wanted to expand the Navy and increase its presence in the Pacific Ocean.
	c. He wanted to strengthen Colombia.
	d. He was preparing to attack Japan.

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Which of the following was NOT a major impact of the Transcontinental Railroad on the Plains Indians?

	a. The Transcontinental Railroad interrupted Indian irrigation systems.
	b. The Transcontinental Railroad disrupted buffalo migration patterns.
	c. The Transcontinental Railroad brought more white settlement to Indian lands.
	d. White buffalo hunters could travel easily to the Plains.

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Why did Britain operate 75% of the telegraph lines in the world in 1914?

	a. To maximize profits
	b. To showcase advanced technology to the world
	c. To better communicate with its vast colonial holdings
	d. To get ahead of the Germans, who had neglected to maintain the infrastructure it built

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Why did some Japanese representations of Matthew Perry's ships feature eyes on the ships?

	a. The Japanese believed the ships were alive.
	b. The Japanese were suggesting that the Americans were monstrous or barbaric.
	c. The cannons on board resembled eyes.
	d. Perry had eyes painted on his warships.

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In Lewis Henry Morgan's three stages of social evolution, which stage involved the practice of animal domestication?

	a. Savagery
	b. Barbarism
	c. Civilization
	d. Rational

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How did electric companies promote electrical appliances for the home in the 1920s?

	a. By showcasing the wonders of electric cars
	b. By depicting Thomas Edison surrounded by electrical appliances
	c. By targeting women in articles, magazines, and exhibitions
	d. By showing how easily men could use the new appliances

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What is the best definition of a socio-technical system?

	a. A network of human and non-human actors
	b. A union of hardware, software, physical surroundings, and people
	c. A means of processing complex data
	d. A means of communicating over long distances

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What is the best definition of the applied science, thermodynamics?

	a. The science of motion
	b. The science of chemical reactions
	c. The science of atomic reactions
	d. The science of heat

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Which industry contributed most to Germany's economic development between roughly 1900 and 1913?

	a. Rubber
	b. Cotton
	c. Electrical
	d. Iron

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Which metal replaced dependence upon wrought iron during the Second Industrial Revolution?

	a. Copper
	b. Aluminum
	c. Steel
	d. Tin

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Which of the following best characterizes Germany's role in the Second Industrial Revolution?

	a. Britain surpassed Germany in industrial production.
	b. Germany accounted for 90 percent of world industrial production.
	c. Germany excelled in metallurgy but not in chemical and electrical industries.
	d. Germany surpassed Britain in industrial production.

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Which of the following best describes scientific management?

	a. The keeping of accurate time clocks for all shifts
	b. The application of time and motion studies to increase worker efficiency
	c. The computerization of management tasks
	d. The analysis of managers' behaviors to increase their efficiency

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Which of the following best describes the place of the internal combustion engine (ICE) in the American automobile industry in 1900?

	a. The ICE had already replaced battery power.
	b. The ICE had replaced battery power but not steam power.
	c. There were still more steam- and battery-powered cars than gas-powered cars.
	d. Ford's Model T (ICE) already dominated the market.

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Which of the following was NOT a component of the telephonic socio-technical system of the late 19th century?

	a. Female operators
	b. Telephone wiring
	c. AT&T
	d. The telegraph

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Which of the following was NOT a technological innovation of the Second Industrial Revolution?

	a. The use of coke in iron smelting
	b. The Bessemer Process of steel production
	c. The electric generator
	d. The internal combustion engine

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Which of the following was NOT an application of electrical theory during the Second Industrial Revolution?

	a. The steam engine
	b. Electric cars
	c. The generator
	d. The telegraph

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Why did Standard Oil Company come before the Supreme Court of the United States in 1911?

	a. The company had drilled on lands illegally.
	b. The company had monopolized and restrained trade.
	c. The company had charged the US government with interfering in its business.
	d. The company had contracted overseas illegally.

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At their meeting in Moscow in 1959, why did President Nixon insist that Premiere Khrushchev watch a recording on color television?

	a. Nixon wanted to attract a wider audience.
	b. Nixon wanted to show how Americans had improved Soviet technologies.
	c. Nixon wanted to be sure that the Soviets did not censure the president's words.
	d. Nixon wanted to show how capitalism improved domestic life.

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In his letter to President Roosevelt of 1939, what was Albert Einstein's major concern, which influenced the president and led to the Manhattan Project?

	a. It was morally wrong to drop an atomic bomb on Japan.
	b. He urged the president to keep university research separate from wartime needs.
	c. His theories should not be used by government physicists.
	d. Germany might be working on an atomic weapon.

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On April 22, 1915, German meteorologists ordered that valves be opened on 6,000 cylinders near the trenches. What happened next?

	a. The French put forth a cease-fire ordinance.
	b. The Allies bombed the German cylinders before they opened.
	c. Mustard gas killed thousands of German soldiers.
	d. Chlorine gas drifted toward the French line.

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What did Enrico Fermi accomplish at the University of Chicago in 1942?

	a. He produced highly enriched uranium.
	b. He produced the first nuclear chain reaction.
	c. He produced the first nuclear bomb.
	d. He convinced the physics department to discontinue research on uranium.

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What was the psychoanalytic interpretation of shell shock?

	a. War released hidden impulses that disturbed a civilized mind.
	b. Shell shock was a physical disorder caused by experiencing heavy fire.
	c. Sufferers treated the enemy like a father figure.
	d. Sufferers had too weak a sense of manliness.

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What was the Sharashka system?

	a. A program to indoctrinate peasants with Soviet ideology
	b. A new network of universities designed to teach Soviet science
	c. A means of forcing scientists and engineers to work for the state
	d. A US-led effort to spread ideas of freedom within the USSR

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Which of the following best characterizes the United States' interest in chemical weapons after having signed the Geneva Convention that banned them (1929)?

	a. The US began to dismantle its stockpile of chemical weapons.
	b. The US continued to research and develop new chemical weapons.
	c. The US stockpiled existing weapons, but discontinued research.
	d. The US sold its entire stockpile of chemical weapons to France and England.

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Which problem in physics was most central to the Manhattan Project?

	a. How to start nuclear fission
	b. How to put a satellite into orbit
	c. How to fit a bomber with an atomic bomb
	d. How to place a nuclear warhead on a rocket

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Why did President Eisenhower propose an "open skies" policy with his rival, Premiere Khrushchev, in 1955?

	a. To prepare for a bombing campaign
	b. To promote joint aerospace engineering programs between the two nations
	c. To encourage US spying from aircrafts
	d. To encourage Soviet advances in aerospace engineering

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In what sense was WWI the first industrial war?

	a. Major factory owners spent millions funding the war.
	b. One nation, Britain, was able to mass produce equipment and food for its soldiers.
	c. Developments in metallurgy, chemistry, and electricity found application in war.
	d. It was the first wartime stalemate.

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How did Konrad Zuse contribute to the history of computing?

	a. He created DARPA.
	b. He built the Difference Engine.
	c. He developed the first calculating machine to use zeros and ones.
	d. He headed Project Ultra.

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How did scientists discover the Higgs Boson particle?

	a. With super-powered electron microscopes
	b. With super-powered telescopes
	c. By colliding protons in CERN’s Large Hadron Collider
	d. By conducting experiments on Mars

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How might Actor-Network Theory describe the relationship between humans and their televisions?

	a. The television promotes a form of patriarchy in society.
	b. Humans can alter their televisions, and televisions change human behavior.
	c. By 2050, humans will no longer need televisions to acquire news of the world.
	d. The television determines all aspects of human society.

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In April 1986, which of the following accidents caused the largest ever release of radioactive material into the environment and thus became a major argument against nuclear power?

	a. Explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger
	b. Three-Mile Island meltdown
	c. Chernobyl meltdown
	d. The atomic bombing of Nagasaki

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What ethical issue arises when a physician, with the aid of advanced technology, maintains a patient’s vital signs, even though the patient has suffered major brain damage?

	a. Deciding whether a patient is dead or not
	b. Deciding whether technology should be used in the hospital
	c. Deciding whether to inform the patient’s family of the situation
	d. Deciding who gets an organ transplant

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What role did social media have after the May, 2009 earthquake in Sichuan province?

	a. The Chinese government quickly warned citizens about the danger.
	b. Citizens reported on buildings that were under code.
	c. The Chinese government allowed Facebook so victims could share their stories.
	d. The earthquake knocked out all social media for weeks.

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What sort of question might feminist technology studies raise about computer programming?

	a. Do computer programs have feelings?
	b. Can engineers develop a program to determine the gender of computer users?
	c. Can a program be designed to help women form more masculine thinking patterns?
	d. Do women program differently than men do?

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Which of the following is a major argument for the use of nuclear energy?

	a. Nuclear waste is easy to store.
	b. Uranium is widely available in the world.
	c. Nations avoid combining their nuclear energy programs with weapons programs.
	d. Decommissioned nuclear warheads can be converted into electricity.

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Which of the following is a morally questionable goal that bioengineers have in fact achieved?

	a. Creating a half man, half calf
	b. Creating a glowing kitten
	c. Producing a human eye from stem cells
	d. Transplanting a human brain

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Which of the following is a reason T. Boone Pickens prefers natural gas over oil to meet US energy needs?

	a. Natural gas produces virtually no carbon emissions.
	b. The cost of maintaining aircraft carriers in the Persian Gulf is too high.
	c. Fracking can leak chemicals into underground water.
	d. OPEC prices gas more favorably than oil.

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Which of the following is an example of cyberespionage?

	a. When one nation hacks another nation’s computers to access data concerning a secret weapons program
	b. When one nation remotely attacks the electrical infrastructure of another nation’s nuclear facilities
	c. When an institution monitors the e-mail activity of its employees
	d. When citizens orchestrate systems failures at a bank as a form of protest

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Which of the following was an organizational cause of the Challenger disaster?

	a. The low pay of certain NASA engineers
	b. A faulty O-ring
	c. Competition with the Soviet space agency
	d. The tendency for certain managers to contain problems without communicating forward

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Which newly developing nation produced about as much coal as the US around 1990?

	a. Britain
	b. Sweden
	c. China
	d. Canada

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