ENGL407-FinalExam-Answers

According to most historians, why was it so important for a man to marry a virgin wife?

Choose one answer.

	a. it assured him that his children were his own
	b. it assured him that his wife would carry a dowry with her
	c. it assured him that his wife was not a sinner
	d. it assured him that her wife would never commit adultery
	e. it assured him that she was not affiliated with the Church

Question 2

How did courtly romances break down the virgin/whore dichotomy?

Choose one answer.

	a. they deemphasized the importance of chastity
	b. they redefined women as attainable vs unattainable, rather than virgin vs whore
	c. they indicated that women's sexual conduct should not be classified by men
	d. they rarely explored issues of sexuality, love, or romance
	e. they showed the realistic presence of prostitution

Question 3

How did the Christian laws about marriage differ from those of Germanic tribes' customs?

Choose one answer.

	a. the Germanic tribes accepted divorce, while the Church made it nearly impossible
	b. the Germanic tribes allowed relationships between family members, while the Church prohibited marriage between relatives
	c. the Church outlawed marriages between children, while Germanic tribes tolerated them
	d. the Germanic tribes tolerated polygamy, while the Church made monogamy the only acceptable type of union
	e. All of the Above

Question 4

How did the fall of Roman imperialism affect Britain?

Choose one answer.

	a. it allowed the British to establish their independence from Rome
	b. it led to the rise of Germanic cultures
	c. it created a conflict Christianity and paganism
	d. it led to the end of Roman forms of governing
	e. All of the Above

Question 5

How did the printing press alter medieval culture?

Choose one answer.

	a. it decreased the price of available texts because of increased supply
	b. it improved communication between societies
	c. it increased the amount of printed material available to the masses
	d. it created a more unrestricted circulation of texts
	e. All of the Above

Question 6

How did travel at the time of the Crusades impact Western Europe?

Choose one answer.

	a. ships used for trade carried diseases, which led to the Black Death
	b. people brought tales of romance from different literary and cultural traditions back from their trips
	c. merchants started to import rare silks and spices from new trade roots
	d. architects from Western Europe were influenced by new Eastern styles
	e. All of the Above

Question 7

How would you describe the phrase "oral-formulaic," as you learned it in this course?

Choose one answer.

	a. As a term associated only with religious written literature
	b. As a device used to describe the flaws in the oral tradition
	c. As a technique that became popular after the invention of the printing press
	d. As a method of composing stories in the oral tradition
	e. All of the Above

Question 8

In the Middle Ages, how did divorce laws differ for the sexes?

Choose one answer.

	a. both sexes could legally divorce
	b. only women could legally divorce
	c. only men could legally divorce
	d. both sexes could divorce only with the other's consent
	e. neither sex could legally divorce

Question 9

In the Middle Ages, how did religious and secular concepts of virginity differ?

Choose one answer.

	a. secular authorities said that virginity was unimportant, while the Church highly valued it
	b. the Church said that virginity was unimportant, while the secular authorities highly valued it
	c. secular authorities said that virginity was an ethereal treasure, while religious doctrines said it was spendable
	d. religious doctrines said that virginity was an ethereal treasure, while secular authorities said it was spendable
	e. All of the Above

Question 10

In the Middle Ages, nuns also performed which of the following roles?

Choose one answer.

	a. scholars
	b. teachers
	c. scribes
	d. authors
	e. All of the Above

Question 11

In the Middle Ages, what was the status of a married woman in relation to her husband?

Choose one answer.

	a. she was considered her husband's property
	b. she was considered equal to her husband
	c. she was more legally powerful than her husband
	d. she was her husband's property, but could not be mistreated under law
	e. she was usually able to retain her own property

Question 12

In the Middle Ages, which class of people was most likely to be literate?

Choose one answer.

	a. monks
	b. working class women
	c. working class men
	d. peasants
	e. barbarians

Question 13

In what way(s) did the legalization of Christianity impact medieval culture?

Choose one answer.

	a. the Church controlled the publication of books
	b. architecture came to be influenced by the Christian church
	c. art revolved around Christian themes
	d. the Church became instrumental in the formation of laws
	e. All of the Above

Question 14

What is "scholasticism" as it relates to the medieval era?

Choose one answer.

	a. a period in which emphasis was placed on dialectical reasoning
	b. a period in which philosophers attempted to reconcile philosophy with religion
	c. a period of educational activity
	d. a period associated with the Carolingian Renaissance
	e. All of the Above

Question 15

What was "courtly love"?

Choose one answer.

	a. a type of literature concerned with the behavior of anchorites
	b. a type of early literature produced solely by medieval women writers
	c. a literary convention based on the code of behavior associated with chivalrous romance
	d. a method of oral transmission
	e. a type of literature based on romance between peasants

Question 16

What was a virago?

Choose one answer.

	a. a heroine who used female attributes to become a saint
	b. a saint who was NOT the humble, pious, and chaste figure she was expected to be
	c. an asexual female saint
	d. an anchorite
	e. All of the Above

Question 17

What were "conduct books"?

Choose one answer.

	a. books that established standards of behavior for women
	b. books that were primarily intended to teach men how to treat their wives
	c. books that conformed with strict standards of behavior
	d. books that recounted historical events in the medieval era
	e. All of the Above

Question 18

When did the Norman Invasion take place?

Choose one answer.

	a. 9th century
	b. 10th century
	c. 11th century
	d. 12th century
	e. 13th century

Question 19

When did the Roman Empire formally legalize Christianity?

Choose one answer.

	a. The 3rd century
	b. The 4th century
	c. The 7th century
	d. The 8th century
	e. The 9th century

Question 20

Which event(s) characterized the Middle Ages?

Choose one answer.

	a. political unrest
	b. invasions from barbarian tribes
	c. financial deficits from increased military expenditures
	d. falling birth rates
	e. All of the Above

Question 21

Which is true of childbirth in the Middle Ages?

Choose one answer.

	a. it was usually associated with high mortality rates
	b. it was normally supervised by a midwife
	c. it was typically dangerous for mother and infant
	d. it was normally done without medical equipment
	e. All of the Above

Question 22

Which is true of medieval property laws?

Choose one answer.

	a. most medieval women had some property
	b. married women could hold property once they had children
	c. married women could hold property without their husband's consent
	d. widows could hold property
	e. women could inherit property from their parents even if they had bothers

Question 23

Which is true of medieval women?

Choose one answer.

	a. they were not allowed to marry without their parents' consent
	b. they were not allowed to divorce their husbands
	c. they were not allowed to own a business without permission
	d. they were not allowed to inherit land if they had any brothers
	e. All of the Above

Question 24

Which of the following best characterize noble women in the Middle Ages?

Choose one answer.

	a. they were sometimes married off for political reasons
	b. they were expected to fix problems in their husbands' absence
	c. they ran the household
	d. they were expected to be religious role models
	e. All of the Above

Question 25

Which of the following inventions is associated with the rise in literacy?

Choose one answer.

	a. the triptych
	b. the flail
	c. the rudder
	d. the letter press
	e. the lance

Question 26

Which of the following is an alternative name for the Middle Ages?

Choose one answer.

	a. Age of Enlightenment
	b. Age of Reason
	c. Platonic Period
	d. Dark Ages
	e. Renaissance

Question 27

Which of the following themes/motifs was/were often found in literature of "courtly love"?

Choose one answer.

	a. secrecy
	b. nobility
	c. adultery
	d. chastity
	e. All of the Above

Question 28

Which of the following typify the oral-formulaic?

Choose one answer.

	a. The inclusion of mnemonic devices
	b. The repetition of words
	c. The use of epithets with character's names
	d. An episodic structure
	e. All of the Above

Question 29

Which of the following was a result of Charlemange's decree on the production of books?

Choose one answer.

	a. it ended the Church's role in the creation of books
	b. it led to a sudden increase of women as scholars and authors
	c. it declared that books should be produced by men
	d. it opened up new opportunities for women to learn
	e. it severely limited the number of books that could circulate

Question 30

Which of the following was the most copied book of the Middle Ages?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Romance of the Rose
	b. "Book of Hours"
	c. The Bible
	d. The Art of Courtly Love
	e. "Revelations of Divine Love"

Question 31

Who wrote The Rules of Courtly Love?

Choose one answer.

	a. Christine de Pizan
	b. Catherine of Sienna
	c. Andreas Capellanus
	d. Chretien de Troye
	e. Julian of Norwich

Question 32

Why do most critics also refer to the Middle Ages as the Dark Ages?

Choose one answer.

	a. it was a period of surging Roman institutions
	b. the production of historical records increased
	c. there are few primary sources that reconstruct the history of the time
	d. the lack of technology made it literally dark
	e. it was a time of great stability and progress

Question 33

What is oral transmission?

Choose one answer.

	a. a method of communication used solely by the early Church
	b. the spreading of material by word of mouth
	c. a mode of communication used mainly after the rise of literacy
	d. a method of communication that became prominent at the end of the Middle Ages
	e. a literary used mainly to composed French Romances

Question 34

How did increased lay participation in religious life impact monasteries?

Choose one answer.

	a. it made them more valuable sources of information
	b. it made them seem irrelevant since they separated religious life from worldly life
	c. it made them more important since there were few literate lay worshipers
	d. it made them symbols of the Church's progress
	e. it made them examples of how literacy was unimportant to religious life

Question 35

How did lay literacy affect traditional devotional practices?

Choose one answer.

	a. people stopped reading the Bible
	b. people increasingly turned to visual art in order to learn about religion
	c. people could be religious without the help of a clergy
	d. interest in the Church history declined rapidly
	e. All of the Above

Question 36

Identify the speaker of these lines: "sweet Jesus, Jesus love"

Choose one answer.

	a. Julian of Norwich
	b. Margery Kempe
	c. Catherine of Siena
	d. Christine de Pizan
	e. Marie de France

Question 37

In the context of Medieval literature, what does "inner rule" mean?

Choose one answer.

	a. it is the part of life that takes precedence over "outer rule"
	b. it includes issues that pertain to the heart
	c. it is part of the anchoress' inner self
	d. it is the most important part of Ancrene Wisse
	e. All of the Above

Question 38

In the context of Medieval literature, what does "outer rule" mean?

Choose one answer.

	a. it includes issues that pertain to the heart
	b. it refers to anchoress' everyday behavior
	c. it is part of the anchoress' inner self
	d. it is the most important part of Ancrene Wisse
	e. All of the Above

Question 39

In the context of Medieval literature, what does the term "mystical marriage" mean?

Choose one answer.

	a. it is a spiritual, but not legal, union between two people
	b. it is a union supported by the Church
	c. it is a union between anchorites
	d. it is a mystical union between two people
	e. it is a spiritual union with God

Question 40

In the medieval Church, devotional acts _____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. cancelled out punishment due to sin
	b. depended entirely on literacy
	c. were considered "unimportant" by mystics
	d. were only performed by men
	e. All of the Above

Question 41

In what centuries did mystical women writers primarily work?

Choose one answer.

	a. 8th and 9th centuries
	b. 9th and 10th centuries
	c. 10th and 11th centuries
	d. 14th and 15th centuries
	e. 16th and 17th centuries

Question 42

Kempe's acts of devotion included:

Choose one answer.

	a. fasting
	b. meditation
	c. wearing white clothing
	d. weeping
	e. All of the Above

Question 43

What are "books of hours?"

Choose one answer.

	a. personal books used as journals
	b. popular books before the invention of the printing press
	c. books of prayers used at Christian Mass
	d. books of information about the history of the Church
	e. private books of prayers to be recited throughout the day

Question 44

What does the term "monasticism" mean?

Choose one answer.

	a. it describes a life based on retreat from society
	b. it describes the importance of communication with others in order to reach salvation
	c. it describes a form of worship based on praying to devotional art
	d. it describes a way of life that became popular after the Middle Ages
	e. it describes a life chosen by lay people

Question 45

What is affective piety?

Choose one answer.

	a. a term associated with oral transmission
	b. an important trait of the medieval lay
	c. a literary device used in estates satire
	d. a dramatic demonstration of faith
	e. a term associated with courtly love

Question 46

What is an anchoress?

Choose one answer.

	a. a medieval female hermit
	b. a woman who rejects the support of the community because she feels it is sexist
	c. a male anchorite
	d. a religious teacher in the medieval era
	e. a woman who believes that community devotional practices are the path to salvation

Question 47

What is hagiography?

Choose one answer.

	a. the literary form linked closely with courtly love
	b. a method of creating a mystical union
	c. a term associated with oral transmission
	d. the writing and studying of saints' lives
	e. the cultural interest in aristocratic romances

Question 48

What is the function of Ancrene Wisse?

Choose one answer.

	a. paradox
	b. affective piety
	c. imagery
	d. pathos
	e. All of the Above
	f. it is a manual that teaches illiterate women Church history with pictures
	g. it is a private prayer book
	h. it instructs lay women in proper conduct
	i. it is a manual for women who want to become nuns
	j. All of the Above

Question 49

What was a Lollard?

Choose one answer.

	a. a hero in a courtly romance
	b. a member of a sect that was considered heretical
	c. a female mystic
	d. an illiterate anchoress
	e. a name for a villain in an oral fable

Question 50

Which are examples of devotional acts?

Choose one answer.

	a. personal prayers
	b. pilgrimages
	c. charitable donations
	d. prayers on the sinner's behalf
	e. All of the Above

Question 51

Which best describes the work of a mystic?

Choose one answer.

	a. the mystic is primarily tasked with intellectual work within monasteries
	b. the mystic is a visionary who experiences divine insight
	c. the mystic uses a religious platform to promote equal rights for women
	d. the mystic usually works as a scribe
	e. the mystic usually promotes asexuality for women

Question 52

Which is/are a theme(s) of "The Acts of Thecla?"

Choose one answer.

	a. courtly love
	b. peasant life
	c. praise of chastity
	d. female literacy
	e. All of the Above

Question 53

Which of the following is an example of female hagiography?

Choose one answer.

	a. "Revelations of Divine Love"
	b. "Acts of Thecla"
	c. "The Wooing of Our Lord"
	d. "Orison to an Almighty God"
	e. "The Wife of Bath's Tale"

Question 54

Which of the following themes do both Julian of Norwich and Catherine of Siena explore?

Choose one answer.

	a. the idea that community is essential to salvation
	b. the concept of dualism of body and soul
	c. the concept of a sensual God
	d. the idea that God is separate from the human experience of love
	e. the idea that literacy is necessary for women

Question 55

Which of the following women is most closely associated with monastic life?

Choose one answer.

	a. Marie de France
	b. Hildegard of Bingen
	c. Christine de Pizan
	d. The Wife of Bath
	e. Margery Kempe

Question 56

Which of these female writers is most closely associated with tears?

Choose one answer.

	a. Julian of Norwich
	b. Margery Kempe
	c. Catherine of Siena
	d. Catherine de Pizan
	e. Marie de France

Question 57

Which of these female writers was least likely to have been literate?

Choose one answer.

	a. Julian of Norwich
	b. Margery Kempe
	c. Catherine de Pizan
	d. Heloise
	e. Marie de France

Question 58

Which speaker said that "God is more nearer to us than our own soul?"

Choose one answer.

	a. Julian of Norwich
	b. Margery Kempe
	c. Catherine of Siena
	d. Catherine de Pizan
	e. Marie de France

Question 59

Which text(s) is/are associated with mysticism?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Canterbury Tales
	b. "Revelations of Divine Love"
	c. "Book of Hours"
	d. The Romance of the Rose
	e. All of the Above

Question 60

Who were lay mystics?

Choose one answer.

	a. people who attempt to found their own religious orders
	b. people who reject asceticism and contemplation
	c. people who attempted to contact God without the intervention of an established religious order
	d. people who were formally tied to religious orders
	e. All of the Above

Question 61

Why did Catherine of Siena refuse to marry a husband?

Choose one answer.

	a. she said that the institution was too flawed
	b. she claimed she was already married to God
	c. she wanted to make a political statement against the Church
	d. she was concerned about loss of property
	e. All of the Above

Question 62

Why do most historians think monasticism appealed to medieval women?

Choose one answer.

	a. it offered women protection from the outside world
	b. it provided women with the opportunity to protect their own property
	c. it provided women with a place to nourish their intellectual growth
	d. it allowed women to exercise political authority in their communities
	e. All of the Above

Question 63

With which genre is "The Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicity" most closely associated?

Choose one answer.

	a. medieval lay
	b. courtly love
	c. hagiography
	d. romance
	e. estates satire

Question 64

With which literary form is Ancrene Wisse most closely related?

Choose one answer.

	a. estate satire
	b. medieval lays
	c. conduct books
	d. medieval allegory
	e. courtly romances

Question 65

With which text is the theme of "Christ as mother" most closely associated?

Choose one answer.

	a. "Revelations of Divine Love"
	b. "The Book of Margery Kempe"
	c. "An Orison to Almighty God"
	d. "The Wooing of Our Lord"
	e. "The Wife of Bath's Tale"

Question 66

Which writer(s) is/are associated with mysticism?

Choose one answer.

	a. Margery Kempe
	b. Richard Rolle
	c. Walter Hilton
	d. Julian of Norwich
	e. All of the Above

Question 67

According to Pizan, what is the most important element in a woman's quest for equality?

Choose one answer.

	a. chastity
	b. piety
	c. education
	d. secular political activity
	e. silence

Question 68

From which lay is the quote "she had no equal in the kingdom" taken?

Choose one answer.

	a. "Lanval"
	b. "La Fresne"
	c. "Bisclavert"
	d. "Equitan"
	e. "Yonec"

Question 69

How did courtly literature characterize its heroines?

Choose one answer.

	a. they were never chaste or pious
	b. they always represented the evil side of love
	c. they were sources of inspiration for heroic action
	d. they were examples of mystical unions
	e. they were never moral exemplars

Question 70

How did the increase in universities affect most middle-class women?

Choose one answer.

	a. they were exposed to new opportunities to learn in universities
	b. they were not able to attend so they were virtually unaffected
	c. they were not able to attend so their education levels declined, compared to men
	d. most of them were unable to read, so they were not admitted
	e. they were opposed to universities because schools were too worldly

Question 71

How do historians explain the increase in the number of troubadours in the Middle Ages?

Choose one answer.

	a. the public disinterest in popular tales about romance
	b. the increased interest in stories written in medieval Latin
	c. the decreased public interest in religious stories
	d. the French lords' lack of interest in tales of courtly love
	e. All of the Above

Question 72

How was Christine de Pizan a unique female writer for her time?

Choose one answer.

	a. she was the only woman to work in the oral tradition
	b. she was the first female mystic
	c. she wrote in order to support herself
	d. she was the only woman to write medieval lays
	e. All of the Above

Question 73

In "The Wife of Bath's Tale," what does Alisoun say women want most?

Choose one answer.

	a. freedom
	b. love
	c. education
	d. chastity
	e. salvation

Question 74

In Medieval times, who were "femme soles"?

Choose one answer.

	a. anchorites who lived in seclusion
	b. women who operated their own businesses without men
	c. women who were villains in stories of courtly love
	d. educated women
	e. female mystics who believed in mystical unions

Question 75

In The Book of the City of Ladies, how does Pizan treat the issue of women's sexuality?

Choose one answer.

	a. she consents that women should remain chaste
	b. she denies that there is a double standard
	c. she says that men should be allowed to be more sexually active than women
	d. she contends that women should adhere to traditional rules of women
	e. she attacks double standards for the sexes

Question 76

In The Book of the City of Ladies, what is the function of the character Reason?

Choose one answer.

	a. she contrasts with typical feminine virtues
	b. she offers real reasons as to why women are valuable to society
	c. she literally helps build the city
	d. she helps the narrator see the merits of women
	e. All of the Above

Question 77

In the Medieval era, women most commonly worked as ________.

Choose one answer.

	a. weavers
	b. retailers
	c. domestic servants
	d. spinners
	e. All of the Above

Question 78

In the Middle Ages, how did society treat prostitution?

Choose one answer.

	a. most prostitutes were excluded from mainstream society
	b. prostitution was considered problematic but legal
	c. the Church opposed prostitution on moral grounds
	d. prostitution was considered a solution to epidemics of rape
	e. All of the Above

Question 79

In The Romance of the Rose, which text does Guillaume de Lorris cite as his inspiration?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Letters of Catherine of Siena
	b. The Book of Margery Kempe
	c. "Revelations of Divine Love"
	d. "The Wooing of Our Lord"
	e. The Art of Courtly Love

Question 80

The Book of the City of Ladies articulates which of the following themes:

Choose one answer.

	a. the promotion of education for women
	b. the value of practical virtues over traditional feminine virtues
	c. the merit of women
	d. the lack of truth in men's stereotypes about women
	e. All of the Above

Question 81

To whom were The Lais of Marie de France dedicated?

Choose one answer.

	a. King Alfred
	b. King Arthur
	c. King Henry
	d. King Richard
	e. King Edward

Question 82

What do most critics believe the "rose" of The Romance of the Rose symbolizes?

Choose one answer.

	a. justice
	b. piety
	c. sexuality
	d. education
	e. reason

Question 83

What do most critics find notable about the virtues that Pizan highlights in her work?

Choose one answer.

	a. she does not promote chastity above all else
	b. she values reason and activity instead of silence
	c. she emphasizes practical rather than theological virtues
	d. she does not mention traditional virtues like piety
	e. All of the Above

Question 84

What is "the gender fallacy"?

Choose one answer.

	a. the problem of a "man writing as a woman"
	b. the idea that woman cannot be as educated as men
	c. the idea that noble women are more similar to men than peasant women are
	d. the notion that chastity is impossible for men
	e. the problem of whether women can be considered intellectually equal to men

Question 85

What is a "lay" in medieval literature?

Choose one answer.

	a. a short lyrical poem
	b. a story of a saint's life
	c. a type of book of hours
	d. a devotional text used by anchoresses
	e. a kind of conduct book

Question 86

What is the authorship controversy as it relates to Heloise and Abelard?

Choose one answer.

	a. the question of whether Heloise composed any of the letters
	b. the critical debate about the verification of events in the letters
	c. the idea that Abelard wrote all of the letters
	d. the issue of whether there is a "female voice" in the letters
	e. All of the Above

Question 87

Which best summarizes Christine de Pizan's reaction to The Romance of the Rose?

Choose one answer.

	a. she objected to the treatment of secularism as evil
	b. she applauded its promotion of female education
	c. she attacked it as misogynistic
	d. she praised the objectification of women
	e. she applauded the use of crude vocabulary

Question 88

Which is the best example of the "double standard" that exists in tales of courtly love?

Choose one answer.

	a. women are always villains, while men are always heroes
	b. women are always involved in supernatural plots while men's storylines tend to be more realistic
	c. men are allowed to boast about their affairs, while women must keep them secret
	d. men are represented as immoral while women are always presented as chaste
	e. men are expected to be faithful while women frequently conduct affairs in public

Question 89

Which is/are typical of the supernatural in medieval romance?

Choose one answer.

	a. mystical creatures
	b. enchantment
	c. spells
	d. fairy trickery
	e. All of the Above

Question 90

Which literary device is most important structurally in The Book of the City of Ladies?

Choose one answer.

	a. assonance
	b. allegory
	c. litotes
	d. simile
	e. alliteration

Question 91

Which of the following characterize(s) a lay?

Choose one answer.

	a. themes of courtly love
	b. geographical unity
	c. episodic content
	d. octosyllabic couplets
	e. All of the Above

Question 92

Which of the following characterized court life in the Middle Ages?

Choose one answer.

	a. dancing
	b. recitations by poets
	c. knightly tournaments
	d. games
	e. All of the Above

Question 93

Which of the following couples exemplify/exemplifies courtly love?

Choose one answer.

	a. Tristan and Isolde
	b. Lancelot and Guinevere
	c. Dante and Beatrice
	d. Arthur and Guinevere
	e. All of the Above

Question 94

Which of the following women is widely considered the first feminist?

Choose one answer.

	a. Margery Kempe
	b. Catherine of Siena
	c. Thecla
	d. Christine de Pizan
	e. Marie de France

Question 95

Which provides the best example of a medieval allegory?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Book of Margery Kempe
	b. "The Wooing of Our Lord"
	c. "An Orison to Almighty God"
	d. The Romance of the Rose
	e. The Love Letters of Abelard and Heloise

Question 96

Which topic(s) is/are explored in The Lais of Marie de France?

Choose one answer.

	a. divorce
	b. superstition
	c. adultery
	d. jealous fathers
	e. All of the Above

Question 97

Who were the troubadours?

Choose one answer.

	a. poets from France and Italy
	b. men who wrote only in the mystical tradition
	c. the authors of conduct books
	d. heretics persecuted by the Church
	e. All of the Above

Question 98

With which of the following genres is The Romance of the Rose most closely associated?

Choose one answer.

	a. medieval lay
	b. hagiography
	c. mysticism
	d. dream vision
	e. estates satire

Question 99

How did the development of nation-states in the late Middle Ages affect women?

Choose one answer.

	a. they lost the ability to be anchoresses
	b. they lost much of their political and economic power
	c. they were able to acquire more political capital
	d. they took on more important roles in the economy
	e. they were basically unaffected