| a. A buffer against Spanish incursions | ||
| b. A haven for English Roman Catholics | ||
| c. A haven for French Huguenots | ||
| d. A buffer against French incursions |
| a. He praised the Spanish government for converting the natives of the Caribbean Islands to Roman Catholicism. | ||
| b. He praised the Spanish soldiers for their fair treatment of the natives of these islands. | ||
| c. He condemned the Spanish soldiers for allowing these native to practice their ancestral religion. | ||
| d. He condemned the Spanish soldiers for their mistreatment and massacres of these natives. |
| a. Social equality between Spanish and native peoples | ||
| b. The cultural and sexual mixing of Spanish and native peoples | ||
| c. Toleration of native religions by Spanish authorities | ||
| d. The appointment of natives to key positions in the Spanish colonial government |
| a. Sugar | ||
| b. Rum | ||
| c. Tobacco | ||
| d. Yams |
| a. Spanish colonists' resentment of new taxes imposed by the Spanish king | ||
| b. The massacre of the defenders of the Alamo | ||
| c. The enslavement of Puebloans by the Spanish and the forced conversion of the Puebloans to Roman Catholicism | ||
| d. The anger of the Puebloan communities at the mistreatment of the local Roman Catholic Church by Spanish authorities |
| a. Religious freedom | ||
| b. Political liberty | ||
| c. Both A and B. | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. Native Americans were incapable of constructing large monumental structures. | ||
| b. Native Americans were all hunter-gatherers rather than farmers. | ||
| c. Native Americans had no formal religious practices. | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. To belong to the Congregational Church | ||
| b. To belong to the Roman Catholic Church | ||
| c. To belong to the Anglican Church | ||
| d. To swear to protect the religious freedom of all colonists |
| a. L'Anse-aux-Meadows, Newfoundland | ||
| b. St. Augustine, Florida | ||
| c. Roanoke Island, North Carolina | ||
| d. Nassau, Bahamas |
| a. Tobacco | ||
| b. Rum | ||
| c. Furs | ||
| d. Indigo |
| a. The granting of the Magna Carta by King John I in 1215 | ||
| b. The "Glorious Revolution" in 1688 | ||
| c. Both A and B | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. One of its cities, Cahokia, may have had a population of around 20,000 in the early 12th century AD. | ||
| b. The people of this culture built earthen mounds in the shape of birds and serpents in southern Ohio. | ||
| c. By the first centuries AD the people of this culture were building pyramid like mounds as well as irrigation works and canals near what is today Phoenix, Arizona. | ||
| d. This culture celebrated "potlatch" gatherings in their villages in the Pacific Northwest. |
| a. The countryside was dominated by large estates worked by indentured servants and slaves. | ||
| b. New England merchants refused to be involved in the sale of rum on religious grounds. | ||
| c. Most colonists lived in small, compact villages and worked on small farms nearby. | ||
| d. Philadelphia was one of the major port cities of this region. |
| a. Both explorers discovered vast Indian empires. | ||
| b. The primary goal of both was to convert the natives to the Protestant faith. | ||
| c. Both men explored the areas of modern day California and the Pacific Northwest. | ||
| d. These men explored much of what is today the southeast and southwest United States. |
| a. There was an 80% to 100% reduction in the Native American populations in many areas, such as the Caribbean, within decades of the Europeans' arrival due to epidemic diseases. | ||
| b. Native American populations expanded in general due to the more advanced medical practices introduced by European missionaries. | ||
| c. Native American populations everywhere expanded due to better nutrition with the introduction of wheat and cattle by Europeans. | ||
| d. Native American populations declined drastically due to the introduction of guns and explosives by Europeans, which resulted in higher casualty rates in wars among Native American peoples. |
| a. Amerigo Vespucci explored much of what is today the west coast of the United States. | ||
| b. Giovanni da Verrazano explored the Atlantic seaboard from North Carolina up to New York. | ||
| c. European explorers searched for a "Northwest Passage" to Asia. | ||
| d. In his voyages, Columbus explored the islands of Hispaniola and Cuba. |
| a. Almost all of the colonists in this area were English or descended from earlier English settlers. | ||
| b. Almost half of the population consisted of African slaves. | ||
| c. Many inhabitants of this region included people of German, Dutch, and Scotch-Irish ancestry. | ||
| d. Most inhabitants were descended from settlers originally from Barbados. |
| a. The vast majority of Africans transported across the Atlantic as slaves ended up in the British colonies in North America. | ||
| b. African slaves by the 17th century were primarily put to work in large manufacturing plants in Brazil. | ||
| c. African slave traders exchanged weapons and gunpowder for captive slaves. | ||
| d. The journey of slave ships across the Atlantic from Africa to the Americas is known as "The Great White Way." |
| a. He received a large grant of land from his friend King Charles II of England. | ||
| b. He recruited religious dissenters from Europe to settle in his colony. | ||
| c. He had his friend, the philosopher John Locke, draft the colony's charter. | ||
| d. He desired good, cordial relations with the local Delaware Indians. |
| a. This movement resulted in the emergence of new evangelical denominations. | ||
| b. This movement strengthened the status and influence of the established clergy. | ||
| c. Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield were prominent preachers in this movement. | ||
| d. This movement had the effect of popularizing the principle of religious toleration among colonists. |
| a. The explorer, Columbus, purchased Cuba from the natives for copper trinkets worth about $18 in current US currency. | ||
| b. Dutch merchants in the Amsterdam established the "Columbian exchange" to buy and sell stocks in American companies. | ||
| c. Europeans introduced horses, cattle, pigs, wheat, and rice to the Western Hemisphere. | ||
| d. Spanish officials required foreign merchants in their colonies in America to purchase goods with Spanish currency only. |
| a. The rapid population growth of the British colonies and the land hunger of these colonists | ||
| b. The seizure of British vessels on the high seas by the French | ||
| c. The rivalry of the French and the British to annex Florida | ||
| d. The outbreak of the French Revolution |
| a. The shortage of indentured servants due to better economic conditions in England expanded slavery in Virginia by 1700. | ||
| b. Planters' fear of discontented indentured servants after Bacon's Rebellion expanded slavery in Virginia by 1700. | ||
| c. Improved nutrition in the Chesapeake region made the purchase of slaves a more sound investment for planters due to longer life spans for slaves. | ||
| d. Desperate Africans came to the colonies as slaves willingly to escape deteriorating economic conditions in their homelands. |
| a. Giovanni da Verrazano and Jacques Cartier | ||
| b. John Cabot and Christopher Columbus | ||
| c. Francisco Pizarro and Juan Ponce de Leon | ||
| d. Hernando de Soto and Francisco Vazquez Coronado |
| a. The ancestors of today's Hopi Indians | ||
| b. Builders of stone and adobe, apartment-like structures, often built along cliff faces | ||
| c. Both A and B | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. The land bridge, named Beringia, was created by lower sea levels during glacial episodes. | ||
| b. This land bridge linked North America directly with Siberia. | ||
| c. Twenty years ago textbooks agreed that the migration of people across this land bridge occurred 12 -13,000 years ago. | ||
| d. Evidence that people inhabited North and South America over 200,000 years ago now exists. |
| a. To launch an invasion of the South | ||
| b. To capture New York City | ||
| c. To split New England off from the rest of the colonies | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. Wealthy merchants and planters continued to control all high public offices. | ||
| b. Wealthy merchants and planters were denied access to any public office. | ||
| c. Small farmers, laborers, and artisans participated in elections in greater numbers. | ||
| d. Small farmers, laborers, and artisans became more indifferent to politics. |
| a. The British government had levied high taxes on the colonists, which hurt the colonial economy. | ||
| b. The British government had imposed taxes on the colonists without their consent. | ||
| c. The British government had stationed too few troops in the colonies to defend against Indian attacks. | ||
| d. The British government had placed the tax burden disproportionally on the poor. |
| a. The imposition of new import duties in the colonies on tea, paint, lead, and glass | ||
| b. The expansion of the customs service in the colonies | ||
| c. The closing of the port of Boston | ||
| d. Using the revenue from new import duties to pay the salaries of colonial governors |
| a. Thomas Jefferson | ||
| b. John Adams | ||
| c. Both A and B | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. People have the right to overthrow an unjust, tyrannical government. | ||
| b. Government may not deny people their rights on the basis of race. | ||
| c. Government exists to protect the rights of people. | ||
| d. All people are equal in their right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." |
| a. It was passed by the British Parliament to punish the city of Boston after the "Boston Tea Party." | ||
| b. It required colonial governments to pay for the housing of British soldiers in the colonies. | ||
| c. It asserted the right of Parliament to pass laws for the colonists. | ||
| d. It provided for a privileged position for the Roman Catholic Church over an area extending to the Mississippi River. |
| a. He regretted the loss of colonists' lives in these skirmishes. | ||
| b. He sympathized with the colonists and ordered a commission in Parliament to meet the demands of colonists for better treatment. | ||
| c. He dismissed with contempt protestations of loyalty by the colonists. | ||
| d. He angrily ordered troops to occupy New York City and Philadelphia and to crush the rebellion. |
| a. Not all the delegates had been born into wealthy families. | ||
| b. Many of the delegates were well educated and fluent in Latin and ancient Greek. | ||
| c. A majority of the delegates had previously served in the Continental Congress or national Congress under the Articles of Confederation. | ||
| d. A majority of the delegates believed that most people were trustworthy and peaceful in any circumstance. |
| a. The president was to be elected by state legislators. | ||
| b. Each state would send an equal number of representatives to Congress. | ||
| c. Representation in Congress would be based on population only in the lower house. | ||
| d. Members of Congress were elected directly by the people. |
| a. All 13 states by 1788 had voted to ratify the Constitution. | ||
| b. Anti-federalists maintained the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 had exceeded its authority in drafting a new constitution. | ||
| c. Federalists maintained that political power under the proposed Constitution would be solely concentrated in the hands of the central government. | ||
| d. Federalists in 1787 pushed for ratification by pointing to the explicit protections of the rights of individuals and states in the proposed Constitution. |
| a. These constitutions were intended to reflect Republican principles. | ||
| b. The constitutions eliminated property qualifications to hold public office. | ||
| c. These constitutions protected religious freedom. | ||
| d. These constitutions generally strengthened the power of the legislatures at the expense of the governors. |
| a. The delegates from each state cast only one vote. | ||
| b. Congress had authority to impose taxes upon the citizens of the states. | ||
| c. Congress had authority to conduct diplomatic relations with other countries. | ||
| d. Congress could coin money. |
| a. Creation of a national bank | ||
| b. Jay Treaty | ||
| c. Northwest Ordinance | ||
| d. Creation of the United States Navy |
| a. Avoid large-scale battles with the British army. | ||
| b. Employ guerilla tactics learned from Indian wars against the British forces. | ||
| c. Both A and B | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. Congress acted quickly to lower the excise tax on whiskey. | ||
| b. The Republican Party won more elections at the state and national level. | ||
| c. Political leaders in the states saw a need to revise the Articles of Confederation. | ||
| d. Southern states passed new laws to restrict the emancipation of slaves. |
| a. The national government has sole authority to regulate domestic and foreign trade. | ||
| b. All revenue raising bills must originate in the Senate. | ||
| c. The central government has the power to tax. | ||
| d. There would be periodic elections. |
| a. The rule of law | ||
| b. Political equality | ||
| c. Government of the people | ||
| d. Equal distribution of wealth among citizens |
| a. This Constitution did not specify the rights of individuals and states. | ||
| b. The central government under this Constitution was too weak to provide national defense. | ||
| c. This Constitution gave too much power to the states. | ||
| d. This Constitution gave too little authority to the president. |
| a. The intervention of France, Spain, and the Netherlands | ||
| b. The inability of British forces to occupy the countryside because of the vast geographical size of the colonies | ||
| c. The more advanced weaponry of the American force | ||
| d. The failure of the British to protect and use Loyalists to their advantage |
| a. Representation in both houses of Congress was based on population. | ||
| b. State governors were to be appointed by the president. | ||
| c. State legislatures could veto legislation passed by Congress. | ||
| d. The president was to be elected by the electoral college. |
| a. It represented taxation without representation and denied colonists the right to a jury trial. | ||
| b. Due to the poor economy, the high price of stamps was an unnecessary burden. | ||
| c. Colonial legislatures had passed this act without the approval of the British Parliament. | ||
| d. King George III had issued the act without the approval of the British Parliament. |
| a. Due to high casualties and epidemic disease, the British lacked the manpower to continue the war. | ||
| b. The pro-war party in the British Parliament was weakened after this battle, which made a peace treaty with the United States possible. | ||
| c. This battle proved that the American soldiers were better trained and equipped than the British forces. | ||
| d. This battle convinced the French to support the Americans in their war for independence. |
| a. It opened up territory west of the Appalachian Mountains to colonists. | ||
| b. It forbade colonists from purchasing lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. | ||
| c. It ordered Native American tribes to vacate lands west of the Appalachians Mountains. | ||
| d. It forbade Native American tribes from traveling east of the Appalachian Mountains. |
| a. Be unfair to American consumers who would pay higher prices on goods, while domestic manufacturers would reap higher profits and their expense. | ||
| b. Only benefit Northern manufacturers at the expense of Southern farmers and planters. | ||
| c. Both A and B | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. Texas | ||
| b. Canada | ||
| c. Oregon | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. Prevent British Canada from claiming this territory as its own. | ||
| b. Maintain a balance of free and slave states in the Union. | ||
| c. Punish Massachusetts, who claimed Maine as part of its territory, for opposing the War of 1812. | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. Hamilton was an elitist. | ||
| b. Hamilton was pro-slavery. | ||
| c. Hamilton's proposals did not go far enough to promote American manufacturing. | ||
| d. Hamilton's proposals did not expand national transportation infrastructure. |
| a. America was an egalitarian republic of farmers, artisans, and small manufacturers. | ||
| b. Land ownership promoted personal freedom. | ||
| c. Manufacturing threatened agrarian values, which were the backbone of the republic. | ||
| d. American economy ought to reorient away from slavery and colonial trade. |
| a. Washington sympathized with the plight of frontier farmers who were hurt by the excise tax on whiskey. | ||
| b. Washington viewed this "rebellion" as a legitimate form of political dissent. | ||
| c. Washington commanded a militia that suppressed this rebellion in order to enforce a federal law and uphold the authority of the Federal government. | ||
| d. Washington regarded the rebels as traitors and ordered the trial and execution of thousands in Pennsylvania. |
| a. Tecumseh and his Native American confederacy greatly admired British culture and bravery in battle. | ||
| b. The British bought his support with promises of land grants in Canada. | ||
| c. Tecumseh hoped that the British alliance against the United States would enable him to create an independent Indian confederation, stretching from the Great lakes to the Gulf Coast. | ||
| d. Tecumseh and his Native American confederacy were indebted to the British for their strong military and economic support since the end of the Revolutionary War. |
| a. The rising importance of cotton production for the economy of southern slave states made it important to these states to add new slave states to counter the increase in free states and to protect their economic interests. | ||
| b. Growing anti-slavery sentiment in northern free states increased opposition to expanding the number of slaves states in western territories. | ||
| c. Both A and B | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. Thousands of slaves inhabited Missouri before its admission into the Union. | ||
| b. The admission of Missouri into the Union for the first time allowed slavery into a state west of the Mississippi River. | ||
| c. Both A and B | ||
| d. Neither A or B |
| a. James Madison and Thomas Jefferson drafted these two resolutions. | ||
| b. These resolutions were a response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. | ||
| c. These resolutions established the principle of "strict constructionism." | ||
| d. These resolutions helped establish the principle of states' rights. |
| a. Congress placed an embargo against Great Britain to show support to Napoleon and France in return for the Louisiana Purchase. | ||
| b. The Embargo hurt the American economy as exports and farms prices fell sharply. | ||
| c. The Embargo resulted from public outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British. | ||
| d. The Embargo resulted from the seizure of American ships by both the British and French. |
| a. Chief Justice John Marshall authored this decision. | ||
| b. The decision established the power of the federal courts to review the constitutionality of federal laws. | ||
| c. The decision prompted Federalists to distrust the Federal judiciary. | ||
| d. The decision resulted from a lawsuit after the repeal of the 1801 Judiciary Act by Congress. |
| a. Genet encouraged and authorized American ships to attack British commercial ships. | ||
| b. Alexander Hamilton was a personal friend and backer of Genet. | ||
| c. Americans in this year founded Democratic - Republican clubs in support of the French Revolution. | ||
| d. President Washington viewed Genet's activities as a violation of America's neutrality. |
| a. Andrew Jackson | ||
| b. John C. Calhoun | ||
| c. William Henry Harrison | ||
| d. Henry Clay |
| a. Texas | ||
| b. Florida | ||
| c. Oregon | ||
| d. California |
| a. The bank would encourage speculation and corruption. | ||
| b. The bank was unconstitutional since the Constitution did not give Congress the authority to create such a bank. | ||
| c. Both A and B | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. The intention of the Holy Alliance to restore former colonies in Latin America to Spain | ||
| b. The occupation of Florida by United States forces under General Andrew Jackson | ||
| c. The occupation of Texas by Mexican forces | ||
| d. The admission of Missouri to the Union as a slave state |
| a. These acts made it illegal to publish in writing anything false, scandalous, or malicious about the federal government but exempted from punishment such talk in public speeches. | ||
| b. These acts authorized federal agents to detain and deport illegal immigrants. | ||
| c. These acts raised tariffs on foreign goods to promote domestic industry. | ||
| d. All of the above |
| a. This treaty forbade trade with British India or the West Indies. | ||
| b. This treaty allowed British forces to occupy territory extending from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River. | ||
| c. This treaty did not provide any compensation to American slave owners whose slaves had been liberated by British forces during the Revolutionary War. | ||
| d. This treaty provided no compensation for the damage to American ships seized by the British. |
| a. British warships stopped American slave traders leaving Africa and forced the slave traders to free their captive slaves. | ||
| b. British officials demanded the United States vacate the Oregon Territory. | ||
| c. British merchants were suspected of using British occupied forts in the Northwest Territory to sell guns to hostile Indian tribes in this region. | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. Many Americans called for an immediate declaration of war against France. | ||
| b. President John Adams supported a declaration of war against France because of broad support for such action by the American people. | ||
| c. Congress authorized the creation of a standing army of 20,000 men to prepare for war. | ||
| d. Beginning in 1798 an undeclared naval war was fought between the United States and France. |
| a. Repeal federal taxes. | ||
| b. Cut military expenditures. | ||
| c. Raise tariffs on foreign imports. | ||
| d. Pay off the federal debt. |
| a. Native American resistance to Americans' westward settlement east of the Mississippi River ended. | ||
| b. The Federalist Party's opposition to this war strengthened this party due to Americans' anger over this war's outcome. | ||
| c. Spain strengthened its control over Florida and territories west of the Mississippi as a result of weakened United States' claims to these areas. | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. The plan would bring profits to speculators who had purchased depreciated state bonds from Revolutionary War veterans. | ||
| b. There was opposition to bailouts for large state banks burdened by "toxic" state bonds. | ||
| c. State employees feared that the plan would result in large job losses. | ||
| d. Foreign creditors insisted that individual states pay off their debts. |
| a. The Mexican government expelled the American ambassador to Mexico. | ||
| b. The Mexican government declared war against the United States. | ||
| c. Both A and B | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. He maintained that the bank served as a means for speculators to cheat honest famers and mechanics. | ||
| b. He maintained the bank was unconstitutional. | ||
| c. Both A and B | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. The Mexican army had besieged and captured the Alamo. | ||
| b. Mexican forces had engaged United States army at the Battle of San Jacinto. | ||
| c. The armies of the United States and Mexico had clashed in the disputed territory between the Rio Grande and Nueces Rivers in Texas. | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. He strongly opposed the annexation of Texas. | ||
| b. He advocated that the United States cede the northernmost section of the Oregon Territory to Great Britain. | ||
| c. Both A and B | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. Only someone born into wealth and an elite class could attain great political success. | ||
| b. Even a freedman could rise to high office. | ||
| c. The Democratic Party had little public support outside the South. | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. Promote government funded schools | ||
| b. Establish militant abolitionist newspapers | ||
| c. Improve the care of the mentally ill | ||
| d. All of the above |
| a. The abolishment of the state governments by the Mexican dictator, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | ||
| b. The siege of the Alamo by Mexican forces | ||
| c. The invasion of Texas by United States forces under the command of Zachary Taylor | ||
| d. All of the above |
| a. His demand that Mexico pay reparations for the loss of American lives at the Battles of San Jacinto and the siege of the Alamo | ||
| b. His dispatch of troops under the command of Zachary Taylor to the disputed region between the Rio Grande and Nueces Rivers in Texas | ||
| c. Both A and B | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. Supporters of this movement included businessmen who maintained that alcoholic consumption made employees less efficient and productive. | ||
| b. Support for this movement was strongest among Irish and German immigrant communities. | ||
| c. In 1851, Maine became the first state to prohibit the sale and manufacture of alcohol. | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. Fur traders | ||
| b. Christian missionaries | ||
| c. Both A and B | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. Irish Catholics | ||
| b. Small farmers | ||
| c. Free blacks | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. Adam's efforts to purchase Texas from Mexico. | ||
| b. Adam's support for a strong Federal government. | ||
| c. Adam's plan to force Indian tribes to settle west of the Mississippi River. | ||
| d. Adam's appointment of his political supporters to Federal jobs. |
| a. The Force Act of 1832 empowered the president to use military force to enforce a federal law. | ||
| b. The Force Act of 1832 served the purpose of eliminating Indian opposition to removal. | ||
| c. Both A and B | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. America had a special destiny to expand westward across the North American continent. | ||
| b. America had a special destiny to bring democracy to Europe. | ||
| c. America had a special destiny to advance science and industry across the world. | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. The purpose of this policy was to exchange Indian held land east of the Mississippi River for territory in present day Oklahoma and Arkansas. | ||
| b. Many white Americans supported this policy, because they viewed the Indians as a potential security threat. | ||
| c. Indians tribes protested this policy only through peaceful civil disobedience. | ||
| d. The US army did not forcibly evict the Cherokee from their lands until 1838. |
| a. The fastest growing cities at this time were located in the North. | ||
| b. Population growth was fueled by high birth rates and immigration. | ||
| c. Many immigrants were German and Irish. | ||
| d. In the nation's growing cities immigrants and the native born enjoyed harmonious relations. |
| a. This principle was articulated by John C. Calhoun in a treatise which he published anonymously. | ||
| b. This principle was drafted as a response to the "Tariff of Abomination." | ||
| c. According to this principle, a state could overrule a federal law within its territory until three-quarters of the states upheld the law as constitutional. | ||
| d. This principle was viewed at the time as a way to weaken states' rights. |
| a. Most workers in textile factories were young, unmarried men. | ||
| b. Textile mills sprung up mostly in the South to be close to centers of cotton production. | ||
| c. Factory workers in textile mills usually enjoyed safe and comfortable working conditions. | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. The campaign was marked by civility and respect with little mudslinging. | ||
| b. Voter participation increased with four times as many voters than the election of 1820. | ||
| c. Andrew Jackson won every state in the north except New York and Pennsylvania. | ||
| d. John Quincy Adams won every state in the South except Tennessee. |
| a. In the "Jacksonian Era," there was only one national political party. | ||
| b. In the "Era of Good Feeling," universal white male suffrage became the norm. | ||
| c. In the "Jacksonian Era," politicians often attacked a privileged group or institution to whip up public support. | ||
| d. All of the above |
| a. It vastly increased wheat production in the American Midwest. | ||
| b. It helped enable the United States to produce 80% of the world's cotton by 1850. | ||
| c. Both A and B | ||
| d. None of the above |
| a. Re-establishment of a national bank | ||
| b. The requirement that all purchases of federal land be paid in gold or silver | ||
| c. Higher tariffs | ||
| d. Federal funding of "internal improvements" |
| a. New York City became the nation's largest city. | ||
| b. The canal linked the agricultural products of western farmers with large urban markets for these goods along the east coast. | ||
| c. The canal facilitated the slave trade to new markets out west. | ||
| d. All of the above |
| a. Lowell | ||
| b. Nashoba Colony | ||
| c. Oneida | ||
| d. New Harmony |
| a. Professional politicians and partisan newspapers | ||
| b. More state legislatures chose presidential electors | ||
| c. The secret ballot was instituted | ||
| d. Voters were still largely deferential to local elites in politics |
| a. States' elimination of property requirements for voters | ||
| b. The extension of suffrage to women | ||
| c. The direct election of governors, judges, and presidential electors in state elections | ||
| d. All of the above |