HIST101-FinalExam-Answers

All of the following characterize a sedentary agricultural way of life, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Greater social equality
	b. Domestication of animals
	c. Development of new technology
	d. Accumulation of Wealth
	e. Creation of villages

Question 2

All of the following characterize pastoralism, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Utilizes marginal, semi-arid land
	b. Herding of domesticated or partially-domesticated animals
	c. Trading networks
	d. Settled agricultural communities
	e. Nomadic way of life

Question 3

Fill in the blank. Small, mobile human populations that subsist on available resources are called __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Sedentary agriculturalists
	b. Itinerant agriculturalists
	c. Hunter-gatherers
	d. Pastoralists
	e. None of the above

Question 4

The Neolithic Revolution is the term that refers to the:

Choose one answer.

	a. Transition from homo erectus to homo sapiens
	b. Development of pastoralism
	c. Disappearance of hunter-gatherers
	d. Development of agricultural societies
	e. End of the Ice Age

Question 5

When did agriculturalism begin to emerge?

Choose one answer.

	a. 3-4,000 years ago
	b. 5-6,000 years ago
	c. 7-8,000 years ago
	d. 9-10,000 years ago
	e. None of the above

Question 6

Where did the Neolithic Revolution first occur?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Americas
	b. Africa
	c. China
	d. Europe
	e. The Middle East

Question 7

Which of the following is true of the city of Catal Huyuk?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was located in present-day Turkey.
	b. It was based on more varied and productive agriculture than Jericho.
	c. It was a relatively small settlement.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 8

Which of the following characterizes a civilization?

Choose one answer.

	a. Urban centers
	b. Religious and legal institutions
	c. Writing system
	d. A and C only
	e. A, B, and C

Question 9

Ancient Egypt differed from ancient Babylonia in which way?

Choose one answer.

	a. Ancient Egypt had more centralized empires.
	b. Ancient Egypt depended more on trade.
	c. Ancient Egypt encouraged the development of new technologies.
	d. Ancient Egypt utilized of slave labor.
	e. Ancient Egypt adhered to more intense religious practices.

Question 10

Ancient Sumer was characterized by which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. A writing system
	b. A city-state
	c. Monotheism
	d. Both A and C
	e. Both A and B

Question 11

Fill in the blank. A people who emerged around 500 B.C.E and accrued wealth from trade between Africa, India, and Arabia were the ________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Axumites
	b. Kushites
	c. Minoans
	d. Hebrews
	e. Monophysites

Question 12

In the Sumerian epic “Gilgamesh,” who is Gilgamesh?

Choose one answer.

	a. A young and powerless king
	b. One third god and two thirds human
	c. The king who built the city of Uruk
	d. The king who eventually kills Enkidu
	e. An immortal

Question 13

The Code of Hammurabi specified which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Penalties for offenses were based on the social class of the offender
	b. "Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth"
	c. Women had no rights
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 14

What does the term "cuneiform" mean?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cylindrical
	b. Wedge-shaped
	c. Star-shaped
	d. Tablet-writing
	e. Phonetic

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true of the ancient Egyptians?

Choose one answer.

	a. They emphasized the afterlife.
	b. They had a highly stratified society.
	c. They had a codified law system.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 16

Achievements of Mesopotamian civilization include all of the following, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Invention of the chariot
	b. Wheel-made pottery
	c. Construction of irrigation ditches
	d. Introduction of the plow
	e. Construction of monuments

Question 17

All of the following statements accurately describe the Aryan peoples of ancient India, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. They remained separate from indigenous peoples.
	b. They originated in the hostile steppe lands of Euro-Asia.
	c. They were war-like people.
	d. They used Janas as social units.
	e. They used social castes.

Question 18

In Aryan society, who occupied the top of the social hierarchy?

Choose one answer.

	a. King
	b. Warriors
	c. Nobles
	d. Priests
	e. Merchants

Question 19

The Eastern Chou is also known as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Warring States Period
	b. The Spring and Autumn Period
	c. Mandate of Heaven
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both A and C

Question 20

Which of the following statements about the early Aryans is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. They used Brahmi script.
	b. They wrote in the Sanskrit language.
	c. They have no recorded system of writing prior to the Mauryan era.
	d. Both A and B
	e. None of the above

Question 21

Which of the following statements about the Shang Dynasty is false?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Shang Dynasty emerged along the Yellow River.
	b. The Shang Dynasty was an oligarchy.
	c. The Shang Dynasty used court records written on bamboo strips .
	d. The Shang Dynasty worshipped "Shang Ti"
	e. The Shang Dynasty made human sacrifices

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true of the city of Harappa?

Choose one answer.

	a. It emerged before Mesopotamia.
	b. It lies in present-day India.
	c. It was rebuilt six times.
	d. It consisted largely of merchant houses.
	e. It was built on the shores of the Indus River.

Question 23

Who created the Mandate of Heaven?

Choose one answer.

	a. Shang Ti
	b. The Shang
	c. The Chou
	d. Kung Fu Tzu
	e. Mo Tzu

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true of the early Indus Valley civilizations?

Choose one answer.

	a. They constructed cities.
	b. They were mainly agricultural.
	c. They domesticated the horse.
	d. They were decentralized states.
	e. They had a phonetic language.

Question 25

All of the following statements accurately characterize the Qin Dynasty, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. The Qin Dynasty was originally a small state.
	b. The Qin Dynasty was an autocracy.
	c. The Qin Dynasty was rooted in legalist philosophy.
	d. The Qin Dynasty encouraged commerce.
	e. The Qin Dynasty created a bureaucracy.

Question 26

All of the following were functions of the Han state, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Attacking warrior-landlords.
	b. Promoting Confucianism.
	c. Implementing civil-service examinations.
	d. Detachment from the lives of the Chinese masses.
	e. Sponsored developments in science and technology.

Question 27

The Qin and Han dynasties did which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Formed political parties
	b. Increased commerce
	c. Reduced Chinese territory
	d. Created a bureaucracy
	e. Embraced Legalism

Question 28

Which of the following is the Chinese philosophy that is based on passivity and "wu wei"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Legalist philosophy
	b. I Ching
	c. Moism
	d. Confucianism
	e. Taoism

Question 29

Which of the following occurred during the Qin Dynasty?

Choose one answer.

	a. Confucianism was outlawed.
	b. The feudal system was abolished.
	c. The Great Wall was built.
	d. Both B and C
	e. Both A and B

Question 30

Which of the following statements about the Han Dynasty is false?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Han Dynasty was markedly different from the Qin Dynasty.
	b. The Han Dynasty rejected bureaucracy.
	c. The Han Dynasty adopted Legalism as the state philosophy.
	d. The Han Dynasty is also commonly referred as “The Three Kingdoms.”
	e. All of the above

Question 31

Who had the lowest status in classical China?

Choose one answer.

	a. Merchants
	b. Students
	c. Clergy
	d. Artisans
	e. Peasants

Question 32

Who was a pragmatic Chinese philosopher who sought to reform government?

Choose one answer.

	a. Buddha
	b. Confucius
	c. Lao Tzu
	d. Mo Tzu
	e. Mencius

Question 33

All of the following apply to Homer's “Iliad,” EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. It is written in dactylic hexameter.
	b. It describes the siege of Ilium.
	c. It describes the war with Troy, which lasted 12 years.
	d. It narrates how Achilles killed Hector.
	e. Book I opens with the poet calling on the Muse.

Question 34

All of the following were outcomes of the Peloponnesian War, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. There was a decline of direct democracy.
	b. The Athenian Empire was fractured.
	c. There was a conflict between Athens and Sparta.
	d. Athens defeated of Sparta.
	e. Pericles was ostracized.

Question 35

During the Spartan hegemony, which of the following occurred?

Choose one answer.

	a. Sparta destroyed the Persian sea empire.
	b. Democratic government was replaced with an oligarchy.
	c. Socrates was put to death.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 36

Fill in the blank. An alliance of Greek city-states in Asia Minor and the Aegean Sea was known as the __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Delian League
	b. Athenian League
	c. Greek League
	d. Athenian Empire
	e. Theban hegemony

Question 37

Which of the following best characterizes Aristotle's philosophy?

Choose one answer.

	a. Empiricism
	b. Rationalism
	c. Universal principles derived from experience
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both A and C

Question 38

Which of the following best describes the Hellenistic Age?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was rooted in the conquests of Phillip of Macedon and Alexander the Great.
	b. It saw the spread of the polis.
	c. It saw the expansion of Greek culture and power.
	d. Both A and C
	e. Both B and C

Question 39

Which of the following is a hallmark of Athenian government?

Choose one answer.

	a. The polis
	b. Direct democracy
	c. Representative democracy
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 40

Which school of philosophy denied that there was anything close to true knowledge?

Choose one answer.

	a. Stoicism
	b. Epicureanism
	c. Skepticism
	d. Neo-platonism
	e. Cynicism

Question 41

All of the following apply to Plato’s work “The Republic,” EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. It is a Socratic dialogue.
	b. It was written in the fourth century B.C.
	c. The purpose of the work was to outline the ideal society based on Stoic principles.
	d. It discusses the meaning of justice.
	e. It is considered to be one of the most influential works in the history of philosophical and political thought.

Question 42

All of the following characterized the "paterfamilias," EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. He was the sole owner of all his sons’ property.
	b. He could sell his children into slavery.
	c. He could kill an adulterous wife.
	d. He would take more than one wife.
	e. He was the head of the Roman household.

Question 43

During the reign of the "Five Good Emperors" all of the following occurred, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. The slave population increased.
	b. The bureaucracy was opened up to all social classes.
	c. Control over northern and eastern frontiers was tightened.
	d. The army weakened.
	e. Pressures from neighboring barbarians mounted.

Question 44

Fill in the blank. Hannibal crossed the Alps and invaded Italy during the __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. First Punic War
	b. Second Punic War
	c. Third Punic War
	d. War with Macedonia
	e. Roman Revolution

Question 45

The "Struggle of the Orders" was a conflict between which of the following two groups?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Senate and the Assembly
	b. The Senate and Magistrates
	c. Plebeians and Patricians
	d. Plebeians and the Senate
	e. Patricians and Tribunes

Question 46

The assassination of which man resulted in the "Roman Revolution"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Gaius Gracchus
	b. Tiberius Gracchus
	c. Gaius Marius
	d. Julius Caesar
	e. Sulla

Question 47

The end of the Roman Republic was marked by which event?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Battle of Actium
	b. The elimination of the Senate
	c. The death of Julius Caesar
	d. Antony's alliance with Cleopatra
	e. The split in the Second Triumvirate

Question 48

Which of the following explains why the Roman Empire collapsed?

Choose one answer.

	a. All empires inevitably end.
	b. It was characterized by too many excesses.
	c. It was ruled by greedy and/or insane emperors.
	d. It was an overextended empire.
	e. Scholars are still debating the reason.

Question 49

Which of the following is true of Livy's “History of Rome”?

Choose one answer.

	a. It is a poem.
	b. It is a myth.
	c. It is based on facts.
	d. It is a mixture of fact and myth.
	e. It is a series of letters.

Question 50

What was the Etruscans' system of government?

Choose one answer.

	a. A democratic city-state
	b. A bureaucratic empire
	c. A monarchic city-state
	d. A republic
	e. None of the above

Question 51

All of the following occurred in Mauryan India after Asoka's religious conversion, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. There was more religious toleration.
	b. The first written literature in India emerged.
	c. Veganism took root.
	d. A state ruled according to "dharma."
	e. There was a renewed emphasis on peaceful society

Question 52

All of the following statements characterize Siddhartha Gautama, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. He was the son of a priest of the Shakyas.
	b. He was born in northern India.
	c. He led an ascetic life.
	d. He devoted himself to the "Middle Way."
	e. He was a member of the Ksatriya caste.

Question 53

Buddhism emerged as a result of which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The collapse of the Brahmans
	b. Resistance to orthodox vedism
	c. The injustice of the caste system
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 54

Jainism subscribes to all of the following beliefs, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. There are five categories for living things.
	b. The five categories for living things are divided according to karma.
	c. All living things should be respected unconditionally.
	d. Non-violence should be practiced toward all living things.
	e. Salvation occurs only when one's soul has been freed of all karmic matter.

Question 55

King Asoka converted to which religion after the conquest of Kalinga?

Choose one answer.

	a. Jainism
	b. Buddhism
	c. Hinduism
	d. Christianity
	e. Vedic religion

Question 56

The Four Noble Truths contain all of the following precepts, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. All of life is suffering.
	b. Escape from suffering can only be achieved by ending desire.
	c. Ceasing desire can only be achieved by following the Eightfold Path.
	d. The cause of suffering is desire.
	e. Ending desire can only be achieved through the "Middle Way."

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true of the Gupta Dynasty?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Gupta Dynasty was known as India's "Golden Age."
	b. The Gupta Dynasty was overrun by the Huns.
	c. The Gupta Dynasty rejected Buddhism.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 58

When did the Mauryan Empire begin?

Choose one answer.

	a. When Alexander the Great withdrew from Gandahara
	b. With the defeat of the Seleucids
	c. When Chandragupta conquered the Indus Valley
	d. All of the above
	e. None of the above

Question 59

Mayan cities functioned as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Ceremonial centers
	b. Centers of trade
	c. Fortresses against invaders
	d. Centers of government
	e. Monasteries

Question 60

The Aztec religion was dominated by which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Huitzilopochtli
	b. Texcatipoca
	c. Quetzalcoatl
	d. All of the above
	e. None of the above

Question 61

The Tiahuanaco civilization disappeared as a result of which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Being destroyed by the Incas
	b. Flooding from Lake Titicaca
	c. An earthquake
	d. A world-wide deluge
	e. None of the above; the reason is still being debated by scholars.

Question 62

What was the earliest culture to emerge in South America?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Toltecs
	b. The Incas
	c. The Olmecs
	d. The Aztecs
	e. The Chavin

Question 63

What were the Aztec social classes called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Calpulli
	b. Pilli
	c. Macehualles
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 64

Which of the following statements about Teotihuacan is false?

Choose one answer.

	a. The population was over 500,000 people.
	b. It was the religious center of Mesoamerica.
	c. It is the site of the Pyramid of the Sun.
	d. It is the site of the Pyramid of the Moon.
	e. Most citizens who lived in Teotihuacan were farmers.

Question 65

Which of the following statements best describes the Toltecs?

Choose one answer.

	a. They were a warlike people who expanded in South America.
	b. They had a warrior aristocracy who occupied the highest tier of society.
	c. They conquered large areas controlled by the Maya.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 66

Which culture was developed in Mesoamerica around 1200 B.C.E?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Toltecs
	b. The Zapotecs
	c. The Olmecs
	d. The Maya
	e. The Aztecs

Question 67

According to Islam, which of the following is a prophet?

Choose one answer.

	a. Muhammad
	b. Jesus Christ
	c. Moses
	d. Abraham
	e. All of the above

Question 68

All of the following occurred during the Umayyad Dynasty, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. The administrative center of the empire was moved from Medina to Mecca.
	b. Byzantine financial and administrative systems were adopted.
	c. Christian Byzantines were appointed to government positions.
	d. Control over Iran and Iraq was solidified.
	e. The caliphate was made a hereditary dynasty.

Question 69

In pre-Islamic Arabia, who did the Bedouin worship?

Choose one answer.

	a. al-Lat
	b. al-Uzza
	c. Manat
	d. Allah
	e. All of the above

Question 70

The Qur'an is the word of God delivered to Muhammad by whom?

Choose one answer.

	a. Michael
	b. Gabriel
	c. Raqib
	d. Israfel
	e. Maalik

Question 71

The rule of al-Ma'mun saw all of the following, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. The incorporation of Hellenistic and Chinese writings.
	b. The establishment of a university.
	c. The introduction of the Mamluks.
	d. The adoption of a radical theological position.
	e. A division between the Islamic sovereign and the Islamic people.

Question 72

What is a central difference between Shi'a and Sunni Islam?

Choose one answer.

	a. The suras
	b. Imam
	c. Priests
	d. al-Rudda
	e. Hilm

Question 73

When the Umayyads conquered Spain, who did they defeat?

Choose one answer.

	a. Goths
	b. Gauls
	c. Visigoths
	d. Ostrogoths
	e. Vandals

Question 74

Why was Islam not immediately embraced?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was aimed at the lower classes.
	b. It appealed to the unfortunate of Mecca.
	c. It was opposed to the practices and values of the upper classes.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 75

All of the following are tenets of the Islamic faith, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Monotheism
	b. Creationism
	c. Ethics
	d. The Circle of Rebirth
	e. Submission

Question 76

Fill in the blank. One of the largest and longest lasting states in the "Forest Kingdoms" was _________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Zimbabwe
	b. Congo
	c. Benin
	d. Niger
	e. Ghana

Question 77

The Zimbabwean culture was dominated by which city?

Choose one answer.

	a. Zambezi
	b. Congo
	c. Sofala
	d. Mombassa
	e. Bantu

Question 78

What was the most important economic development in the history of northwestern Africa?

Choose one answer.

	a. The gold trade
	b. The slave trade
	c. The domestication of the camel
	d. The ivory trade
	e. The salt trade

Question 79

Which of the following characterizes the universality of religion in Africa?

Choose one answer.

	a. There was no universal religion in Africa, but some peoples adhered to Christianity or Islam.
	b. Islam was embraced in Africa before Christianity.
	c. Islam's influence was temporary, while Christianity became the universal religion.
	d. Powerful indigenous African religions prevented Christianity and Islam from gaining followers.
	e. Islam swept through Africa and became the dominant religion.

Question 80

Which of the following statements about the Songhay Empire is false?

Choose one answer.

	a. It pushed the Berbers northward.
	b. It conquered Mali and Hausaland.
	c. It standardized weights, measures, and currency.
	d. Indigenous African religions predominated.
	e. The people of Songhay were Islamized.

Question 81

Which of the following was a major trading and cultural center in the Empire of Mali?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mombassa
	b. Benin
	c. Barama
	d. Timbuktu
	e. Zimbabwe

Question 82

Which was the culture of the Sahara whose first centralized kingdom was called the Daura?

Choose one answer.

	a. Hausaland
	b. Kanem-Bornu
	c. Ghana
	d. Niger
	e. Mali

Question 83

Where was the earliest urban settlement in Africa?

Choose one answer.

	a. Sahel
	b. Mauritania
	c. Ghana
	d. Ethiopia
	e. Nigeria

Question 84

After the reign of Justinian, what was the official language of Byzantium?

Choose one answer.

	a. Persian
	b. Latin
	c. Greek
	d. Arabic
	e. English

Question 85

All of the following statements characterize the Byzantine Empire, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Constantinople was the major urban center.
	b. The empire survived for nearly 1,000 years.
	c. Its influence spread to the Balkans and southern Russia.
	d. It conquered the Carolingian Empire.
	e. It spread Orthodox Christianity.

Question 86

Constantinople was conquered by which people in 1453?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Turks
	b. The Bulgars
	c. The Huns
	d. The Umayyads
	e. The Magyars

Question 87

Which church did Ibn Battuta visit during his tour of Constantinople?

Choose one answer.

	a. Hagia Sophia
	b. Cathedral of St. Divinity
	c. Cathedral of Saint Cyril and Methodius
	d. Church of the Holy Sepulcher
	e. St. Peter's

Question 88

Which of the following was a major achievement of Justinian I?

Choose one answer.

	a. The implementation of a new tax code
	b. The prohibition of slavery
	c. A systematized Roman legal code
	d. The rebuilding of Rome
	e. The conquest of Gaul

Question 89

Which one of the following greatly contributed to the estrangement between the Latin and the Byzantine Church before their division?

Choose one answer.

	a. Conflicting interpretations of the Bible
	b. Increased secularism in Byzantium
	c. The worship of images
	d. An alliance with Islamic states
	e. The Crusades

Question 90

Which people are considered the inheritor of Byzantine culture?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Turks
	b. The Mongols
	c. The Umayyads
	d. The Greeks
	e. The Slavs

Question 91

By the end of the fifth century, what was the state of the Western Roman Empire?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was ruled by Charlemagne.
	b. It was conquered by Justinian.
	c. It split into Germanic kingdoms.
	d. It was controlled by the Moors.
	e. None of the above

Question 92

After the fall of Rome, which of the following locations was considered as the most powerful in the West?

Choose one answer.

	a. Spain
	b. France
	c. Germany
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 93

Clovis I was a Frankish king who was responsible for which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The First Crusade
	b. Conversion to Christianity
	c. Defeat of the Muslims
	d. Establishment of the Carolingian dynasty
	e. Reclaiming land from the Moors

Question 94

St. Thomas Aquinas was a medieval scholar who did which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Utilized logic in evaluating Christian doctrine
	b. Emphasized mysticism as the path to knowledge
	c. Sought to banish the clergy
	d. Believed that Christian theology had roots in rational philosophy
	e. Synthesized classical rational philosophy and Christian theology

Question 95

The practice of European states appointing bishops led to which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Schism in the Christian Church
	b. Investiture controversy
	c. Decline of the Holy Roman Empire
	d. Diminished power of the Roman Catholic Church
	e. Both A and C

Question 96

Which of the following phenomena best defines the Early Middle Ages?

Choose one answer.

	a. The introduction of writing
	b. The spread of Christianity
	c. The introduction of Manorialism
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 97

Which of the following statements about Manorialism is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Manorialism was a system used to design medieval farming systems.
	b. Manorialism was a system that described the relationship between the nobility and the land.
	c. Manorialism was a system that influenced the design of medieval cities.
	d. Manorialism was a system that described the economic and political relationship between landlords and peasants.
	e. Manorialism was a system that described the relationship between knights and their manors.

Question 98

Which of the following was a result of the Crusades?

Choose one answer.

	a. The loss of the Holy Land to the Moors
	b. The establishment of the military superiority of Europe
	c. The opening of the West to the cultural influences of the Middle East
	d. The defense of Constantinople against the Islamic armies (during the Fourth Crusade)
	e. The creation of a European protectorate in the Middle East

Question 99

Which of the following was the carrier of the bubonic plague?

Choose one answer.

	a. Dogs
	b. Rats
	c. Fleas
	d. Both A and C
	e. Both B and C

Question 100

Fill in the blank. The top of medieval European society was occupied by the _________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Monarchs
	b. Clergy
	c. Nobility
	d. Knights
	e. Working class