Fill in the blank. Invented in 1785 by Edmund Cartwright, the "better mousetrap" was actually a ___________.

Choose one answer.

	a. spinning jenny
	b. cotton gin
	c. water frame
	d. power loom

Question 2

What did the Factory Act of 1833 do?

Choose one answer.

	a. It prohibited the employment of children under the age of nine.
	b. It limited the working hours of adolescent workers to 12 hours.
	c. It allowed children between the ages of nine and 13 to be apprenticed to a family member.
	d. A and B only
	e. B and C only

Question 3

What did the Mines Act of 1842 do?

Choose one answer.

	a. It prevented women from working in the mines.
	b. It prevented boys under the age of 10 from working in the mines.
	c. It segregated male and female workers.
	d. A and B only
	e. B and C only

Question 4

Which of the following did NOT characterize the German Zollverein?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was a customs union.
	b. It eliminated internal tariffs.
	c. It created a high protective tariff.
	d. It was part of a policy of economic nationalism.
	e. It was similar to the British free trade system.

Question 5

Which of the following did NOT result from the decline in child labor at the end of the 19th century?

Choose one answer.

	a. Women remained at home to rear children.
	b. Men became the primary bread-winners.
	c. Women earned wages from taking in cottage work.
	d. Men refused to work long hours in factories.
	e. The salary for both men and women increased.

Question 6

Which of the following factors enabled Continental Europe to compete with industrial Britain?

Choose one answer.

	a. France and Russia used the state to promote economic growth.
	b. Continental European industrialists could borrow ideas from their British counterparts.
	c. Continental Europe had an immigrant workforce.
	d. A and B only
	e. B and C only

Question 7

Which of the following thinkers/authors did NOT criticize the Industrial Revolution?

Choose one answer.

	a. William Blake
	b. Andrew Ure
	c. Friedrich Engels
	d. Thomas Malthus
	e. David Ricardo

Question 8

Which technological advance had the most decisive impact on the Industrial Revolution?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Watts steam engine
	b. The power loom
	c. Water frame
	d. The spinning jenny
	e. The puddling furnace

Question 9

Who comprised the European middle class during the Industrial Revolution?

Choose one answer.

	a. Merchants
	b. Factory owners
	c. Railroad operators
	d. A and B only
	e. B and C only

Question 10

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the Industrial Revolution in Britain?

Choose one answer.

	a. Britain's overseas empire
	b. The Agricultural Revolution
	c. Internal tariffs
	d. Coal and iron deposits
	e. A strong credit market

Question 11

Baron Haussmann re-designed which European city in the late 1800s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Vienna
	b. Paris
	c. Zurich
	d. Berlin
	e. Cologne

Question 12

Fill in the blank. Through his research, French chemist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) determined that ___________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Disease is caused by germs.
	b. Bacteria live in the air.
	c. Bacteria cannot be controlled except in laboratories.
	d. A and B only
	e. B and C only

Question 13

In the early nineteenth century, most believed that disease was communicated in cities by which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Miasma
	b. Sewage
	c. Biogenesis
	d. A and B only
	e. B and C only

Question 14

The English surgeon Joseph Lister is known for developing which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Pasteurization
	b. Vaccines
	c. The antiseptic principle
	d. A and B only
	e. B and C only

Question 15

Which of the following constituted (an) urban improvement(s) of the late 1800s?

Choose one answer.

	a. The electric street car
	b. Sewer systems
	c. Aqueducts
	d. All of the above

Question 16

Which of the following was NOT true of the nineteenth-century working class?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was a unified social class.
	b. It was comprised of physical laborers.
	c. It was comprised of several subgroups.
	d. Its subclasses developed different lifestyles and values.
	e. It had a labor aristocracy.

Question 17

Which theory did the German physician Robert Koch develop in the 1870s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Bacteria cause disease.
	b. Pasteurization destroys bacteria.
	c. Disease is spread by odors of decay.
	d. Harmful bacteria have specific life cycles.
	e. All of the above

Question 18

Which urban disease became less common by the late 1800s as a result of scientific advancements?

Choose one answer.

	a. Diphtheria
	b. Typhoid
	c. Yellow Fever
	d. Typhus
	e. All of the above

Question 19

Who comprised the "middle class" in the late nineteenth century?

Choose one answer.

	a. Industrialists
	b. Doctors
	c. Lawyers
	d. Small manufacturers
	e. All of the above

Question 20

Which of the following contributed to the unhealthy environment of nineteenth-century cities?

Choose one answer.

	a. Lack of running water
	b. Poor sanitation
	c. Authoritarian government
	d. A and B only
	e. B and C only

Question 21

Karl Marx's theories differ from those of the French Utopian socialist in that:

Choose one answer.

	a. Marx believed that the interests of the middle and working classes are opposed.
	b. Marx believed that marriage should be abolished.
	c. Marx believed that the proletariat exploits the bourgeoisie.
	d. A and B only
	e. B and C only

Question 22

Romanticism was a revolt against which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Classicism
	b. The Enlightenment
	c. Emotional expression
	d. A and B only
	e. B and C only

Question 23

The idea that all peoples have their own particular spirit and genius is an aspect of which of the following ideologies?

Choose one answer.

	a. Liberalism
	b. Conservatism
	c. Socialism
	d. Nationalism
	e. Marxism

Question 24

What is the main argument of The Communist Manifesto?

Choose one answer.

	a. The history of society is the history of the contest between aristocracy and democracy.
	b. The history of society is the history of the contest between the state and the people.
	c. The history of society is the history of the contest between social classes.
	d. A and B only
	e. B and C only

Question 25

Which of the following does NOT characterize nineteenth-century liberalism?

Choose one answer.

	a. A belief in the inevitability of human progress
	b. Laissez-faire economics
	c. Government non-intervention in social programs
	d. Representative government
	e. Regulation of the market

Question 26

Which of the following does NOT characterize the ideology of Klemens von Metternich?

Choose one answer.

	a. Monarchy
	b. Aristocracy
	c. Republicanism
	d. Suppression of subversive ideas
	e. Empire

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT associated with early socialist ideology?

Choose one answer.

	a. Laissez-faire economics
	b. Abolition of private property
	c. Economic planning
	d. Economic equality
	e. Utopianism

Question 28

Which of the following was NOT an outcome of the Congress of Vienna?

Choose one answer.

	a. Britain received colonial outposts.
	b. Austria surrendered Belgium.
	c. The Bourbon monarchy was restored in France.
	d. France was required to pay war reparations.
	e. The German Confederation was created.

Question 29

Which two European states were NOT affected by the 1848 Revolution?

Choose one answer.

	a. Britain and France
	b. France and Italy
	c. Italy and Prussia
	d. Prussia and Russia
	e. Russia and Britain

Question 30

Who was NOT a liberal economic thinker?

Choose one answer.

	a. Edmund Burke
	b. Thomas Malthus
	c. David Ricardo
	d. Jeremy Bentham
	e. Adam Smith

Question 31

Who was NOT a literary figure of the Romantic period?

Choose one answer.

	a. Samuel Taylor Coleridge
	b. William Wordsworth
	c. John Keats
	d. Victor Hugo
	e. Voltaire

Question 32

Who was NOT a participant at the Congress of Vienna in 1815?

Choose one answer.

	a. Klemens von Metternich
	b. Robert Castlereagh
	c. Friedrich List
	d. Charles Talleyrand
	e. Tsar Alexander I

Question 33

"Realpolitik" is the policy most closely associated with which German leader?

Choose one answer.

	a. William I
	b. William Frederick IV
	c. Otto von Bismarck
	d. Friedrich Ebert
	e. None of the above

Question 34

After 1815, the German Confederation was comprised of how many sovereign states?

Choose one answer.

	a. Four
	b. Five
	c. Six
	d. Seven
	e. Eight

Question 35

During his reign, Napoleon III achieved all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. He abolished the National Assembly.
	b. He restored universal male suffrage.
	c. He began a massive public works program.
	d. He encouraged investment banking and railroad construction.
	e. He allowed workers the right to strike.

Question 36

Fill in the blank. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, Tsar Nicholas II was forced to accommodate the demands of the ____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. army
	b. Duma
	c. Zemstvo
	d. serfs

Question 37

What was the first "great reform" in Russia in the mid-1800s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Separation of church and state
	b. Emancipation of the serfs
	c. Abolition of censorship
	d. Establishment of the Zemstvo
	e. None of the above

Question 38

Which of the following best describes Italy between 1815 and 1848?

Choose one answer.

	a. Italy was a unified state.
	b. Central Italy and Rome were ruled by an Italian monarch.
	c. Sardinia and Piedmont were ruled by the Pope.
	d. Lombardy and Venetia became part of Austria.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT TRUE in regards to the Dreyfus Affair?

Choose one answer.

	a. Dreyfus was accused of treason.
	b. Dreyfus was a Jew.
	c. Dreyfus was an opponent of Emile Zola.
	d. Dreyfus was sentenced to life imprisonment.
	e. Dreyfus was accused of spying for Germany.

Question 40

Which of the following was NOT a feature of a nineteenth century nation-state?

Choose one answer.

	a. Bureaucracy
	b. Foreign alliances
	c. Official language
	d. Standard form of currency
	e. Single nationality

Question 41

Which of the following was NOT considered as a viable possibility for a united Italy between 1815 and 1848?

Choose one answer.

	a. A democratic republic
	b. A federation of states ruled by the Pope
	c. A state led by Sardinia-Piedmont
	d. An Italian state incorporated into the Austrian Empire
	e. All of the above

Question 42

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte proclaimed himself emperor of France in which year?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1848
	b. 1849
	c. 1851
	d. 1854
	e. 1860

Question 43

According to the British economist J.A. Hobson, European nations expanded overseas in the late 1800s because of ______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Capitalistic greed
	b. Cheap raw materials
	c. Good investments
	d. Advantageous markets
	e. All of the above

Question 44

Britain acquired control of ___________ after the First Opium War.

Choose one answer.

	a. Manchuria
	b. Nanking
	c. Shanghai
	d. Hong Kong
	e. None of the above

Question 45

Fill in the blank. In the 19th century, Britain exported opium from __________ to China.

Choose one answer.

	a. Afghanistan
	b. Egypt
	c. India
	d. South Africa
	e. Burma

Question 46

In the poem "The White Man's Burden," Rudyard Kipling encourages the United States to colonize which territory?

Choose one answer.

	a. Laos
	b. Samoa
	c. Philippines
	d. Indonesia
	e. Hawaii

Question 47

The "Open Door Policy" in China was first initiated by which Western power?

Choose one answer.

	a. Britain
	b. United States
	c. France
	d. Belgium
	e. Russia

Question 48

Where was the "New Imperialism" of the 1800s most highly concentrated?

Choose one answer.

	a. Africa
	b. East Asia
	c. Middle East
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 49

Which country was NOT part of the "Three Emperors' League"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Austria-Hungary
	b. Germany
	c. Russia
	d. Italy

Question 50

Which foreign nation did Britain occupy from 1879 to 1956?

Choose one answer.

	a. Manchuria
	b. Hong Kong
	c. Indochina
	d. India
	e. Egypt

Question 51

Which of the following was NOT a cause of the "scramble for Africa"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Alliances between African and European leaders
	b. Exploration
	c. Medical Advances
	d. Military Innovations

Question 52

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the British Raj, also known as the British Indian Empire?

Choose one answer.

	a. Britain's Parliament ruled India.
	b. The British created a unified Indian state.
	c. The British abolished the caste system.
	d. The British mandated that Indian secondary schools teach classes in English.
	e. The British created the third largest railway network.

Question 53

Which of the following was NOT part of French Indochina in the late 1800s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cochin China
	b. Burma
	c. Laos
	d. Tonkin
	e. Cambodia

Question 54

Late 1800 European imperialism was a consequence of which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Nationalism
	b. Industrialization
	c. Socialism
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 55

Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by revolutionaries from ____________ in 1914.

Choose one answer.

	a. Russia
	b. Turkey
	c. Serbia
	d. Czechoslovakia
	e. France

Question 56

Fill in the blank. By August 1914, Britain, France, and Russia constituted the ____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Axis Powers
	b. Allied Powers
	c. Three Emperors' League
	d. Triple Entente

Question 57

Fill in the blank: Germany's 1915 pledge to limit unrestricted U-boat warfare was called the ____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Arabic Pledge
	b. Zimmermann Telegram
	c. Sussex Pledge
	d. Treaty of Versailles

Question 58

In 1916, what did Germany's "Auxiliary Service Law" require?

Choose one answer.

	a. That families forgo food rations once per week.
	b. That children work in factories.
	c. That women work in factories.
	d. That men work in jobs considered crucial for the war effort.

Question 59

In order to overthrow their Turkish occupiers, Arab nationalists formed an alliance with ____________ during WWI.

Choose one answer.

	a. France
	b. United States
	c. Germany
	d. Russia
	e. Britain

Question 60

Which nation joined the Triple Entente in 1915?

Choose one answer.

	a. Serbia
	b. Italy
	c. Turkey
	d. Belgium
	e. Switzerland

Question 61

Which of the following was NOT a battle fought on the Western Front during World War I?

Choose one answer.

	a. Battle of Brittany
	b. Battle of the Somme
	c. Battle of the Marne
	d. Battle of Verdun
	e. Battle of Passchendaele

Question 62

Which treaty ended World War I?

Choose one answer.

	a. Treaty of Paris
	b. Treaty of Versailles
	c. Treaty Brest-Litovsk
	d. Treaty of Verdun
	e. None of the above

Question 63

Britain and Germany become rivals in the late 1800s as a result of _____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Competition in world markets
	b. The Boer War
	c. Germany's refusal to establish a formal alliance with Britain
	d. A and B only
	e. B and C only

Question 64

Fill in the blank. Dadaism was a modernist philosophy that stated that ____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. everything is nonsense
	b. everything is chaos
	c. the mind is disorder
	d. only art and literature can save mankind

Question 65

In order to enforce Germany's payment of reparations for WWI, France invaded which of the following regions?

Choose one answer.

	a. Alsace
	b. Lorraine
	c. Ruhr Valley
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 66

Modernists primarily rebelled against which cultural movement?

Choose one answer.

	a. Surrealism
	b. Dadaism
	c. Victorianism
	d. Modernism
	e. Cubism

Question 67

What was the new post-WWI German government called?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Weimar Republic
	b. The Reichstag
	c. The Bundestag
	d. The Bundesrat
	e. None of the above

Question 68

Which movement conveyed the idea that in dreams, humans were freed from the tyranny of reason?

Choose one answer.

	a. Dadaism
	b. Surrealism
	c. Modernism
	d. Cubism

Question 69

Which of the following was an impediment to peace during the interwar years (1918-1939)?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Russian Revolution
	b. German resentment of the Treaty of Versailles
	c. America's refusal to ratify the Treaty of Versailles
	d. A crisis of the international economy
	e. All of the above

Question 70

Which of the following was intended to reduce WWI reparations and make the reparations dependent upon Germany's economic prosperity?

Choose one answer.

	a. Kellogg-Briand Pact
	b. The League of Nations
	c. Dawes Plan
	d. The Treaty of Versailles
	e. None of the above

Question 71

Which of the following was NOT a writer of the Modernist movement?

Choose one answer.

	a. James Joyce
	b. T.S. Eliot
	c. D.H. Lawrence
	d. Ezra Pound
	e. George Eliot

Question 72

Who of the following was NOT a member of the Bauhaus movement?

Choose one answer.

	a. Gropius
	b. Mies van der Rohe
	c. Paul Klee
	d. Vassily Kandinsky
	e. Guillaume Apollinaire

Question 73

The work of which intellectual announced the advent of the "Age of Anxiety" in 1919?

Choose one answer.

	a. Freud
	b. Nietzsche
	c. Valéry
	d. Camus
	e. Sartre

Question 74

After Germany's invasion, the Vichy government was created in which country?

Choose one answer.

	a. Belgium
	b. France
	c. Poland
	d. Luxembourg
	e. Denmark

Question 75

All of the following characterized Mussolini's reign EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Fascist labor unions
	b. Fixed elections
	c. Anti-Catholicism
	d. Abolition of freedom of the press
	e. Inequality of the sexes

Question 76

Hitler's "New Order," or plans for Europe, expressed all the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Slavs were considered sub-human.
	b. The French were considered to be an inferior Latin people.
	c. Jews were to be exterminated en masse.
	d. Russians were considered equal to Nordic peoples.
	e. Polish workers were to be forced to toil in work camps.

Question 77

Hitler's "Operation Yellow" referred to the invasion of which country?

Choose one answer.

	a. Poland
	b. Czechoslovakia
	c. France
	d. Estonia
	e. Belgium

Question 78

In Europe in the 1930s, conservative totalitarian regimes largely sought to do which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Preserve the status quo
	b. Limit the size of nation-states
	c. Initiate rapid social progress
	d. Start wars with rival powers
	e. None of the above

Question 79

The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) was a military revolt led by General Francisco Franco against ____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. The monarchy
	b. The Fascist government
	c. The Anarchist government
	d. The Republican government
	e. The Communist government

Question 80

Which of Hitler's beliefs was proclaimed in his manifest, Mein Kampf?

Choose one answer.

	a. Aryans were a superior race.
	b. Slavs and Jews were inferior races.
	c. The German people needed a Führer.
	d. The German people needed "Lebensraum."
	e. All of the above

Question 81

Which of the following characterized the radical dictatorships that swept through Europe in the 1930s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Unprecedented control over the masses
	b. Rejection of parliamentary rule
	c. Anti-expansionism
	d. A and B only
	e. B and C only

Question 82

Which of the following countries did NOT fall to conservative dictatorship by 1938?

Choose one answer.

	a. Spain
	b. Greece
	c. Portugal
	d. Germany
	e. Italy

Question 83

Which of the following European intellectuals was critical of democracy in the post-WWI era?

Choose one answer.

	a. George Bernard Shaw
	b. Oswald Spengler
	c. D.H. Lawrence
	d. Evelyn Waugh
	e. All of the above

Question 84

Which of the following was a mandate of Stalin's "Five Year Plan," created in 1927?

Choose one answer.

	a. Industry increase by 250 percent
	b. Agricultural production increase by 150 percent
	c. Peasants surrender private lands
	d. Peasants join collective farms
	e. All of the above

Question 85

Adolf Hitler joined but did not found which German political party?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Nazi Party
	b. The National Socialist Party
	c. The Utopian Socialist Party
	d. The Communist Party
	e. The Marxist Party

Question 86

All of the following were elements of Khrushchev's reforms EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. De-Stalinization
	b. Increased emphasis on industry
	c. Relaxed control over workers
	d. Increased emphasis on consumer goods
	e. "Peaceful coexistence" with capitalism

Question 87

By 1948, Europe had largely recovered from WWII. This recovery was made possible by all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. The Marshall Plan.
	b. The Truman Doctrine.
	c. The Common Market.
	d. The re-establishment of republics.

Question 88

By the late 1940s, which of the following characterized Eastern Europe?

Choose one answer.

	a. Collectivized agriculture
	b. Nationalization of industry
	c. Two-party Communist states
	d. A and B only
	e. B and C only

Question 89

Fill in the blank. Stalin countered the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) with _____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. The Marshall Plan
	b. The Five Year Plan
	c. The Warsaw Pact
	d. The Nazi-Soviet Pact

Question 90

France and Britain created "commonwealths" in the 1950s and 1960s as a result of which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Cold War
	b. Neocolonialism
	c. Decolonization
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 91

The 1975 treaty that stated that no European boundary could be changed by force was called __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. The Brezhnev Doctrine
	b. The Helsinki Accords
	c. The Nassau Agreement
	d. The Alvor Agreement
	e. The Wanfried Agreement

Question 92

The Velvet Revolution (or Gentle Revolution) of 1989 took place in which Soviet satellite state?

Choose one answer.

	a. Poland
	b. Hungary
	c. Czechoslovakia
	d. Romania
	e. Yugoslavia

Question 93

Which Eastern European state remained independent of the Soviet Union during the Cold War?

Choose one answer.

	a. Poland
	b. Romania
	c. Bulgaria
	d. Yugoslavia
	e. Czechoslovakia

Question 94

Which of the following was/were a part of Gorbachev's reform program?

Choose one answer.

	a. Perestroika
	b. Glasnost
	c. Abolition of price controls
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 95

Which Soviet leader ordered that the Berlin Wall be built, separating East Germany from West Germany?

Choose one answer.

	a. Stalin
	b. Lenin
	c. Khrushchev
	d. Brezhnev
	e. None of the above

Question 96

Who led the Cold War policy of détente?

Choose one answer.

	a. United States
	b. France
	c. West Germany
	d. Britain
	e. None of the above

Question 97

What region was the major focus of the Potsdam Conference of 1945?

Choose one answer.

	a. Scandinavia
	b. Germany
	c. Eastern Europe
	d. The Suez Canal
	e. None of the above

Question 98

Which advantages did the single European currency provide?

Choose one answer.

	a. It eliminated currency exchange fees from the costs of doing business between European states.
	b. It encouraged price competition among companies.
	c. It encouraged more investment in the European Union by foreign investors.
	d. A and C only.
	e. A, B, and C.

Question 99

_______________, signed in 1992, founded the European Union and led to the creation of the single European currency, the euro.

Choose one answer.

	a. The Maastricht Treaty
	b. The Amsterdam Treaty
	c. The Schengen Treaty
	d. The Brussels Treaty
	e. The Paris Treaty

Question 100

Which one of the following countries was NOT one of the six founders of the European Coal and Steel Community (1950), which later became the European Union (1993)?

Choose one answer.

	a. France
	b. Germany
	c. Britain
	d. The Netherlands
	e. Luxembourg