How did the contentious presidential election of 1876 lead to the official end of Reconstruction?

	a. Democrats won the presidency and control of Congress outright and moved to end Reconstruction.
	b. Republicans agreed to let Democrat Samuel Tilden become president, if he agreed to end Reconstruction.
	c. The election did not play any direct role in ending Reconstruction.
	d. Democrats agreed to let Republican Rutherford B. Hays become president only if he agreed to withdraw all federal troops from the South.
	e. Democrats did poorly in the election, but Republicans decided to focus on other political matters besides Reconstruction.

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How did white southerners seek to reverse African-American political and social gains during and after the era of Reconstruction?

	a. Vigilante violence directed at African-American educators, community organizers, and politicians
	b. Denial of voting rights to African-Americans
	c. Lynchings and extra-legal mob violence
	d. Efforts to formally segregate schools and public facilities on the basis of race
	e. All of the above

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The __________ Supreme Court decision ruled that legal segregation on the basis of race did not run contrary to the 14th Amendment and affirmed southern laws segregating public facilities and schools.

	a. Plessy v. Ferguson
	b. Brown v. Board of Education
	c. Marbury v. Madison
	d. Roe v. Wade
	e. None of the Above

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What was the primary significance of Congress' efforts to impeach President Andrew Johnson in 1868?

	a. Johnson was removed from office.
	b. The impeachment attempt failed, and it encouraged Andrew Johnson to block the reconstruction plans of the Radical Republicans in Congress.
	c. The impeachment attempt failed, but it convinced Andrew Johnson to stop obstructing the reconstruction plans of the Radical Republicans in Congress.
	d. The impeachment attempt demonstrated that southern congressmen had more power than northern congressmen.
	e. Johnson stepped down from the presidency and returned to his original position as vice president.

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What was the primary significance of the 14th Amendment, which the Radical Republicans in Congress passed in 1866?

	a. It guaranteed the civil rights of all native-born and naturalized Americans, regardless of race, and provided recourse if states sought to deny citizens' civil rights without "due process."
	b. It banned slavery and punished the South for seceding from the Union.
	c. It led many southern states to secede from the Union.
	d. It demonstrated that Radical Republicans cared little for the civil rights of African-Americans in the South.
	e. It guaranteed the civil rights of white Americans but failed to guarantee protections for non-white Americans.

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Which of the following is an argument that African-American leaders made as to why voting rights were essential for African-Americans in the postwar South?

	a. To prevent violence between whites and blacks
	b. To provide greater economic opportunities for freed slaves
	c. To ensure that African-Americans would be able to migrate from the South to the North
	d. To ensure that racist white southerners did not regain political control of southern states or exercise undue power in Congress
	e. To encourage social stability in southern states

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Which of the following statements BEST describes the structure of local and state governments in the South during Reconstruction?

	a. African-Americans were systematically excluded from all local and statewide elected offices.
	b. African-Americans served in many elected local and statewide positions, but white Republicans held the highest elected offices.
	c. African-Americans dominated local and statewide elected offices, including the highest elected offices, such as governor and lieutenant governor.
	d. African-Americans served in many elected local and statewide positions, but white Democrats held the highest elected offices.
	e. African-Americans chose not to participate in the political process in the American South.

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Why did white southerners pass "black codes" following the Civil War?

	a. To protect freed slaves from violence by white supremacists
	b. To guarantee that former slaves would remain second-class citizens in the South and would be unable to exercise basic civil rights
	c. To provide a path for citizenship to former slaves
	d. To ensure that ex-slaves received jobs from their former masters
	e. To protect freed slaves from abuse by northerners

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What was the primary difference between Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction?

	a. Presidential Reconstruction focused on defeating the southern military forces, while Congressional Reconstruction focused on rebuilding the South.
	b. Presidential Reconstruction required all white citizens of the South to take a loyalty oath to the Union, while Congressional Reconstruction required only 10% of white citizens to take a loyalty oath.
	c. Presidential Reconstruction focused on civil rights issues, while Congressional Reconstruction focused on economic issues.
	d. Presidential Reconstruction focused on reintegrating the southern states into the Union as quickly as possible, while Congressional Reconstruction focused on reorganizing the southern states politically and guaranteeing the civil rights of African-Americans before southern states could be readmitted to the Union.
	e. Presidential Reconstruction was deemed constitutional, while Congressional Reconstruction was deemed unconstitutional.

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Corporate officials used which of the following practices to increase worker efficiency during the late-19th and early-20th centuries?

	a. Timing workers with stop watches to determine their average rate of production
	b. Using stop-motion photography to study the production process
	c. Simplifying production methods to eliminate wasteful motions by workers
	d. Designing more advanced machinery that could be operated by workers with few technical skills
	e. All of the above

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Which of the following "pull" factors led to increased immigration from Europe and Asia to the United States in the second half of the 19th century?

	a. The need for large numbers of semi and unskilled laborers to work in America's growing factories
	b. Religious persecution in Eastern Europe that forced many Jewish communities to migrate to the West
	c. New transportation options, such as steam ships and railroads, that made immigration easier and less expensive
	d. A and C only
	e. B and C only

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Which of the following factors account for the expansion of the labor movement in the United States during the second half of the 19th century?

	a. The increasing economic power of large corporations in the United States
	b. The increasing cost of living for workers in the decades following the Civil War
	c. Worker frustration about the limited prospects for advancement within the new corporate system
	d. The decreasing power of individual workers within large corporations
	e. All of the above

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Which of the following factors led to a significant migration of African-Americans to northern cities in the first two decades of the 20th century?

	a. Labor shortages in northern factories
	b. Declining job prospects in the South
	c. A rapid decline in European immigration due to World War I
	d. Increasingly harsh treatment of blacks by the whites in the South
	e. All of the above

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Which of the following problems did poor urban residents encounter in American cities during the 19th and early-20th centuries?

	a. Poor sanitation
	b. Housing shortages
	c. Disease
	d. High Rents
	e. All of the above.

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Which of the following statements BEST characterizes that federal government's relationship with American corporations during the late-19th century?

	a. Government officials imposed harsh restrictions on private business practices.
	b. Government officials took a "hands off" approach to private companies and generally tried to avoid regulating their business practices.
	c. The government tightly regulated the banking industry but did not regulate other industries during this time period.
	d. The government tightly regulated manufacturers but did not regulate other industries during this time period.
	e. Corporate officials voluntarily imposed restrictions on their business practices in order to avoid government regulations.

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Which of the following statements BEST describes the U.S. government's response to European and Asian immigration in the late-19th and early-20th centuries?

	a. The federal government increasingly placed new restrictions on immigration from Europe and Asia until it finally banned all Asian immigration and imposed severe quotas on European immigration in the early 20th century.
	b. The federal government encouraged immigration and did not place any new restrictions on immigrants from Europe or Asia.
	c. The federal government banned all immigration from Europe in the early 20th century but continued to allow immigration from Asia.
	d. The federal government did not play a role in regulating immigration during this time period.
	e. The federal government reached voluntary agreements with Asian and European nations to restrict immigration and did not impose any official immigration regulations.

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Which of the following statements BEST describes the transformation of American cities over the course of the 19th century?

	a. Cities remained small and compact throughout the 19th century.
	b. Cities expanded in size due to new transportation technologies that allowed middle-class workers to commute to jobs from the suburbs but remained lightly populated throughout the century.
	c. Cities expanded both in size and population as new transportation technologies allowed middle-class workers to commute to jobs from the suburbs and new building technologies permitted the construction of densely populated tenement buildings for lower-class workers in the urban core.
	d. Cities remained compact but grew densely populated as new building technologies permitted the construction of tenement buildings for lower-class workers in the urban core.
	e. Lower-class residents moved away from cities as wealthy residents built larger homes and offices in the urban cores.

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Which of the following was a MAJOR difference between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor?

	a. The Knights of Labor focused on economic concerns for workers, while the American Federation of Labor only focused on political matters.
	b. The American Federation of Labor welcomed women into its ranks, while the Knights of Labor only included men.
	c. The Knights of Labor sought to organize all workers, regardless of profession, into one large labor union, while the American Federation of Labor sought to organize only skilled workers into individual craft unions.
	d. The American Federation of Labor worked to unite all workers, while the Knights of Labor only represented skilled craft workers
	e. The Knights of Labor continued to be a powerful labor union into the 20th century, while the American Federation of Labor eventually faded away.

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The growth of industry in the United States following the Civil War was BEST characterized by which of the following processes?

	a. The breakup of large corporations into smaller companies
	b. The continued presence of many small companies within individual sectors of the American economy
	c. Strict government regulation of corporations that prevented individual companies from exercising too much economic power.
	d. The gradual decline of large corporations as managers moved manufacturing operations outside the United States.
	e. The consolidation of individual companies into large corporations that exercised great economic power over individual sectors of the American economy.

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Fill in the blanks. American treatment of Filipino rebels during the three-year war for control of the Philippine Islands may BEST be described as _______________ and _________________.

	a. Kind, humane
	b. Indifferent, supportive
	c. Friendly, supportive
	d. Brutal, inhumane
	e. Strict, humane

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How did President William Howard Taft’s diplomatic policies differ from President Theodore Roosevelt's policies?

	a. Taft depended far more on the American military than Roosevelt had to secure and protect American political interests in the developing nations of Asia and Latin America.
	b. Taft asserted that the developing nations of Asia and Latin America should remain free from American political or economic influence.
	c. Taft employed American economic, rather than military, power to secure and protect American political interests in the developing nations of Asia and Latin America.
	d. Taft argued that America should isolate itself from international influence.
	e. Taft asserted that the United States should establish new colonies throughout Africa and Asia.

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Which of the following statements BEST describes the American public's reaction to the outcome of the Spanish-American War?

	a. A vocal minority strongly opposed America's growing role as an imperialist power, but the vast majority of Americans supported the nation's new international presence.
	b. The American public strongly opposed the conflict and voted wartime leaders out of office.
	c. The American public had little interest in the war and its outcome.
	d. A vocal minority of Americans strongly supported the nation's new international presence, but the vast majority of Americans opposed the nation's growing role as an imperialist power.
	e. The American public demanded that the United States return Cuba to Spanish control.

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Which of the following statements BEST describes Theodore Roosevelt's policies regarding America's diplomatic relationships with countries in Central and South America?

	a. Roosevelt asserted that nations in the Western Hemisphere should pay their debts to European lenders but noted that the United States would not intervene if they failed to do so.
	b. Roosevelt asserted that the United States would serve as the Western Hemisphere's "policeman" and would intervene if any nations in the Americas failed to pay their debts to European lenders.
	c. Roosevelt asserted that the United States should remain isolated from world affairs and have no diplomatic relations with countries in Central and South America.
	d. Roosevelt encouraged European nations to send troops to Central and South American nations to collect debts.
	e. Roosevelt argued that the nations of Central and South American should not be held accountable for their debts to European lenders.

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Which of the following statements BEST describes the key differences between the economic and social development of the East and the economic and social development of the American West in the 19th century?

	a. Immigration played a very important role in the economic and social development of the East but almost no role in the economic and social development of the West.
	b. Immigration, industrialization, and urbanization did not play a major role in the economic and social development of neither the East nor the West.
	c. Immigration and industrialization both played an important role in the economic development of both East and West, but urbanization only affected the East.
	d. Industrialization played a very important role in the economic and social development of the East but almost no role in the economic and social development of the West.
	e. The same forces (immigration, industrialization, and urbanization) that influenced economic and social development in the East also influenced western development.

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Which of the following statements BEST explains why American political leaders intervened militarily in Cuba in 1898?

	a. American leaders viewed Spanish control of Cuba as a direct threat to the southern United States and launched a preemptive strike against the island.
	b. American leaders wished to use Cuba as a base for military operations against other islands in the Caribbean Sea.
	c. American leaders used Spanish mistreatment of Cuban rebels as a justification for American intervention, but broader economic and strategic military objectives played a significant role in their decision making.
	d. American leaders had no economic interests in Cuba and simply wanted to free the Cuban people from Spanish rule.
	e. American leaders wished to co-rule Cuba with the assistance of Spain.

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Which of these statements BEST describes the impact of transcontinental railroad lines on western development in the 19th century?

	a. Railroads facilitated the development of extractive industries in the Far West, but did little to aid the development of agriculture in the region.
	b. Railroads facilitated western settlement and encouraged the development of new extractive and agricultural industries throughout the region.
	c. Railroads facilitated western settlement but did little to aid economic development in the West.
	d. Railroads had little impact on western settlement and economic development.
	e. Railroads facilitated the development of commercial agriculture throughout the west but did little to aid western settlement.

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Which statement BEST describes how federal policy towards Native Americans in the West changed during the course of the late 19th century after the Civil War?

	a. The federal government maintained a consistent policy of protecting Native American lands in the West in this period.
	b. The federal government recognized Native American tribes as independent sovereign nations and allowed them to open gambling casinos on their lands.
	c. The federal government protected Native American tribes from interference by white settlers during this period.
	d. The federal government sought to subjugate western tribes and force them to assimilate with white settlers.
	e. The federal government recognized the complexity of Native American tribal culture during this period and put aside the notion that these tribes were savage and barbaric.

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Which of these statements BEST describes the role that the federal government played in encouraging westward migration during and after the Civil War?

	a. The federal government encouraged settlers to treat Native Americans with respect and helped mediate conflicts between the two parties.
	b. The federal government played no direct role in encouraging westward migration.
	c. The federal government encouraged migration by providing free land to settlers, subsidizing the construction of railroad lines, and forcibly relocating Native American inhabitants to reservations.
	d. The federal government established a few army posts throughout the West to protect western settlers but otherwise did little to encourage migration.
	e. The federal government set up special agencies to regulate and monitor westward migration.

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What aspects of President Theodore Roosevelt’s public life does this cartoon reference?

	a. His leadership role as one of the Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War
	b. His reputation as president as a “Trust Buster”
	c. His laissez-fair approach to business regulation
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both A and C

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What was the primary objective of Progressive reformers engaged in the City Beautiful movement?

	a. To replace urban slums with modern housing projects that could accommodate large number of immigrants
	b. To develop extensive urban public transit systems that would enable urban residents to move away from crowded neighborhoods to the suburbs
	c. To develop new types of architecture that could accommodate both commercial and residential activities
	d. To use the power of modern architecture and urban design to correct urban problems and inspire moral behavior among city residents
	e. To reduce crime and violence in cities by developing new architecture that would make it easier for police to monitor city residents

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Which of the following statements BEST describes the national impact of the Populist movement?

	a. The Populists succeeded in enacting most of their major reform proposals during the 1890s.
	b. During the 1890s, the Populists were not very successful in advancing their reform proposals but over the course of the 20th century many of their ideas were eventually enacted.
	c. The American public rejected the Populists' reform proposals and none of them were ever enacted.
	d. The Populists' economic reform proposals were very successful in the 1890s, but their social reform proposals were never enacted.
	e. The Populist party had a powerful impact on local and state politics but had little impact on national politics in the 1890s.

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Which of the following statements BEST describes the beliefs of Progressive reformers in the United States at the turn of the 20th century?

	a. Progressives believed that local, state, and national governments should play no role in regulating business activities, addressing social problems, or advancing American democracy.
	b. Progressives believed that local, state, and national governments should address social problems but should not regulate business activities in any manner.
	c. Progressives believed that local and state governments should regulate businesses and correct social problems but that the national government should not deal with these subjects.
	d. Progressives believed that local, state, and national governments should regulate businesses, correct social problems, and advance American democracy.
	e. Progressives believed that the national government should regulate businesses and address social problems but that local and state governments should not engage in reforms.

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Which of the following statements BEST describes the roles played by women and African Americans in Progressive-Era reform campaigns?

	a. Neither women nor African Americans engaged in social and political reform campaigns during the Progressive Era.
	b. Women played an active role campaigning for voting rights, and African Americans fought against racial injustice throughout the nation.
	c. Women played an active role campaigning for female voting rights, but African Americans were not involved in social or political reform campaigns during this era.
	d. African Americans played an active role campaigning for voting rights, but women were not involved in social or political reform campaigns during this era.
	e. Women and African Americans campaigned for voting rights, but neither group campaigned against racial injustice.

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Which of the following statements BEST describes the major difference between the Populist and the Progressive reform movements in the United States?

	a. Populist reformers sought to empower the common man by rolling back many of the economic, social, and political changes of the post-Civil War era, while the Progressives focused on using the collective power of government to mediate the economic, social, and political changes taking place across the nation.
	b. Populist reformers only represented people living in rural areas, while Progressive reformers only represented people living in urban areas.
	c. Populist reformers primarily focused on economic matters, while Progressive reformers primarily focused on social issues.
	d. Populist reformers opposed all forms of government, while Progressive reformers embraced government as a tool for reform.
	e. Populist reformers Sought to expand the power of government over economic and social matters, while Progressive reformers sought to reduce the power of government.

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Which of the following was NOT a way that Progressive reformers sought to correct problems in America's cities?

	a. Bribing political bosses to carry out reforms
	b. Changing election practices to undermine machine politics
	c. Establishing settlement houses to assist new immigrants
	d. Instituting nonpartisan commissions to investigate urban problems
	e. Hiring professional city managers to attend to municipal affairs

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Why did the Populist Party support coining silver and thereby increasing the supply of money in circulation throughout the United States?

	a. They believed that more money in circulation would reduce unemployment across the nation.
	b. They believed that more money in circulation would make western development easier.
	c. They believed that more money in circulation would decrease farm prices and make food more affordable for urban workers.
	d. They believed that more money in circulation would increase industrial wages and farm prices and allow workers and farmers to pay down their debts faster.
	e. They believed that more money in circulation would decrease America's dependence on foreign manufacturers.

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Which of the following factors contributed to the emergence of the Populist political movement in the Midwest and South during the 1890s?

	a. Declining prices of agricultural commodities
	b. High tariff rates on imported goods
	c. High freight rates changed by railroad companies
	d. Farmers' increasing debt
	e. All of the above

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How did the Republican presidential administrations of the 1920s differ from the Progressive presidential administrations of the first two decades of the 20th century?

	a. Republican presidential administrations of the 1920s expanded federal oversight of the economy and increased regulation of private businesses.
	b. Republican presidential administrations of the 1920s reversed Progressive Era economic reforms, but continued to favor government regulation of private business activities.
	c. Republican presidential administrations of the 1920s reversed Progressive Era economic reforms and supported unregulated private business growth and expansion.
	d. Republican presidential administrations of the 1920s supported immigration reforms that permitted greater numbers of immigrants to arrive in the United States each year.
	e. Republican presidential administrations of the 1920s favored greater American involvement in international political and diplomatic affairs.

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The ___________ were laws in 1917 and 1918 that criminalized antiwar protest activities and the federal government also used the laws against radical political organizations in the United States.

	a. Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts
	b. Wagner Act and Social Security Acts
	c. National Recovery and Tennessee Valley Authority Acts
	d. Espionage and Sedition Acts
	e. None of the above

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What motivated President Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war on Germany and its allies in the spring of 1917?

	a. Wilson was responding to the German invasion of Great Britain in January of 1917.
	b. Wilson was responding to the sinking of five merchant ships by German submarines in January of 1917, but he also wanted to play a direct role in dictating the postwar peace terms.
	c. Wilson was responding to the sinking of five merchant ships by Germany submarines in January of 1917.
	d. Wilson asserted that the United States needed to join the war in order to defend Russia from German aggression.
	e. Wilson was responding to the Japanese attack on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor.

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Which of the following factors contributed to the "Red Scare" of 1920?

	a. Domestic fear of Communism following the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917
	b. Mail bombs sent to prominent Americans
	c. Postwar strikes
	d. Race riots
	e. All of the above

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Which of the following statements BEST characterizes President Woodrow Wilson's actions during the Versailles Treaty negotiations?

	a. Wilson compromised his idealistic peace proposals in exchange for British and French support for the League of Nations.
	b. Wilson abandoned his proposal for the League of Nations in exchange for British and French support for his anti-colonial policies.
	c. Wilson held firm to the idealistic peace proposals he first enumerated in his 14 Points speech.
	d. Wilson compromised all of his idealistic peace proposals and played no role in the final treaty settlement.
	e. Wilson compromised his idealistic peace proposals in order to secure U.S. Senate passage of the Treaty.

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Which of the following statements BEST characterizes the position of women in American society during the 1920s?

	a. Women were granted the same rights as men and participated as equals in American society.
	b. Women rebelled against social norms in the United States as a result of failed efforts to secure legal rights.
	c. Women received new employment opportunities in exchange for abandoning efforts to secure legal equality.
	d. Women did not receive any new legal rights in the 1920s and were treated as second-class citizens in the United States.
	e. Women benefitted from new legal rights but also found themselves systematically excluded from employment and social opportunities.

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Which of the following was a direct consequence of African American migration from the rural South to the urban North during the 1910s and 1920s?

	a. Increased job opportunities for African Americans in industries throughout the North and Midwest
	b. Increased racial tensions in northern cities and new methods of information racial segregation in housing and employment
	c. Increased educational opportunities for African Americans in colleges and universities throughout the North and Midwest
	d. Increased racial tensions throughout the South
	e. A dramatic expansion of the southern economy in the 1920s

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Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the growing popularity of automobiles in the United States during the 1920s?

	a. The rapid expansion of roads and highways across the nation
	b. The increasing level of consumer debt due to financing automobile purchases
	c. The increasing number of traffic fatalities nationwide
	d. The increasing population density of America's cities
	e. The emergence of new businesses such as gas stations, automobile dealerships, and parking garages

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Which of the following statements BEST describes America's involvement in World War I prior to 1917?

	a. The United States soon joined the war on the side of the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey).
	b. The United States soon joined the war on the side of the Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, and Russia).
	c. The United States embraced political neutrality and isolated itself economically from the European conflict.
	d. The United States embraced political neutrality and continued to do business with both sides in the conflict.
	e. The United States joined with other nations in the Western Hemisphere and declared war on both the Central Powers and the Triple Entente.

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How did the United States government's treatment of Japanese-American citizens differ from its treatment of citizens of German and Italian ancestry during World War II?

	a. Citizens of German and Italian ancestry were forced to register with the government, while Japanese-American citizens were treated no differently than the majority of the American population.
	b. Japanese-Americans were praised for their loyalty to the United States, while citizens of German and Italian ancestry were viewed with suspicion by the government.
	c. Japanese-Americans were viewed with suspicion by the government and denied basic civil rights, while citizens of German and Italian ancestry were treated no differently than the majority of the American population.
	d. The federal government's treatment of Japanese-American citizens did not differ substantially from its treatment of citizens of German and Italian ancestry.
	e. The federal government viewed both groups with suspicion and used extreme measures to deny civil rights for Japanese-Americans and citizens of German and Italian ancestry.

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How did the United States' economic and political status in the international community change as a result of World War II?

	a. Following the war, the United States re-embraced Isolationism and refused to participate in international economic and political matters.
	b. Following the war, the United States became a neutral nation and refused to use military force to deal with international political problems.
	c. The United States emerged from the war more powerful economically and politically but still ranked below European powers, such as Great Britain and France.
	d. The United States emerged from the war with greater economic power and continued to play a minor political role in international matters.
	e. The United States emerged from the war as an economic and political superpower.

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How did World War II affect African Americans in the United States?

	a. The war eased racial tensions between white and black Americans.
	b. The war exposed racial tensions between whites and blacks in the North and South and also prompted African Americans to intensify efforts to challenge racial discrimination in American society.
	c. The war led to violent uprisings in urban black communities against the U.S. government.
	d. The war exposed racial tensions between whites and blacks in the North and South but also led African Americans to temporary suspend efforts to challenge racial discrimination in American society.
	e. African Americans refused to serve in the armed forces until the federal government began to enforce civil rights laws in the South.

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The ____________ was a law enacted in 1935 which among its provisions provided assistance to dependent children who did not have a wage-earning parent.

	a. Fair Labor Standards Act
	b. Wagner Act
	c. Federal Emergency Relief Act
	d. Social Security Act
	e. None of the above

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Which of the following statements BEST characterize President Herbert Hoover's response to the Great Depression in the United States?

	a. Hoover reacted quickly to ensure that the U.S. economy did not collapse by extending federal assistance to the unemployed and to struggling businesses.
	b. Hoover did not institute any reform measures to alleviate the economic suffering caused by the Depression.
	c. Hoover believed that the American economy would recover in due time and objected initially to federal assistance to the unemployed and to struggling businesses.
	d. Hoover supported lowering trade tariffs in order to encourage international trade and stabilize American businesses.
	e. Hoover implemented a series of social and economic reforms to tackle the root causes of the Great Depression in the United States.

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Which of the following statements BEST characterizes the differences between the First and Second New Deals?

	a. The First New Deal focused on fundamental structural reforms of the American economy and American society, while the Second New Deal addressed pressing economic and social problems caused by the Great Depression.
	b. The First New Deal focused on securing voting rights for African Americans, while the Second New Deal tackled racial discrimination in northern society.
	c. The First New Deal addressed pressing economic and social problems caused by the Great Depression, while the Second New Deal focused on fundamental structural reforms of the American economy and American society.
	d. The First New Deal focused on social reforms, while the Second New Deal focused on economic reforms.
	e. The First New Deal dealt with domestic social and economic reforms, while the Second New Deal dealt with international economic and social reforms.

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Which of the following statements BEST characterizes the legacy of the New Deal?

	a. The federal government continued to play a minor role in overseeing the American economy.
	b. The federal government took over all state government functions.
	c. The federal government began to play a more direct role promoting civil rights for Americans of all races and ethnicities.
	d. The federal government began to play a far more active and direct role in ensuring the economic and social welfare of the American people.
	e. The federal government took over all economic planning in the United States and nationalized many private industries.

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Which of the following statements BEST describes Franklin D. Roosevelt’s reform proposals during his 1932 presidential campaign?

	a. Roosevelt promised major economic and social reforms and argued that the federal government should play a direct role in ending the Great Depression but offered few concrete proposals.
	b. Roosevelt formulated concrete economic and social reform proposals and insisted that the 1932 presidential election would serve as a referendum on his ideas.
	c. Roosevelt advanced specific social reform proposals but failed to formulate concrete economic reform proposals.
	d. Roosevelt advanced specific economic reform proposals but failed to formulate concrete social reform proposals.
	e. Roosevelt did not touch on the issues of economic and social reform in the United States during his 1932 campaign.

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All of the following factors directly contributed to the Great Depression in the United States EXCEPT:

	a. Poor distribution of income between the lower and upper classes.
	b. Economic turmoil in the farm sector.
	c. Boom and bust cycles in the housing market in various parts of the nation.
	d. Increased African American migration from the rural South to the urban North.
	e. A decline in American exports to Europe.

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How did President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Congress respond to the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik in October of 1957?

	a. Eisenhower argued that the Sputnik launch was faked by the Soviets and represented no threat to Americans.
	b. Eisenhower increased spending on national defense, supported the creation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and signed the National Defense Education Act to improve science and engineering education for school children.
	c. Eisenhower asserted that the United States should respond to the launch by attacking the Soviet Union with nuclear weapons.
	d. Eisenhower signed the National Defense Education Act to improve science and engineering education for school children but also directed Congress to lower spending on national defense.
	e. Eisenhower directed that Congress draw up plans for a mission to land men on the moon.

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What was the United States' policy on the use of nuclear weapons during the early years of the Cold War?

	a. The United States stated categorically that it would not use nuclear weapons against the Soviet Union.
	b. The United States asserted that it would respond "proportionally" if the nation, or its allies, were ever attacked by the Soviet Union.
	c. The United States stated that it would employ non-nuclear weapons first against an aggressor but escalate to nuclear weapons if necessary.
	d. The United States asserted that it would respond with "massive retaliation" if the nation, or its allies, were ever attacked by the Soviet Union.
	e. The United States did not formulate a policy on the use of nuclear weapons during the early years of the Cold War.

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Which of the following communication technology devices had the greatest impact on American society in the 1950s?

	a. television
	b. radio
	c. motion pictures
	d. telephone
	e. personal computer

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Which of the following is an important lesson that United States policy makers learned from the Korean War?

	a. The United States' nuclear weapons arsenal gave American forces a decided advantage in the conflict.
	b. The possession of nuclear weapons did not guarantee victory in a military conflict and could be of little use during a limited war.
	c. Communist military forces were unbeatable in battle.
	d. The United States needed to increase its stockpile of nuclear weapons.
	e. Communism represented a direct threat to the American way of life.

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Which of the following statements BEST characterizes American society during the 1950s?

	a. The Civil Rights Movement inspired major social changes in the United States during this decade.
	b. Americans embraced liberal political values during this decade and fought for social change.
	c. American both young and old embraced conservative social norms.
	d. Many Americans embraced conservative social norms, but a younger generation of Americans began to feel alienated from society and rebel against values of their parents.
	e. Americans were influenced by the Progressive Movement and engaged in many political, economic, and social reforms during this decade.

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Which of the following statements BEST describes the dominant cultural attitudes towards women in the United States during the 1950s?

	a. Men treated women as equals in the workplace and encouraged them to achieve their full potential.
	b. Women were encouraged to join the military and help defend the United States against the Soviet Union.
	c. Men encouraged women to go to college for advanced degrees.
	d. Women were encouraged to run for public office and serve in important posts within the government.
	e. Women were encouraged to stay at home and care for children rather than seeking full-time employment in the workplace.

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Which of the following statements BEST explains George Kennan's post-World War II policy of Containment?

	a. Kennan argued that the United States should allow the Soviets to establish satellite states across Europe, the Middle East, and Asia in order to prevent another war.
	b. Kennan argued that Communism did not represent a threat to the United States and that the U.S. should not attempt to contain its spread.
	c. Kennan argued that the United States must prevent the spread of Soviet-style Communism across Europe, the Middle East, and Asia through economic assistance, diplomacy, and direct military aid if necessary.
	d. Kennan argued that the United States must prevent the spread of Soviet-style Communism across Europe, the Middle East, and Asia by attacking the Soviet Union preemptively with nuclear weapons.
	e. Kennan argued that the United States should contain the spread of Capitalism in the Third World and allow post-colonial economies to develop at their own pace.

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Which of the following statements BEST explains the origins of the Red Scare in the 1950s?

	a. Americans feared that labor unions in the United States wanted to impose Soviet-style Communism on the country.
	b. Americans feared the growing turmoil in the Third World and believed that the Soviet Union was behind many of the wars of national liberation.
	c. Americans feared that former Nazis were trying to bring down the American government.
	d. Americans believed that the Republican Party was a secret front for Communists operating in the United States.
	e. Americans feared the growing military power of the Soviet Union and believed that Communists sympathetic to the Soviet Union were trying to subvert and undermine American society at home.

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How did the United States' post-World War II policies compare to the postwar policies of the Soviet Union?

	a. The United States sought to promote economic and social stability across war torn Europe and Asia through open trade and economic aid, while the Soviet Union sought to rebuild its war torn economy and protect its borders without outside assistance.
	b. The United States returned to its prewar isolation, while the Soviet Union emerged as a new world power.
	c. The United States attempted to occupy much of Eastern Europe militarily, while the Soviet Union sought liberation for the peoples of Eastern Europe.
	d. The United States sought to develop nuclear weapons, while the Soviet Union pledged to remain a nuclear free nation.
	e. The United States focused on rebuilding its war torn economy, while the Soviet Union sought to promote economic and social stability across war torn Europe and Asia.

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A series of “sit-ins” as civil rights protests in 1960 resulted in the formation of the _____.

	a. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
	b. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
	c. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
	d. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
	e. None of the above

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How did Malcolm X's message of Black Nationalism differ from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s nonviolent, integrationist approach to civil rights?

	a. Malcolm X argued that African Americans must leave the United States and return to Africa in order to gain civil rights.
	b. Malcolm X argued that African Americans must seize economic and political power in the United States but explicitly ruled out violence as a tool for achieving these goals.
	c. Malcolm X argued that African Americans must seize economic and political power in the United States and did not rule out violence as a tool for achieving these goals.
	d. Malcolm X argued that African Americans should promote racial segregation through violence.
	e. Malcolm X focused on the economic concerns of the African American community but did not express any opinions regarding political matters.

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What was the significance of the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott?

	a. The boycott eventually resulted in the desegregation of the Montgomery public transit system but had little impact outside Alabama.
	b. The boycott failed to produce meaningful results in Montgomery but did inspire civil rights advocates to attempt similar nonviolent protests elsewhere in the South.
	c. The boycott encouraged the formation of a violent and militant Black Separatist movement under the leadership of Malcolm X.
	d. The boycott began due to grassroots frustration against segregation in the South and eventually led to the emergence of a vocal and unified civil rights movement under the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr.
	e. The boycott showed African Americans that they could not challenge successfully the system of white supremacy in the South.

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What was the significance of the 1965 Voting Rights Act?

	a. The law guaranteed that all American citizens would be able to exercise their right to vote and provided federal support for voter registration in the South.
	b. The law was the first attempt by Congress to guarantee voting rights for American citizens.
	c. The law ensured that all Americans would receive equal pay regardless of race or gender.
	d. The law marked the first time that congressmen from the Deep South supported civil rights legislation.
	e. The law marked the culmination of President Lyndon B. Johnson's lifelong campaign to ensure equal rights for all Americans.

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Which of the following factors contributed to the rebirth of the Feminist movement in the 1960s?

	a. Legalized discrimination against women with respect to property rights
	b. Lack of economic opportunities
	c. Stereotyped depictions of women in popular media
	d. Frustration over the limited role that women played in the federal government
	e. All of the above

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Which of the following statements BEST describes the gay and lesbian liberation movement in the 1960s and early 1970s?

	a. Gay and lesbian rights advocates had been part of the mainstream civil rights movement since the early 1950s and continued to remain a part of the political mainstream during the 1960s and 1970s.
	b. Gay and lesbian rights advocates had been challenging discriminatory laws since the 1950s, but the campaign only emerged as a mainstream political rights movement in the late 1960s.
	c. Gay and lesbian rights advocates remained marginalized throughout the 1960s and early 1970s and never entered the political mainstream.
	d. Gay and lesbian rights advocates had been part of the political mainstream since the 1950s but grew increasingly marginalized during the 1960s and early 1970s.
	e. Gay and lesbian rights advocates played no role in the broader "rights revolution" of the 1960s and early 1970s.

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Which of the following statements BEST describes the reaction of white Americans to the civil rights movement by the end of the 1960s?

	a. The vast majority of whites in the United States began to oppose the civil rights movement by the end of the 1960s.
	b. Few whites continued to embrace the movement, but all felt that the federal government needed to focus on other priorities and allow society to catch up with the rapid changes that had occurred during the 1960s.
	c. Some whites continued to embrace the movement, but many felt that the federal government needed to focus on other priorities and allow society to catch up with the rapid changes that had occurred during the 1960s.
	d. All white Americans continued to support the civil rights movement at the end of the 1960s.
	e. White Americans argued that African Americans should focus on international matters and spend less time dealing with civil rights issues.

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Why did Martin Luther King, Jr. select Birmingham, Alabama, as the site for major civil rights protests in the spring of 1963?

	a. He considered it to be the easiest city to desegregate in the United States.
	b. He considered it to be representative of the average segregated city in the South.
	c. He considered it to be the most segregated city in the United States.
	d. Politicians from Birmingham held important posts in the United States government at the time.
	e. He knew the protests would be covered by the local press.

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What was the significance of the U.S. Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education ruling in 1954?

	a. The Court ruled that racial segregation in public facilities was unconstitutional and later ordered American schools to be desegregated.
	b. The Court upheld the 1896 Plessy V. Ferguson ruling that established the doctrine of "separate but equal."
	c. The Court ruled that racial segregation in public facilities was unconstitutional but said the ruling had no bearing on segregation in American schools.
	d. The Court ruled that poll taxes were unconstitutional.
	e. The Court ruled that prayer in public schools was a violation of the separation between church and state.

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How did President John F. Kennedy respond to the growing Communist guerilla war in South Vietnam?

	a. Kennedy increased American economic assistance to South Vietnam.
	b. Kennedy dispatched large numbers of combat troops to South Vietnam to help the Army of the Republic of South Vietnam fight against the Communist guerillas.
	c. Kennedy increased American economic assistance to South Vietnam and dispatched American military advisors to help the Army of the Republic of South Vietnam fight against the Communist guerillas.
	d. Kennedy went to the United Nations and secured economic sanctions against North Vietnam.
	e. Kennedy did not respond to the growing Communist guerilla war in South Vietnam.

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Which of the following challenges did U.S. military forces face in South Vietnam?

	a. A highly motivated adversary
	b. Guerilla warfare tactics that made it hard to distinguish friend from foe
	c. Restrictive rules of engagement
	d. Unfamiliarity with local terrain and jungle fighting conditions.
	e. All of the above

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Which of the following domestic concerns did President Gerald Ford attempt to tackle during his one term as president?

	a. The legalization of abortion in the United States
	b. Inflation coupled with rising unemployment rates and an economic recession
	c. Homelessness due to poor economic conditions in the United States
	d. The declining number of young Americans entering college during the 1970s
	e. The difficult circumstances faced by small farmers in the United States

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Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the Counterculture?

	a. The participation of college students in this cultural movement
	b. The wearing of unconventional clothing and hairstyles
	c. Consumption of illicit drugs
	d. Opposition to third world Communist dictators such as Fidel Castro
	e. Interest of this movement in rock and folk music

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Which of the following statements BEST describes President Lyndon B. Johnson's response to the deteriorating political and military situation in South Vietnam in 1964?

	a. Johnson tried hard to avoid committing U.S. troops to South Vietnam but was eventually forced to due to a North Vietnamese attack on U.S. ally Japan.
	b. Johnson focused on providing economic aid to South Vietnam in order to prop up the government.
	c. Johnson continued sending military advisors to South Vietnam but refused to send large numbers of American combat troops to the region.
	d. Johnson used a supposed North Vietnamese attack on two American destroyers as a pretext to send large numbers of American combat troops to South Vietnam to defend the country from the Communists.
	e. Johnson insisted that South Vietnam's neighbors should assist the country against aggression from the North.

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Which of the following statements BEST describes the political and military situation that President Lyndon B. Johnson faced in South Vietnam at the beginning of his presidency?

	a. South Vietnam's leaders did a very effective job mobilizing the nation to fight against the Communist guerillas, but the South Vietnamese Army was woefully underprepared to fights its foes.
	b. South Vietnam's leadership proved unable to mobilize the nation to deal effectively with the Communist guerilla warfare campaign and the South Vietnamese Army was woefully underprepared to fight its foes.
	c. South Vietnam's military forces were prepared to deal with the Communist guerillas, but its civilian leaders were not prepared to a lengthy war.
	d. South Vietnam's leaders wished to make peace with the Communist guerillas, but the military refused to cooperate.
	e. South Vietnam's leaders wished to fight against the Communist guerillas, but military officials wished to make peace.

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Which of the following statements BEST describes the origins of the Anti-War Movement during the Vietnam Era?

	a. It originated as a mainstream political movement in the mid-1960s.
	b. It originated among conservative, anti-Communist groups in the mid-1960s and gradually entered the political mainstream by the end of the decade.
	c. It originated among pacifist groups and liberal college student organizations in the mid-1960s and gradually entered the political mainstream by the end of the decade.
	d. It originated among blue-collar, Democrats in the urban North and gradually spread throughout the nation by the end of the decade.
	e. It remained a small and marginalized political movement throughout the 1960s and had little impact on the United States.

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Which of the following statements BEST describes the impact of the Watergate Scandal on Richard M. Nixon's presidency?

	a. Nixon's popularity suffered due to the scandal, but he remained in office until the end of his second term.
	b. The Watergate Scandal had little impact on Nixon's presidency.
	c. As Nixon's efforts to cover up his wrong-doing became public, Congress began impeachment proceedings against him and eventually removed Nixon from office.
	d. Nixon's efforts to cover up wrong-doing within his administration led to growing frustration in Congress and growing distrust among the American public, which eventually forced Nixon to resign the presidency.
	e. The scandal affected Nixon's political career but had little impact on others within his administration.

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Which of the following was a consequence of the Vietnam War for the United States?

	a. 58,000 Americans were killed.
	b. Millions of dollars were spent on the war rather than on social programs in the United States.
	c. The American public became wary of foreign military interventions.
	d. The American public began to question whether the United States should aggressively challenge Communism around the world.
	e. All of the above

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How did President John F. Kennedy and his administration respond to the discovery of Soviet nuclear missiles in Communist Cuba in the fall of 1962?

	a. Kennedy met personally with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev to address the situation.
	b. Kennedy launched an attack against Soviet-controlled East Germany.
	c. Kennedy allowed the existing Soviet nuclear missiles to remain in Cuba but warned the Soviet Union not to bring any additional missiles to the island.
	d. Kennedy launched an invasion of Cuba in order to destroy the Soviet nuclear missiles.
	e. Kennedy demanded that the Soviets remove the missiles and imposed a naval blockade around the island to prevent further missile shipments from the Soviet Union.

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How did Mikhail Gorbachev's political policies in the Soviet Union lessen tensions between Russia and the United States?

	a. Gorbachev supported openness and political reforms in the Soviet Union and proved responsive to U.S. proposals to reduce nuclear weapons stockpiles.
	b. Gorbachev argued that the United States and the Soviet Union should cooperate to promote international economic reforms.
	c. Gorbachev supported democratic elections in the Soviet Union and abolished Communism.
	d. Gorbachev declared that the Soviet Union would get rid of all its nuclear weapons.
	e. Gorbachev reduced the size of the Soviet military.

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How did President Ronald Reagan's policies towards the Soviet Union differ from President Jimmy Carter's policies?

	a. Reagan sought peaceful coexistence with the Soviet Union, unlike Carter's aggressive policies.
	b. Reagan's policies towards to Soviet Union differed little from Carter's policies.
	c. Reagan sought peaceful coexistence with the Soviet Union but continued to support anti-Communist regimes throughout the world.
	d. Reagan endorsed a more aggressive military stance against the Soviet Union, while also supporting anti-Communist regimes throughout Central and South America.
	e. Reagan focused on economic cooperation with the Soviets and repudiated Carter's aggressive military policies towards the Soviet Union.

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Which of the following factors led to a resurgence of political conservatism in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s?

	a. Concerns about the size of the federal government
	b. The emergence of a vocal fundamentalist Christian movement
	c. Popular dissatisfaction about growing economic problems
	d. Growing opposition to legalized abortion
	e. All of the above

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Which of the following statements BEST describes President Ronald Reagan's economic policies during his first term in office?

	a. Reagan raised taxes for the wealthy and used the proceeds to pay down the national debt.
	b. Reagan successfully proposed major tax cuts for Americans, while also increasing federal defense spending, which led to growing budget deficits in the United States.
	c. Reagan successfully proposed major tax cuts for Americans but also cut federal spending during his time in office.
	d. Reagan slashed the federal budget and successfully proposed major tax increases for Americans, which helped shrink existing federal budget deficits.
	e. Reagan raised federal taxes but also expanded the size of the federal government during his years in office.

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Which of the following statements BEST describes the failures of the Carter Administration?

	a. Carter's ambitions as a politician and his craven need for power began to offend many middle-class Americans and led to growing public dissatisfaction.
	b. Carter's lack of education and political inexperience led to many political mistakes during his time in office and generated public dissatisfaction.
	c. Carter's efforts to expand the American military to deal with the threat from the Soviet Union bankrupted the nation and led to growing public dissatisfaction.
	d. Carter's inexperience in national politics and his inability to secure passage of important pieces of reform legislation led to declining approval ratings and growing public dissatisfaction.
	e. Carter's inability to pursue any clear political agenda during his time in office caused many Americans to doubt his abilities as a political leader.

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Which of the following statements BEST describes the economic legacy of Ronald Reagan's two terms in office?

	a. The national debt shrank, individual and corporate debts declined, and the federal government had more money to devote to social welfare spending.
	b. Reagan's economic policies had little impact on the national debt or federal spending.
	c. Reagan's economic policies were no different than those of his predecessors.
	d. The national debt remained steady, but individual and corporate debts increased during his years in office.
	e. The national debt tripled, individual and corporate debts increased, and the federal government had to devote more tax dollars to financing the interest on the national debt.

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Which of the following was a significant foreign policy accomplishment of the Carter administration?

	a. A negotiated end to the Cold War with the Soviet Union
	b. A peace treaty between Israel and the Palestinians
	c. The negotiation of a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt
	d. A peace agreement between China and Japan
	e. A ban on all nuclear weapons testing

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George W. Bush's presidential campaign focused on which of the following issues?

	a. Economic reforms including lower taxes, reducing the size of the federal government, and supporting private industry
	b. Social reforms including more government spending on social welfare programs and education
	c. Cultural matters including religion in public schools
	d. The weakened condition of America's armed forces
	e. Immigration reforms including amnesty for undocumented immigrants

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How did President Bill Clinton's first term in office differ from his second term in office?

	a. During his first term in office, Clinton primarily focused on international matters, but during his second term in office he mainly focused on domestic issues.
	b. During his first term in office, Clinton failed to propose any meaningful reforms, but during his second term in office he secured passage of many important pieces of reform legislation.
	c. During his first term in office, Clinton mainly focused on social issues, but during his second term in office he primarily deal with economic matters.
	d. During his first term in office, Clinton pursued a vigorous economic and social reform agenda, but during his second term in office he was mired in political scandals and failed to pursue a meaningful reform agenda.
	e. There were no major differences between Clinton's first and second terms in office.

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How did President Bill Clinton's political values differ from previous 20th-century Democratic presidents?

	a. Clinton was far more liberal than his Democratic predecessors.
	b. Clinton mainly focused on economic issues and did not address social or cultural issues important to Democrats.
	c. Clinton positioned himself as a moderate and co-opted traditional Republican issues, such as welfare reform and free trade.
	d. Clinton was far more aggressive against international Communism than previous Democratic presidents.
	e. Clinton's political values did not differ from previous 20th-century Democratic presidents.

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How did President George W. Bush and the U.S. government respond to the September 11th attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C.?

	a. The U.S. used diplomatic means to bring the perpetrators of the attack to justice.
	b. The U.S. invaded Saudi Arabia and took control of the Arabia Peninsula.
	c. The U.S. declared war on terrorist organizations worldwide but did not use military force against any nation in particular.
	d. The U.S. focused on rebuilding the nation following the attacks and did not pursue the perpetrators through diplomatic or military means.
	e. The U.S. declared war on terrorist organizations worldwide and played a direct role in overthrowing the Taliban government in Afghanistan.

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In which of the following ways did the U.S. economy change during the 1990s?

	a. It continued to decline throughout the decade as American businesses lost money and laid off workers.
	b. It entered a period of dramatic economic expansion largely fueled by the growth of technology firms and Internet businesses.
	c. It entered a period of dramatic economic expansion largely fueled by the growth of heavy industry and manufacturing.
	d. It neither grew nor declined during the decade of the 1990s.
	e. It entered a period of dramatic economic expansion largely fueled by the expansion of service industries.

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What was the major source of controversy in the presidential election of 2000?

	a. Election fraud in numerous states that swung the votes in favor of candidate Al Gore
	b. Low voter turnout across the United States
	c. The large number of disputed votes cast in the state of California that resulted in a U.S. Supreme Court decision favoring candidate Al Gore
	d. The large number of disputed votes cast in the state of Florida that resulted in a U.S. Supreme Court decision favoring candidate George W. Bush
	e. Interference in the election by outgoing president Bill Clinton

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Which of the following factors played a causal role in the "Great Recession" of 2008?

	a. Risky investment practices by American banks
	b. An increasing number of housing foreclosures in the United States
	c. Huge financial losses by American banks
	d. Major loses by the U.S. stock markets
	e. All of the above

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Which of the following foreign policy matters did President Bill Clinton deal with during his time in office?

	a. The Dayton Peace Accords
	b. U.N. sanctions against Iraq
	c. The Good Friday Peace Accords
	d. U.N. peacekeeping efforts in Somalia
	e. All of the above

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Which of the following was a challenge that Democrat President Barack Obama faced after being elected president in 2008?

	a. A war in Iraq and Afghanistan
	b. An economic recession
	c. A large Republican majority in the U.S. House and Senate
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

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How did George H.W. Bush's presidential policies depart from his predecessor Ronald Reagan's policies?

	a. Bush continued Reagan's policies of lowering federal taxes and increasing federal spending.
	b. Bush repudiated Reagan hard-line stance against Communism.
	c. Increasing budget deficits forced George H.W. Bush to cut federal spending on various programs and eventually agree to tax increases.
	d. Increasing budget deficits forced George H.W. Bush to cut federal spending.
	e. Bush increased taxes but refused to cut federal spending.

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