HIST221-FinalExam-Answers

All but one of the following events took place in 1492, which was a momentous time in history. Which of the following DID NOT happen in that year?

Choose one answer.

	a. The end of the Spanish Reconquista after the fall of Granada
	b. All Jews were expelled from Spain
	c. The discovery of America by Christopher Columbus
	d. The first African slave brought to the New World arrived at the Island of Hispaniola

Question 2

Fill in the blank. 15th century navigators had a problem determining the angular distance of a point’s meridian from the Prime (Greenwich) Meridian. It was only in the 18th century, with the invention of the chronometer, that a solution was found. This angular distance is called ____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Longitude
	b. Latitude
	c. Equator
	d. Magnitude

Question 3

Fill in the blank. Christopher Columbus and the “Catholic Monarchs” of Spain signed a contract which specified that if a route westwards from Europe to Asia was found, Columbus would be designated ___________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Admiral of the Fareast
	b. Admiral of the Orient
	c. Admiral of the Ocean Sea
	d. Admiral of the Greater Sea

Question 4

How many voyages did Christopher Columbus make to North America?

Choose one answer.

	a. One
	b. Two
	c. Three
	d. Four

Question 5

How many voyages to the New World did Christopher Columbus embark on?

Choose one answer.

	a. One
	b. Two
	c. Three
	d. Four

Question 6

In the early period of European exploration, the Portuguese developed a new type of ship which had an axled rudder and two, three, or four masts. In 1492, two of the three ships on Christopher Columbus’s voyage were this type of ship. What is this type of ship called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Galleons
	b. Caravels
	c. Carracks
	d. Cogs

Question 7

The following statement best describes which Portuguese explorer? He commanded the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean.

Choose one answer.

	a. Prince Henry the Navigator
	b. Ferdinand Magellan
	c. Vasco de Gama
	d. Bartolomeu Dias

Question 8

The following statements best describes which Portuguese explorer? He was one of the most successful in the European Age of Discovery. He was also the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India.

Choose one answer.

	a. Prince Henry the Navigator
	b. Bartolomeu Dias
	c. Vasco de Gama
	d. Juan Sebastián Elcano

Question 9

There were many reasons for the Spanish crown to subsidize Columbus’s plan to find a westward route from Europe to Asia. Which of the following was NOT a reason?

Choose one answer.

	a. Their desire to spread Christianity
	b. Their desire to establish trade relations advantageous to Spain
	c. Their desire to control the spice trade
	d. Their desire to collaborate with Portugal

Question 10

Which civilization had a well-organized political structure and close-knit hierarchical society that enabled it to become the largest civilization in South America by 1500?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Incas
	b. The Aztecs
	c. The Olmecs
	d. The Mayan

Question 11

Which of the following tools was unavailable to 15th century navigators?

Choose one answer.

	a. Compass
	b. Quadrant
	c. Astrolabe
	d. Gyroscope

Question 12

Why was Prince Henry of Portugal (1394-1460) nicknamed “the Navigator”?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because he wrote the first book on trans-Atlantic navigation
	b. Because he subsidized those interested in discovering new lands
	c. Because he was a skilled sailor
	d. None of the above

Question 13

What is the mid-to-late 15th century called?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Age of Enlightenment
	b. The Age of Imperialism
	c. The Age of Colonialism
	d. The Age of Exploration and Discovery

Question 14

Fill in the blank. In 1506, Ponce de León discovered an island named Borinquen in the Caribbean Sea. In 1508, he renamed the island _____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Hispaniola
	b. Puerto Rico
	c. Cuba
	d. Jamaica

Question 15

Fill in the blank. Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro founded the city of Lima (known as “La Ciudad de los Reyes” or “The City of Kings”) on January 18, 1535. It became the capital and most important city in the Spanish ________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Viceroyalty of Peru
	b. Viceroyalty of New Spain
	c. Viceroyalty of New Granada
	d. Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata

Question 16

Fill in the blank. While Spain concentrated its efforts in South America, France claimed most of North America west of the Appalachian Mountains. The French explorers Jacques Cartier (1542) and Samuel de Champlain (1608) established outposts along the St. Lawrence River and into the Great Lakes, founding the territory known as ______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Louisiana
	b. New Reims
	c. New France
	d. Limoges

Question 17

Filled with guns, the most heavily armed merchant ship of the period was often used to carry gold, silver, and other riches from the New World. What was this ship called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Carrack
	b. Caravel
	c. Galleon
	d. Cog

Question 18

In 1521, Hernán Cortés led the final assault against the Aztecs. This bloody attack combined with which of the following epidemics caused the once powerful Aztec empire to crumble?

Choose one answer.

	a. Influenza
	b. Bubonic Plague
	c. Pneumonia
	d. Smallpox

Question 19

In 1533, Atahualpa—the Inca sovereign emperor—was captured by Pizarro and his men. Atahualpa offered them a large ransom of gold and silver in exchange for his release. How did Pizarro react to Atahualpa’s offer?

Choose one answer.

	a. He accepted the ransom, released Atahualpa, but spared Cuzco (the Inca capital).
	b. He accepted the ransom, executed Atahualpa, and looted Cuzco (the Inca capital).
	c. He declined the ransom, executed Atahualpa, and looted Cuzco (the Inca capital).
	d. He declined the ransom, executed Atahualpa, and spared Cuzco (the Inca capital).

Question 20

In which region did the Inca civilization flourish?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Andes
	b. Central Mexico
	c. The Caribbean
	d. The Pampas

Question 21

Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto, explored North America for a northern passage to trade Spain’s New World Gold with China, which at the time was the finest market in the world. In doing so, he crossed how many states?

Choose one answer.

	a. Only two states: Florida and Alabama
	b. Only two states: Florida and Georgia
	c. Seven states, including: Florida, Georgia, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas
	d. Fourteen states, including: Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Alabama

Question 22

The city of Tenochtitlán was the city-state of which civilization?

Choose one answer.

	a. Aztec civilization
	b. Inca civilization
	c. Mayan civilization
	d. Toltec civilization

Question 23

The Columbian Exchange brought a wide variety of new crops and livestock to both hemispheres. Which one of the following plants is not native to the New World and was brought by European explorers to America?

Choose one answer.

	a. Tomato
	b. Potato
	c. Vanilla
	d. Banana

Question 24

The founding of colonies in the New World coincided with the rise of which economic theory?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mercantilism
	b. Pluralism
	c. Nationalism
	d. Marginalism

Question 25

Who ordered the attack on the Aztec population in the midst of what he viewed as an alarmingly frenetic religious celebration?

Choose one answer.

	a. Hernán Cortés
	b. Pedro de Alvarado
	c. Francisco Pizarro
	d. Juan de Ojeda

Question 26

In which region did the Aztec civilization flourish?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Andes
	b. The Pampas
	c. Central Mexico
	d. The Caribbean

Question 27

Fill in the blank. The “New Laws of the Indies, 1542” caused great unrest in the Spanish Americas leading to a revolt in Peru by the ______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Indians
	b. Missionaries
	c. Soldiers
	d. Landowners

Question 28

In the 1520s, the Spanish crown introduced the audiencia system to run the overseas government. However, after it became clear that it was not sufficient, which of the following political figures was introduced?

Choose one answer.

	a. Viceroys
	b. Vice-presidents
	c. Vice-principals
	d. Regents

Question 29

The encomienda was a labor system employed by the Spaniards during the colonization of the Americas, by which the crown granted a person a number of natives. What did the recipient of these natives have to do?

Choose one answer.

	a. Train the natives with a variety of military skills and use them to protect the empire from warring tribes
	b. Protect the natives and instruct them in the Spanish language and the Catholic faith
	c. Extract tribute from the natives in the form of labor and protection
	d. All of the above

Question 30

The missions also included a fort to protect those associated with the mission from hostile Indians or European rivals. What was this fort called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Guarnición
	b. Fortaleza
	c. Presidio
	d. Auxilio

Question 31

The Mita was a labor system used by the Spanish conquistadors to supply workforce when needed for the silver mines. The Mita was a variation of a mandatory public service labor system originally created by which of the following people?

Choose one answer.

	a. Aztecs
	b. Incas
	c. English
	d. French

Question 32

The most significant religious event of the Colonial period was the apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe to a newly converted Indian in 1531. Subsequently, the Virgin of Guadalupe is also known as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Patroness of Peru
	b. Patroness of Argentina
	c. Patroness of Chile
	d. Patroness of all Latin Americans

Question 33

Under the caste system of colonial Spain, which term was originally applied to the children resulting from the union of a peninsular and an Amerindian?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mulatto
	b. Zambo
	c. Mestizo
	d. Criollo

Question 34

Which social class in the caste system of the Spanish colonies comprised the locally born people of pure Spanish ancestry?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mestizo
	b. Peninsular
	c. Criollo
	d. Castizo

Question 35

Why was the Dominican friar Bartolomé de Las Casas nicknamed “Father of the Indians”?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because of his study of Indian languages
	b. Because of his staunch defense of Indians’ legal rights
	c. Because he was the first priest to arrive in the New World
	d. All of the above

Question 36

Why was the mission system developed?

Choose one answer.

	a. To facilitate colonial expansion and to pacify the Indians
	b. To facilitate the collection of taxes from the Indians
	c. To facilitate the enslavement of the Indians
	d. None of the above

Question 37

Why were the “New Laws of the Indies” passed in 1542?

Choose one answer.

	a. To legalize the enslavement of Indians and instate the encomienda system
	b. To encourage the enslavement of Indians by gradually abolishing the encomieda system
	c. To encourage the enslavement of Indians by reinforcing the encomienda system
	d. To prohibit the enslavement of Indians by gradually abolishing the encomienda system

Question 38

The following statements best describe which institution? It aimed to foster and regulate trade and navigation. Based first in Seville, and later in Cadiz, it managed the Spanish commercial monopoly over its colonies.

Choose one answer.

	a. The Audiencia
	b. The Mita
	c. The Casa de Contratación
	d. The Encomienda

Question 39

During which of the following time periods did the treasure fleet system reach its peak?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1550-1570
	b. 1570-1590
	c. 1590-1600
	d. 1600-1620

Question 40

Fill in the blank. On the second leg of their three-part journey—Triangular Trade—European ships transported African men, women, and children to the Americas. Traders referred to the Africa-Americas part of the voyage as the _______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. African Journey
	b. Slave Route
	c. New World Campaign
	d. Middle Passage

Question 41

In the mid 1560s, a third fleet began sailing between the Spanish colony of the Philippines and Acapulco, on the west coast of New Spain. What was this fleet called?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Manila Galleons
	b. The Philippines Fleet
	c. The New Spain Fleet
	d. The Acapulco Galleons

Question 42

Many Spanish missioners recognized the evils of slavery. In the 16th century, which two Spanish priests became the most vocal on behalf of rights for the natives?

Choose one answer.

	a. Juan de Capistrano and Thomas Aquinas
	b. Bartolomé de las Casas and Juan de Capistrano
	c. Bartolomé de las Casas and Fray Tomas Mercado
	d. Francisco Colona and Fray Juan de Basco

Question 43

Some of the New World’s unique products became its biggest exports. Which of the following products became highly lucrative due to the increasing demand by Europe’s bourgeoisie?

Choose one answer.

	a. Indigo dyes, cacao, vanilla, sugar, tobacco, and cotton
	b. Mercury, wine, olives, and tomatoes
	c. Corn, citrus, gunpowder, and pulque
	d. Agave, potatoes, pineapples, and bananas

Question 44

Spanish gold and silver were an irresistible temptation, and some European countries authorized private persons and warships by letters of marque and reprisal to attack the Spanish Treasure Fleet. What were these individuals and their ships called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Privateers
	b. Pirates
	c. Buccaneers
	d. Corsairs

Question 45

The following statement best describes which English commander, navigator, and pirate? He was the first to open English drive to penetrate the Spanish-American market, and his attempts to intercept the Spanish treasure fleet let many other English pirates make similar attempts.

Choose one answer.

	a. Sir John Hawkins
	b. Sir Francis Drake
	c. Blackbeard
	d. Henry Morgan

Question 46

The following statement best describes which English sea captain, navigator, and pirate? He became the most feared by Spanish sailors; moreover, he is also known for leading the first English circumnavigation of the world.

Choose one answer.

	a. Sir John Hawkins
	b. Sir Francis Drake
	c. Blackbeard
	d. Henry Morgan

Question 47

The Spanish Treasure Fleet system was centered on which two fleets?

Choose one answer.

	a. Zacatecas and Potosi
	b. Veracruz and Habana
	c. Tierra Firme and New Spain
	d. Caribbean and New Spain

Question 48

The Spanish “Black Legend” refers to which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The transmission of Old World diseases, including the Black Death, by the Spanish conquerors
	b. The missions run by the Dominicans, also known as “Black Friars”
	c. The Spanish cruelty in the Americas
	d. None of the above

Question 49

Under which queen did England emerge as the principal threat to Spain’s empire in America?

Choose one answer.

	a. Queen Victoria I
	b. Queen Elizabeth I
	c. Queen Mary I
	d. Queen Mary II

Question 50

Which mint, established in 1535, is considered the oldest in the Americas?

Choose one answer.

	a. Casa da Moeda do Brasil (the national mint of Brazil)
	b. Casa de Moneda de Mexico (the national mint of Mexico)
	c. Casa de Moneda de Lima (the national mint of Peru)
	d. Casa de Moneda de Cuba (the national mint of Cuba)

Question 51

All of the following statements are true of colonial Latin and South America EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. The legal system did not distinguish between unmarried and married women.
	b. Single women possessed nearly all rights and privileges enjoyed by men.
	c. Married women suffered more restrictions, especially in economic activities.
	d. Women had enough institutional space to do business.

Question 52

Catalina de Erazu was one of the most famous women of 16th century colonial Latin America. Why was she nicknamed ‘the nun ensign’?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because she fought as a soldier in the Spanish-American War
	b. Because she fought as a soldier against the Spanish colonists
	c. Because she fled the convent disguised as a man and became a soldier
	d. Because she recognized her calling as a nun immediately

Question 53

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. In colonial Latin and South America, honor was a quality that only _______________ owned.

Choose one answer.

	a. Men
	b. Women
	c. Married men
	d. Married women

Question 54

Fill in the blank. The Economic role of women in Colonial Latin and South America was _____________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Equal to that of men
	b. Very limited, because they were kept in harem-like seclusion
	c. Varied according to their socio-economic status
	d. More important than the role of men

Question 55

In colonial Latin and South America women reached their legal maturity at what age?

Choose one answer.

	a. 15
	b. 18
	c. 21
	d. 25

Question 56

In colonial Latin and South America, all of the following statements were true of marriage EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Marriage was a partnership.
	b. Marital unions were only based on the interests of the man’s family.
	c. In marriage, all individual identities subordinated to the collective identity of family.
	d. Women sometimes used successive marriages to build up greater enterprises.

Question 57

In colonial Latin and South America, how were dowries administered?

Choose one answer.

	a. Dowries were administrated by the husbands, so they could act without the permission of the wives.
	b. Dowries were administrated by the husbands, but they could not act without the permission of the wives.
	c. Dowries were administrated by the wives, so they could act without the permission of the husbands.
	d. Dowries were administrated by the wives but they could not act without the permission of the husbands.

Question 58

In colonial Latin and South America, many women entered convents. Which of the following was NOT a common reason for their decision?

Choose one answer.

	a. To stay single
	b. No appropriate marriage partner available
	c. Many convents provided sumptuous and prestigious lifestyles
	d. To learn how to read and write

Question 59

In colonial Latin and South America, which one of the following reasons was NOT a ground for divorce?

Choose one answer.

	a. Physical cruelty and murder threats
	b. Incurable contagious disease
	c. Attempt to force spouse to commit a crime (prostitution) or encourage heresy or paganism
	d. Bankruptcy

Question 60

Many historians have linked the unpaid labor of millions of people (slavery) to which of the following historical events?

Choose one answer.

	a. The rise of European industrialization, capitalism, and scientific revolution
	b. The French and American Revolutions
	c. The Napoleonic Wars
	d. None of the above

Question 61

The trans-Atlantic slave trade seriously affected the demographic growth of many African societies by doing all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Shifting marriage patterns.
	b. Magnifying the effects of natural disasters, such as disease or famine.
	c. Reducing the number of marriageable men.
	d. Reducing the number of tribal wars.

Question 62

Which of the following lists the most significant imports into Africa during the trans-Atlantic trade in exchange for slaves?

Choose one answer.

	a. Firearms, alcohol, iron goods, and textiles
	b. Cattle, spices, and textiles
	c. Cattle, crops, spices, and mercury
	d. None of the above

Question 63

During the colonial period in the New World, which ethnic group assumed the role of intermediaries between Europeans and Indians by serving as soldiers, supervising Indian workers on the haciendas, and managing domestic servants in the town houses?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mestizos
	b. Criollos
	c. Africans
	d. Castizos

Question 64

By the middle of the 17th century, slave trade entered its most intense phase because of which of the following reasons?

Choose one answer.

	a. High mortality rates
	b. Improvements in maritime technology
	c. Rapid population growth in Africa
	d. The creation of ever-larger plantations such as sugar, cotton, and tobacco

Question 65

Fill in the blank. For Spain, the 17th century was one of ____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Decline
	b. Stability
	c. Expansion
	d. Success

Question 66

Fill in the blank. In 1621, the government of the Netherlands gave the complete control over the trade from Guyana to the _______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Dutch West India Company
	b. National Dutch Trading Company
	c. Viceroy
	d. President

Question 67

In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed a treaty which divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe along a meridian 370 leagues west of Cape Verde islands. What is the name of this document?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Treaty of Utrech
	b. The Treaty of Tordesillas
	c. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
	d. The Treaty of Lisbon

Question 68

The first Dutch settlement in the Americas was in which location?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mesoamerica
	b. The Caribbean
	c. Guyana
	d. Suriname

Question 69

The following statement best describes which Spanish King? In 1580, this Spanish King successfully invaded Portugal, claiming to have inherited it along with its possessions in the East Indies and Brazil.

Choose one answer.

	a. Ferdinand VII
	b. Charles V
	c. Joseph I
	d. Philip II

Question 70

The most significant Dutch legacy in Guyana was which of the following methods of land management?

Choose one answer.

	a. The polder system
	b. The irrigation system
	c. The crop rotation system
	d. The three-field system

Question 71

The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) brought the War of the Spanish Succession to a close and recognized the Bourbon succession in Spain on which condition?

Choose one answer.

	a. That Spain and the Netherlands would never be united under the same crown
	b. That Spain and France would never be united under the same crown
	c. That Spain would give independence to its colonies in Latin America
	d. That Spain would give independence to Brazil

Question 72

What was the catalyst for the British takeover of large territories of Guyana in 1796?

Choose one answer.

	a. The American Revolution
	b. The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars
	c. The Spanish-American War
	d. The Mexican-American War

Question 73

Which religious order was expelled from the Portuguese and the Spanish empires, as well as from France in 1767?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Dominicans
	b. The Franciscans
	c. The Jesuits
	d. The Benedictines

Question 74

Who was Pedro Álvares Cabral?

Choose one answer.

	a. He was the first viceroy of Brazil.
	b. He was the first viceroy of Mexico.
	c. He was the first Portuguese explorer of the northeast coast of South America.
	d. He was the first Spanish explorer of Peru.

Question 75

Who were the biggest and most serious challengers to Portuguese control over Brazil in the 16 and 17th centuries?

Choose one answer.

	a. English and Spanish
	b. English and French
	c. French and Dutch
	d. Dutch and Spanish

Question 76

Fill in the blank. Under King Philip II, the Spanish empire was commonly referred as _________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. The Empire of the Infinite Wealth
	b. The Empire of the Golden King
	c. The Empire where the Sun Never Sets
	d. The Empire of Faith

Question 77

After Napoleon’s invasion of the Spanish Peninsula, the first two outbreaks of rebellion in Latin America took place in 1809 in which region?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Andes
	b. The Caribbean
	c. Mesoamerica
	d. The Pampas

Question 78

Argentina took its first step towards independence by the hand of?

Choose one answer.

	a. José de San Martín
	b. Martínez de Rozas
	c. Bernardo O'Higgins
	d. Simón Bolívar

Question 79

During the Wars of Independence of Colombia and Venezuela, Simón Bolívar summoned a “congress” which produced the Venezuelan Constitution of 1819. What was the name of this “congress”?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Congress of Ciudad Bolívar
	b. The Congress of Guayaquil
	c. The Congress of Angostura
	d. The Congress of the Americas

Question 80

In the early 1800s, the events during the French wars had little effect in Latin America. Then, unexpectedly Napoleon sent the French armies into the Iberian peninsula and usurped the Spanish crown. During which of the following time periods did this occur?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1803-1804
	b. 1805-1806
	c. 1807-1808
	d. 1809-1810

Question 81

On December 17, 1819, the Republic of Colombia, also known as the Gran Colombia, was proclaimed. The short-lived republic (1819-1831) included the territories of which present-day countries?

Choose one answer.

	a. Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, and Chile
	b. Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama
	c. Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador and Chile
	d. Colombia, Bolivia, Chile and Panama

Question 82

Revolutionary leader José de San Martín participated in the independence movements of which three nations?

Choose one answer.

	a. Argentina, Mexico, and Chile
	b. Argentina, Panama, and Mexico
	c. Argentina, Panama, and Peru
	d. Argentina, Peru, and Chile

Question 83

The French and American revolutions led the members of which of the following social/ethnic groups to dream of change in Latin America?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Peninsulars
	b. The Indians
	c. The Black Slaves
	d. The Creoles

Question 84

The Guayaquil Conference in 1822 was attended by two men whose broad aims were identical: the liberation of American from the Spanish. Who were these two revolutionary leaders?

Choose one answer.

	a. Bolívar and San Martín
	b. Bolívar and O'Higgins
	c. O'Higgins and San Martín
	d. San Martín and Martínez de Rozas

Question 85

When the first stirrings of independence occurred in Latin America (1809-1810), most nations still proclaimed their loyalty to which Spanish King?

Choose one answer.

	a. Philip V
	b. Charles III
	c. Ferdinand VII
	d. Joseph I

Question 86

Which revolutionary leader was nicknamed the “Liberator”?

Choose one answer.

	a. José de San Martín
	b. Martínez de Rozas
	c. Bernardo O'Higgins
	d. Simón Bolívar

Question 87

Which revolutionary leader was the author of the “Manifesto of Cartagena,” a powerful political pamphlet addressed to the citizens of New Granada, in which he offers a vision of a united effort to expel the Spaniards?

Choose one answer.

	a. José de San Martín
	b. Martínez de Rozas
	c. Bernardo O'Higgins
	d. Simón Bolívar

Question 88

Fill in the blank. François-Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture was the leader of the _______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Haitian Revolution
	b. Jamaican Revolution
	c. Congress of Angostura
	d. Congress of Santa Maria

Question 89

American diplomat Nicholas Trist negotiated the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, in which the United States claimed which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Over 500,000 square miles of new territory
	b. Less than 250,000 square miles of new territory
	c. Over 100,000 square miles of new territory and $15 million
	d. Less than 50,000 square miles of new territory and $15 million

Question 90

As a result of the Treaty of Paris (1898), Spain lost its control over which colonies?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica
	b. Peru, Puerto Rico, the Philippine islands, and Guam
	c. Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippine islands, and Guam
	d. Cuba, the Philippine islands, Guam, and Grenada

Question 91

Brazil declared its independence from Portugal on September 7, 1822; however, it was not recognized as an independent nation until which of the following years?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1823
	b. 1824
	c. 1825
	d. 1826

Question 92

Fill in the blank. During 1819-1830, Simón Bolívar participated in the foundation of and presided over the first union of independent nations in Latin America, which was named _______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Pan-America
	b. New America
	c. Gran Colombia
	d. New Colombia

Question 93

The Mexican-American War was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico during which time period?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1846-1848
	b. 1848-1850
	c. 1850-1852
	d. 1852-1854

Question 94

Which peace treaty ended the Mexican-American War?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
	b. The Treaty of Santa Maria
	c. The Treaty of Paris
	d. The Treaty of Vienna

Question 95

Which war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Spanish-American War
	b. The Mexican-American War
	c. The Spanish-Mexican War
	d. Napoleon’s French War

Question 96

Who is considered the father of the “old” Pan-Americanism?

Choose one answer.

	a. José de San Martín
	b. Martínez de Rozas
	c. Bernardo O'Higgins
	d. Simón Bolívar

Question 97

Who was Dom Pedro I (1798-1834)?

Choose one answer.

	a. King of France
	b. King of Portugal and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil
	c. First ruler of the Empire of Brazil
	d. King of Spain

Question 98

Who was the leader of the Chilean Independence?

Choose one answer.

	a. José de San Martín
	b. Miguel Hidalgo
	c. Bernardo O'Higgins
	d. Simón Bolívar

Question 99

Who was the leader of the Mexican War of Independence?

Choose one answer.

	a. José de San Martín
	b. Miguel Hidalgo
	c. Bernardo O'Higgins
	d. Simón Bolívar

Question 100

In the newly independent nations of Latin and South America, the elites exhibited the influence of which particular intellectual movement?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mercantilism
	b. Capitalism
	c. Enlightenment
	d. Romanticism