HIST222-FinalExam-Answers

Fill in the blank. 19th century Latin American society could be best described as _______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. egalitarian
	b. just
	c. equitable
	d. hierarchical

Question 2

Fill in the blank. In the 19th century, most people in Latin America were engaged in ______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. subsistence agriculture
	b. intensive agro-industry farming
	c. industrial manufacturing
	d. industrial laboring

Question 3

In 19th century Latin America, governments were unable to control their revenues, because they depended on taxation of which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. International imports
	b. International exports
	c. International credit
	d. International trade

Question 4

In 19th century Latin American economy, what were the two basic types of exports?

Choose one answer.

	a. Agricultural and textile
	b. Agricultural and mineral
	c. Mineral and textile
	d. Mineral and manufacturing

Question 5

Latin America in the 19th century was a place where there were social distinctions. Conservatives wanted to preserve this social order, but liberals expressed interest in equality. For which demographic was this ‘equality’ intended?

Choose one answer.

	a. Amerinds (American Indians)
	b. Afro-Latinos
	c. “Whites” (creoles and peninsulares)
	d. Women

Question 6

Simon Bolívar resigned as president of the republic of ‘Gran Colombia’ in which year?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1820
	b. 1830
	c. 1840
	d. 1850

Question 7

The Congress of Angostura (1819) was attended by leaders from which present-day countries?

Choose one answer.

	a. Venezuela, Colombia, and Panama
	b. Colombia, Panama, and Bolivia
	c. Panama, Bolivia, and Venezuela
	d. Ecuador, Panama, and Colombia

Question 8

The republic known as ‘Gran Colombia’ included which present-day countries?

Choose one answer.

	a. Colombia, Bolivia, and Panama
	b. Panama, Bolivia, and Venezuela
	c. Colombia, Venezuela, and Panama
	d. Ecuador, Panama, and Colombia

Question 9

The War of the Triple Alliance was a military conflict in South America fought from 1864 to 1870, between Paraguay and which allied countries?

Choose one answer.

	a. Argentina, Bolivia, and Colombia
	b. Argentina, Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay
	c. Empire of Brazil, Bolivia, and Colombia
	d. Uruguay, Chile, and Ecuador

Question 10

Who won the War of the Triple Alliance?

Choose one answer.

	a. Paraguay
	b. Uruguay
	c. Empire of Brazil, Bolivia, and Colombia
	d. Argentina, Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay

Question 11

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. During the first three decades of the 19th century, every Spanish and Portuguese colony in the Western Hemisphere achieved political independence with the exception of ______________ and _______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Cuba, Puerto Rico
	b. Cuba, the Dominican Republic
	c. Brazil, Colombia
	d. Brazil, Bolivia

Question 12

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserted a right of the United States to intervene to “stabilize” the affairs of states in the Caribbean and Central America. What was this extension called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Monroe Corollary
	b. Madison Corollary
	c. Roosevelt Corollary
	d. Adams Corollary

Question 13

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. William Walker was an American adventurer who organized several private military expeditions into Latin America with the intention of establishing English-speaking colonies under his personal control, a type of enterprise then known as ______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. colonizing
	b. pioneering
	c. filibustering
	d. privateering

Question 14

During what period was the Panama Canal built?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1900-1904
	b. 1904-1914
	c. 1914-1920
	d. 1920-1925

Question 15

Fill in the blank. Samuel Zemurray (1877-1961), who played a significant and controversial role in the history of Honduras, was ___________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. a soldier of fortune
	b. a U.S. soldier
	c. the head of the United Fruit Company
	d. the president of Honduras

Question 16

The Monroe Doctrine, put forth in 1823 by President James Monroe, called for which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. An end to European intervention in the American continents (both north and south), in both independent countries and colonies
	b. An end to European intervention in the American continents (both north and south), but only in independent countries, not in the colonies
	c. An end to European intervention in North America only
	d. An end to European intervention in South America only

Question 17

The Panamanian Revolution ended on November 3, 1903, with the establishment of the Republic of Panama as a separate entity from which other republic?

Choose one answer.

	a. Costa Rica
	b. Colombia
	c. Nicaragua
	d. Venezuela

Question 18

The Treaty of Paris (1898) ended the Spanish-American War, a conflict between Spain and the United States. This Treaty signaled which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The end of the Portuguese Empire in America
	b. The end of the Spanish Empire in the Caribbean
	c. The end of the Spanish Empire in the Pacific Ocean
	d. The end of the Spanish Empire in America and the Pacific Ocean

Question 19

The United States controlled the Panama Canal and the Canal Zone surrounding it until the Torrijos-Carter Treaties provided for the transition of control to Panama. When was the Torrijos-Carter Treaties signed?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1947
	b. 1957
	c. 1967
	d. 1977

Question 20

Which U.S. President fought and prevented slavery’s spread to Latin America?

Choose one answer.

	a. Abraham Lincoln
	b. James Buchanan
	c. Andrew Johnson
	d. Ulysses S. Grant

Question 21

“The Good Neighbor Policy,” the foreign policy toward the countries of Latin America, was a policy of the administration of which two United States presidents?

Choose one answer.

	a. Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover
	b. Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt
	c. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman
	d. Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower

Question 22

Which Latin American nation was the first to become a “banana republic”?

Choose one answer.

	a. Honduras
	b. Mexico
	c. Colombia
	d. Bolivia

Question 23

Fill in the blank. Lázaro Cárdenas was a Mexican revolutionary leader and president. During his administration, he carried out major land reforms. These reforms mostly benefited the _______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. bourgeoisie
	b. elites
	c. peasants
	d. government

Question 24

Fill in the blank. Porfirio Díaz, the President of Mexico from 1876 to 1911, is commonly considered by historians to have been a(n) ________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. egalitarian
	b. dictator
	c. democrat
	d. political philosopher

Question 25

In Mexican history, the period from 1920 to 1940 was dedicated to the realization of the objectives of the 1917 constitution. What was this period called?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Constructive Phase
	b. The Reformative Phase
	c. The Definitive Phase
	d. The Green Phase

Question 26

In which year was the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States approved?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1910
	b. 1913
	c. 1917
	d. 1920

Question 27

José Doroteo Arango was the most important general in the Northern Division during the Mexican Revolution. What pseudonym (or nickname) did he use?

Choose one answer.

	a. Pancho Villa
	b. Emiliano Zapata
	c. Genaro Amezcua
	d. Manuel Palafox

Question 28

Was the United States involved in the Mexican Revolution, and if so, how?

Choose one answer.

	a. Yes, the U.S. was involved politically and socially, it even sent troops twice into Mexico.
	b. Yes, the U.S. was involved politically and socially, but it never sent troops into Mexico.
	c. Yes, the U.S. was involved economically, but it never sent troops into Mexico.
	d. No, the U.S. was not involved at all.

Question 29

Which leading figure in the Mexican Revolution formed and commanded the Liberation Army of the South?

Choose one answer.

	a. Pancho Villa
	b. Emiliano Zapata
	c. Genaro Amezcua
	d. Manuel Palafox

Question 30

Which of the following best describes what happened to the Mexican economy during Porfirio Díaz?

Choose one answer.

	a. The economy grew exponentially; it was the golden age of Mexican economics.
	b. The economy grew, but very little.
	c. The economy contracted, but very little.
	d. The economy collapsed; it was the darkest hour of Mexican economics.

Question 31

Which political document, written in 1910, ushered in the Mexican Revolution and the collapse of Porfirio Díaz’s presidency?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Treaty of Puerta del Refugio
	b. The Treaty of Buenavista
	c. The Plan of Alvares
	d. The Plan of San Luis Potosi

Question 32

Which political party was Mexico’s “official” party and the country’s preeminent political organization from 1929 until the early 1990s?

Choose one answer.

	a. The PAN (Partido Acción Nacional, or National Action Party)
	b. PRD (Partido de la Revolución Democrática, or Party of the Democratic Revolution)
	c. NA (Nueva Alianza, or New Alliance)
	d. The PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional, or the Institutional Revolutionary Party)

Question 33

Which major armed struggle started in 1910 with an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against longtime autocrat Porfirio Díaz?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Mexican Revolution
	b. The Argentinean Revolution
	c. The Panamanian Revolution
	d. The Bolivian Revolution

Question 34

Fill in the blank. Between 1850 and 1890, the population of Latin America _____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. decreased
	b. maintained the same
	c. doubled
	d. tripled

Question 35

Fill in the blank. In 19th century Latin America, the largest group of landowners was the ______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. criollo elite
	b. peasants
	c. aristocracy
	d. Indians

Question 36

In 19th century Brazil, coffee plantations created a major export commodity for Brazilian trade, but also led to which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The abolition of slavery
	b. Agrarian reforms
	c. An intensification of slavery
	d. Social reforms

Question 37

In 19th century Latin America, what were the main exports of the Pacific coast countries and Bolivia?

Choose one answer.

	a. Coffee, sugarcane, timber, and cocoa
	b. Precious metals, including silver, copper, and nitrates
	c. Timber, beef, coffee, and wool
	d. Beef, leather, wool, and wheat

Question 38

In 19th century Latin America, which 18th and 19th century movements most influenced the elites’ economic ideals?

Choose one answer.

	a. Enlightenment and Liberalism
	b. Enlightenment and Romanticism
	c. Enlightenment and Classicism
	d. None of the above

Question 39

In the 19th century, what were Argentina’s and Uruguay’s main exports?

Choose one answer.

	a. Coffee, sugarcane, and timber
	b. Sugarcane, timber, and beef
	c. Timber, beef, coffee, and wool
	d. Beef, leather, wool, and wheat

Question 40

In the 19th century, what were Brazil’s main exports?

Choose one answer.

	a. Coffee, sugarcane, timber, and cocoa
	b. Sugarcane, timber, cocoa, and beef
	c. Timber, beef, coffee, and wool
	d. Beef, leather, wool, and wheat

Question 41

In the 19th century, what were the main exports of Central America, the Caribbean, and Colombia?

Choose one answer.

	a. Precious metals, including silver, copper, and nitrates
	b. Timber, beef, coffee, and wool
	c. Beef, leather, wool, and wheat
	d. Bananas, coffee, and copra

Question 42

The Latin American economy became stagnant between 1820 and 1850. Which of the following events did NOT cause this stagnation?

Choose one answer.

	a. The mining sector was recording massive profits.
	b. There were several decades of optimal harvests.
	c. The transportation and port facilities became highly developed.
	d. Investment capital was reaching unprecedented levels.

Question 43

The Latin American economy was stagnant between 1820 and 1850. The situation changed after 1850 as the result of which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. New agrarian reforms across the continent
	b. New agrarian, social, political, and economic reforms across the continent
	c. Newly discovered precious metals
	d. Demand for local products due to European market expansion

Question 44

Between 1840 and 1896, coffee plantations spread into the interior of Brazil. What were these plantations called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Haciendas
	b. Fazendas
	c. Ranchos
	d. Caserio

Question 45

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. Father Camilo Torres (1929-1966) was a Colombian socialist, Roman Catholic priest, and a member of the National Liberation Army guerrilla organization, but he is also credited as _________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. a follower of liberation theology
	b. a predecessor of liberation theology
	c. the founder of liberation theology
	d. the leading adversary of liberation theology

Question 46

Fill in the blank. In 1962-1965, the 21st Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church gave Latin American church organizations the best possible theoretical justification to activities developed under the signs of a theology of progress. This Ecumenical Council is also known as the _______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. First Vatican Council or Vatican I
	b. Second Vatican Council or Vatican II
	c. Third Vatican Council or Vatican III
	d. Fourth Vatican Council or Vatican IV

Question 47

Fill in the blank. In the 19th and 20th centuries, most of the immigrants that went to Latin America were _______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Asian
	b. African
	c. European
	d. North American

Question 48

In Latin America, the first Catholic and Protestant congresses fully devoted to liberation theology were held in what year?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1950-1951
	b. 1960-1961
	c. 1970-1971
	d. 1980-1981

Question 49

In the 1960s, several church organizations promoted understanding of and improvements in the living conditions of the people of Latin America. Which one of the following organizations was NOT part of this movement?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Young Christian Students
	b. The Young Christian Workers
	c. The Michoacán Family
	d. The Movement for Social Union

Question 50

In the 19th century, two cultural movements influenced artists and writers in Latin America. What were these two cultural movements?

Choose one answer.

	a. Romanticism and Modernism
	b. Romanticism and Nationalism
	c. Modernism and Nationalism
	d. Modernism and Realism

Question 51

In the period between 1820 and 1924, approximately how many European immigrants went to South America?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1 million
	b. 2 million
	c. 3 million
	d. 6 million

Question 52

Liberation theology is a movement in Christian theology which interprets the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of ‘liberation’ from which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Slavery
	b. Unjust social conditions
	c. Unjust political conditions
	d. Unjust economic, political, and social conditions

Question 53

Liberation theology was opposed by those who feared that faith was becoming over politicized. This negative reaction crystallized around three figures in particular. All of the following individuals opposed liberation theology EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Alfonso López Trujillo, former secretary and later president of CELAM.
	b. Gustavo Gutiérrez, John Cardinal O'Hara Professor of Theology at University of Notre Dame.
	c. Roger Vekemans of CEDIAL (Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo e Integración de América Latina).
	d. Bonaventura Kloppenburg, former director of the Medellin Pastoral Institute.

Question 54

Who is Gustavo Gutiérrez (1928-)?

Choose one answer.

	a. The founder of Liberation Theology
	b. The founder of Pastoral Institute of Lima
	c. The founder of the Young Christian Students group
	d. The founder of the Young Christian Workers group

Question 55

Which movement in Christian theology started within the Roman Catholic Church in Latin America in the 1950s-1960s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Egalitarian theology
	b. Equalitarian theology
	c. Liberation theology
	d. Autonomous theology

Question 56

Fill in the blank. In the 18th century, more than a hundred revolts ripped through the Andes. This violent period, which culminated in the Túpac Amaru II uprising in the southern Peruvian and Bolivian highlands, is called the _________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Age Túpac Amaru
	b. Age of Andean insurrection
	c. Age of Peruvian insurrection
	d. Age of Bolivian insurrection

Question 57

Fill in the blank. In the 1960s and 1970s, activists increasingly organized indigenous movements on a(n) ______________ basis.

Choose one answer.

	a. economic
	b. ethnic
	c. egalitarian
	d. local

Question 58

In colonial Colombia, African slaves were transported in large numbers to work on gold mines, sugar cane plantations, and cattle ranches. According to the 2002 census, approximately how many people of African descent lived in Colombia at the beginning of the 21st century?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1 million
	b. 5 million
	c. 10 million
	d. 20 million

Question 59

In the 19th century, indigenous uprising raged through Latin America. These were often reactions to all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. expansion of haciendas onto indigenous communal lands.
	b. governmental taxes.
	c. labor drafts and abusive officials.
	d. egalitarian reforms.

Question 60

In the late 19th and early 20th century, the government’s superior firepower and a lack of indigenous unity led to the failure of indigenous revolts. These uprisings, however, managed to do which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Stop hacienda expansion onto community lands
	b. Stop hacienda expansion onto church lands
	c. Stop agrarian reforms
	d. Stop social reforms

Question 61

One of the most noted indigenous uprisings in the 19th century (1849) had the Mayans fighting back against the Mexican government’s threats to their traditional autonomy. What was this uprising called?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Caste War of Maya
	b. The Caste War of Yucatán
	c. The Caste War of Mexico
	d. The Caste War of Túpac Amaru II

Question 62

The Túpac Amaru II uprising (1780-1782) in the southern Peruvian and Bolivian highlands threatened to remove the colonial elite and establish which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Neo-Inca utopia
	b. Neo-Mayan utopia
	c. Neo-Aztecan utopia
	d. Neo-Olmec utopia

Question 63

What is the title of the famous 1992 interview given by Rigoberta Menchu to the Commission for Human Rights in Central America?

Choose one answer.

	a. “The Open Veins of Latin America”
	b. “Five Hundred Years of Sacrifice Before Alien Gods”
	c. “History Will Absolve Me”
	d. “The Valech Report”

Question 64

When did indigenous peasants begin to organize rural syndicates?

Choose one answer.

	a. In the 1890s
	b. In the 1900s
	c. In the 1910s
	d. In the 1920s

Question 65

Which of the following women is the indigenous Guatemalan author of testimonials who won the 1992 Nobel Peace Prize?

Choose one answer.

	a. Dolores Huerta
	b. Rigoberta Menchu
	c. Sonia Manzano
	d. Ellen Ochoa

Question 66

Which one of the following events was NOT part of an indigenous revolt?

Choose one answer.

	a. In 1886, Pedro Atusparia led a revolt in Peru against a poll tax on the peasantry.
	b. In 1899, Pedro Zarate “Willka” raised an army that demanded a restoration of traditional lands in Bolivia.
	c. In 1868, Ramon Emeterio Betances led a short-lived revolt in Puerto Rico.
	d. In 1915, Teodomiro Gutiérrez led a radical separatist revolt to restore the Inca Empire.

Question 67

19th century Argentinean feminist Maria Eugenia Echenique argued that women were capable of more than caring for a home and having children. According to her, how could women become truly emancipated?

Choose one answer.

	a. By educating themselves in order to be intellectually equal to men
	b. By marrying wealthier men in order to be more economically independent
	c. By running their own business in order to be more economically independent
	d. By entering convents in order to escape arranged marriages

Question 68

All of the following individuals became president of Chile in the early 20th century EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Mariano Osorio
	b. Arturo Alessandri.
	c. Aguirre Cerda.
	d. Juan Antonio Ríos.

Question 69

Brazil took an active part in World War II as all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. a supplier of raw materials.
	b. the site of important air and naval bases.
	c. contributor of naval units.
	d. as a supplier of Brazilian troops to help defend the Japanese mainland.

Question 70

Fill in the blank. In February of 1959, Fidel Castro was sworn in as Prime Minister of Cuba. His first action as Prime Minister was the announcement of the introduction of a political program adapted to local requirements. This political program was ________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. capitalist
	b. Marxist-Leninist
	c. romanticist
	d. modernist

Question 71

Fill in the blank. The “Popular Front” in Chile was an electoral and political left-wing coalition from 1937 to 1941, which gathered together ________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. the Radical, Socialist, and Communist parties
	b. the Democratic, Liberal, and Communist parties
	c. the Democratic, Liberal, and Radical parties
	d. the Liberal, Radical, and Democratic parties

Question 72

Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (1882-1954) served as president and dictator of Brazil for over 18 years. What was Vargas’ nickname?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Father of the Poor
	b. The Father of the Elites
	c. The Father of the Indians
	d. The Father of the Creoles

Question 73

On April 9, 1952, the revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) led a successful revolt and set into motion the Bolivian National Revolution (1952-1964). Which of the following actions was NOT implemented by the MNR after their rise to power?

Choose one answer.

	a. Universal adult suffrage
	b. Land reforms
	c. Nationalized industries
	d. Abolishment of all taxes

Question 74

The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) was a confrontation between which nations?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cuba, the United States, and Colombia
	b. Cuba, the United States, and the Dominican Republic
	c. Cuba, the Soviet Union, and the United States
	d. Cuba, the Soviet Union, and the Dominican Republic

Question 75

When did the Cuban Revolution take place?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1950-1956
	b. 1951-1957
	c. 1952-1958
	d. 1953-1959

Question 76

Who was Fulgencio Batista (1901-1973)?

Choose one answer.

	a. The President of Cuba, opposed by the United States
	b. The President of Cuba, supported by the United States
	c. A Cuban revolutionary, opposed by the United States
	d. A Cuban revolutionary, supported by the United States

Question 77

Who was Juan Domingo Perón?

Choose one answer.

	a. The President of Venezuela
	b. The President of Colombia
	c. The President of Mexico
	d. The President of Argentine

Question 78

The Argentine Revolution was a period of military dictatorship during which time?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1940-1946
	b. 1950-1957
	c. 1966-1973
	d. 1970-1977

Question 79

Augusto Pinochet (1915-2006) was a Chilean army general and president who assumed power in a coup d'état on September 11, 1973. In what year was democracy restored in Chile with the election of Patricio Alywin?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1975
	b. 1980
	c. 1985
	d. 1990

Question 80

Fill in the blank. Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1915–2006) was a Chilean army general who assumed power in a coup d'état on September 11, 1973. His military regime was ______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. supported by the United States (although criticizing it in public)
	b. supported by Canada (although criticizing it in public)
	c. supported by the Soviet Union (although criticizing it in public)
	d. supported by Cuba (although criticizing it in public)

Question 81

Fill in the blank. In 1964, the Brazilian army assumed power in a coup d'état. The army chief of staff, Marshal Humberto Castelo Branco, became president with the intention of ______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. reforming the political-economic system
	b. introducing new taxes
	c. blocking foreign exports
	d. increasing foreign investment

Question 82

In Argentina, a seven-year (1976-1983) armed struggle between the military dictatorship and opposition resulted in the systematic, yet secret, disappearance, torture, and death of thousands of individuals suspected by the government of being leftists. The national commissions in charge investigating these disappearances were called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Research Commissions
	b. Truth Commissions
	c. Analysis Commissions
	d. Rightness Commissions

Question 83

In Uruguay, the military government (1973-1985) took power in the face of a decade of economic stagnation and high inflation. The military government’s economic program sought to transform Uruguay into an international financial center by using all of the following methods EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. “dollarizing” the economy.
	b. promoting foreign investment.
	c. reduction of import duties.
	d. banning the foreign investment.

Question 84

Salvador Allende, president of Chile, was the first democratically elected Socialist president of a Latin American nation. His economic plan and land reforms included all of the following actions EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. nationalization of banks operating within Chile.
	b. expropriation of many large farms.
	c. wage increases.
	d. expansion of the army.

Question 85

The Nicaraguan Revolution (also known as the Sandinista Revolution) was an uprising against whose dictatorship?

Choose one answer.

	a. Augusto César Sandino
	b. Juan Bautista Sacasa
	c. Adolfo Díaz
	d. Anastasio Somoza

Question 86

The Tupamaros, also known as the MLN (Movimiento de Liberación Nacional, or National Liberation Movement), was an urban guerrilla movement in the 1960s and 1970s in which country?

Choose one answer.

	a. Uruguay
	b. Paraguay
	c. Bolivia
	d. Chile

Question 87

When did Uruguay’s transition to democracy take place?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1970-71
	b. 1980-81
	c. 1984-85
	d. 1994-95

Question 88

Which father and son ruled Haiti as the presidents from 1957 to 1986?

Choose one answer.

	a. Fidel and Raul Castro
	b. François and Jean-Claude Duvalier
	c. Fulgencio and Elias Batista
	d. Itamar and Fernado Collor

Question 89

The Falklands War was fought in 1982 over the disputed Falkland Islands, South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Islands by which two nations?

Choose one answer.

	a. Argentina and Chile
	b. Argentina and the United Kingdom
	c. Chile and Colombia
	d. Chile and the United Kingdom

Question 90

Brazil is NOT a member of which of the following international organizations?

Choose one answer.

	a. United Nations (UN)
	b. Organization of American States (OAS)
	c. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
	d. Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA)

Question 91

Central American nations play all of the following roles in the Latin American drug trade EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. producing and exporting marijuana.
	b. serving as transshipment points for cocaine and marijuana from South America.
	c. laundering drug money.
	d. forming a geographic barrier that stops drugs from entering the United States.

Question 92

Fill in the blank. Because of a strong cultural tradition of tolerance and longstanding explicit laws against racial discrimination, Brazil has been touted by some historians and politicians as a(n) ________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. racial democracy
	b. racial government
	c. egalitarian democracy
	d. egalitarian government

Question 93

Fill in the blank. In 2000, at the United Nations General Assembly, U.N. member nations adopted the eight Millennium Development Goals, which set specific targets in fight against inequalities in South America; however, their most important commitment was to reduce ___________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. the number of foreign investments in the region by half by 2015
	b. the proportion of hungry and extremely poor people by half by 2015
	c. inflation in the region by half by 2015
	d. the number of foreign banks in the region by half by 2015

Question 94

In the 1990s, the U.S. military became an instrument of drug foreign policy for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. civilian governments were ineffective in halting the importation of illicit drugs.
	b. citizens demanded strong action due to the rising levels of violence in the United States.
	c. drugs were not taxable, and therefore a danger to the economy.
	d. drugs threatened democracy in Latin America, a long-term foreign policy goal of the United States.

Question 95

The Chiapas uprising (1994) was a reaction to which international agreement?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Climate Change Agreement
	b. The North American Free Trade Agreement
	c. The Aarhus Convention Agreement
	d. The Biological Weapons Convention Agreement

Question 96

Currently, the role of the U.S. military inside Latin American nations is limited to which location?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mexico
	b. Panama
	c. Honduras
	d. The Andean region

Question 97

Which conflict took place in January of 1994, when the indigenous people of the southernmost state of Mexico, represented by the Zapatista National Liberation Army, declared war on the Mexican government on the same day that the North American Trade Agreement went into effect?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Chiapas conflict
	b. The Villahermosa conflict
	c. The San Cristobal conflict
	d. The Veracruz conflict

Question 98

Which one of the following is NOT an environmental problem affecting Brazil directly?

Choose one answer.

	a. Deforestation of the Amazon
	b. Soil erosion
	c. Desertification of Mauritania
	d. High levels of air pollution

Question 99

Within the period between 1999 and 2004, with few national exceptions, Latin America as a continent experienced which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Its best economic situation since the 1940s
	b. Economic growth
	c. Its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s
	d. Economic stagnation

Question 100

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. After a period of economic crisis in the 1990s due to “neoliberal” policies, in recent years South American voters have opted for progressive governments; thus, the region has made a marked shift toward the _____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. left
	b. right
	c. center
	d. radical side