All of the following are monotheistic religions that grew out of the Hebrew experience EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Judaism
	b. Christianity
	c. Islam
	d. Buddhism

Question 2

In which way is Alexander the Great associated with Southwest Asia?

Choose one answer.

	a. Many of the following leaders in the region tried to emulate him.
	b. He was born and raised in Western Anatolia.
	c. He conquered most of Southwest Asia.
	d. All of the above

Question 3

What is the connection between the Armageddon and the ancient city Meggido?

Choose one answer.

	a. The New Testament describes the decisive battle in 1125 B.C. at Megiddo; this battle was fought at the Hills of Megiddo, which was the origin of the word "Armageddon."
	b. The old chronicles talk about a warrior by the name of Meggido, who came to symbolize destruction.
	c. There is no connection between the two.
	d. Armageddon was the name of a city where the battle of Meggido was fought.

Question 4

Which of the following accurately describes the legacy of the Babylonian Empire?

Choose one answer.

	a. The laws of Moses derived from Babylonian ruler Hammurabi.
	b. Great architectural achievements that include the Hanging Gardens derived from the Babylonian Empire.
	c. There are many mentions of the empire in the Old Testament, dealing with the Hebrew Babylonian Captivity.
	d. All of the above

Question 5

Which of the following is not discussed in Herodotus' The History of the Persian Wars, c. 430 BCE?

Choose one answer.

	a. The physical description of Babylonian nature and geography
	b. Chaldean people and their habits
	c. Assyrians' war preparations
	d. Great military inventions in Anatolia

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons for the decline of the Byzantium Empire?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Byzantium Empire was not able to maintain a navy to protect themselves from attacks that come from the sea.
	b. A strong enemy emerged from the east in the 11th century. They were the Ottoman Turks, and they caused the final destruction of the Byzantium Empire.
	c. The First Crusades weakened the empire greatly.
	d. Italy's stronghold of the Byzantium economy undermined the financial affairs of the empire.

Question 7

Which of the following is the most significant contribution of the Hittite Empire?

Choose one answer.

	a. Hittites wrote extensively in cuneiform about their relations with other civilizations. This has allowed us to draw a better picture about the region.
	b. They were the first culture with a monotheistic belief. All others copied the Hittites.
	c. Their warlike culture made them the most dominant empire in the 10 century BC.
	d. None of the above

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the ancient empire of Assyria is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was situated around the Tigris River in present day Iraq.
	b. It waged war against the kingdom of Urartu in the north.
	c. It was defeated by the Babylonians.
	d. All of the above

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the contribution of ancient Egypt to the world is false?

Choose one answer.

	a. It remained the foremost nation in the Mediterranean world for almost 30 centuries.
	b. Its pyramids and temples have inspired innumerable artists, writers, poets, and architects from the Roman period to the present day.
	c. It invented zero.
	d. Its pyramids inspired Greek mathematicians.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the location of the capital of the Hittite Empire is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was located around Baghdad.
	b. It was an Anatolian city, Hattusa/Bogazkoy.
	c. It was Constantinople.
	d. It was located in a place where the present day Jerusalem stands.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the Sumeria is false?

Choose one answer.

	a. They invented the number zero.
	b. They developed the writing.
	c. They originated in what is now Iraq.
	d. They were the first civilization which talked about the "Great Flood."

Question 12

Which of the following statements best describes the Phoenicians?

Choose one answer.

	a. They were mainly warriors who lived in landlocked areas of Mesopotamia.
	b. They were master sea traders of the ancient Mediterranean Sea.
	c. They were well-known by the irrigation canals they invented.
	d. They were the only power that defeated Alexander the Great.

Question 13

The Sunni and the Shi'a agree on which of the following subjects?

Choose one answer.

	a. Verses in the Quran are words of God.
	b. Muhammad is the prophet of God.
	c. There is only one God.
	d. All of the above

Question 14

What was a caliph?

Choose one answer.

	a. The title given to generals in Islamic armies
	b. The head judge who presided over conflicts between Muslims and non-Muslims
	c. The head of the Muslim community, and his primary responsibility was to continue in the path of the Prophet
	d. The prayer leader who also delivered sermons

Question 15

Which city is not considered holy by the Sunnis?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mecca
	b. Medina
	c. Karbala
	d. Jerusalem

Question 16

Which of the following is correct about Muhammad?

Choose one answer.

	a. He was born in 570 around Baghdad.
	b. He was 40 years old when he received his first revelation.
	c. Muhammad received all revelations in one day.
	d. After Muhammad died, his successors continued to receive revelations.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT one of the accomplishments of the early Islamic state?

Choose one answer.

	a. The formation of the first Islamic state under the leadership of Muhammad united many different and warring tribes under a religion.
	b. It created a community of believers or "Muslims," as a political and military force.
	c. It immediately became the major military force that captured Constantinople, the capital city of the Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire.
	d. It brought a sophisticated law for the population in a place where lawlessness was the norm for centuries.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about Nomadic tribalism in the early phases of the Islamic state is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Nomadic tribalism in the early phases of the Islamic state was seen as a hindrance for the unity of the state which tried to control them.
	b. Nomadic tribalism in the early phases of the Islamic state was encouraged, because tribal forces constituted great fighters.
	c. Nomadic tribalism in the early phases of the Islamic state was not a major issue that Muhammad and his followers concerned themselves.
	d. None of the above

Question 19

Which of the following statements about Sunnis and Shi'as is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Shi'as are the majority in the Islamic world.
	b. Shi'as are the majority in Iran.
	c. Sunnis are the majority in Iraq.
	d. Both Sunnis and Shi'as have a similar number of followers.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about the differences between Sunni and Shi'a is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Shi'as do not consider the Quran as authentic.
	b. An overwhelming majority of Sunnis do not regard Shi'as as Muslim.
	c. The main difference between the two is political, not theological.
	d. Both have arguments over the legitimacy of Muhammad as the Prophet of Islam.

Question 21

Which of the following statements about the first four caliphs is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. They were all elected.
	b. They were called rashidun caliphs.
	c. Ali, the prophet's son-in-law, was one of the four.
	d. All of the above

Question 22

Which of the following statements about the tax structure of the early Islamic state is false?

Choose one answer.

	a. Sadaqa was levied on non-Muslims.
	b. Jizya was levied on sedentary population of Jewish or Christian faith.
	c. Zakat was levied on sedentary Muslims.
	d. Nomad, Muslim or not, had to pay an extra tax.

Question 23

Which of the following was a major cause for the early Islamic conquests?

Choose one answer.

	a. In order to establish the new faith, Muslims needed to destroy other faiths.
	b. The state needed revenues that could be collected from conquered people.
	c. Muslims aimed at destroying the rivaling Byzantine Empire.
	d. This was the only way to spread their faith and to covert others.

Question 24

Why is the Arabian Peninsula significant for Muslims?

Choose one answer.

	a. Two of the three holy cities are located there.
	b. Muhammad created the very first Islamic state in the peninsula.
	c. The first model Islamic community was formed in Medina.
	d. All of the above

Question 25

What is the greatest contribution of the Abbasids to the Western civilization?

Choose one answer.

	a. By preserving and translating the ancient books, they paved the way for the emergence of the Renaissance in Europe.
	b. They invented windmills and irrigations channels that were used by Europe.
	c. Their administrative practices became models for Western countries.
	d. They forbade slavery, which was considered revolutionary by some European thinkers.

Question 26

What is the most accurate similarity between the Umayyad and Abbasid Empires?

Choose one answer.

	a. They both used slave soldiers.
	b. Their caliphs were elected.
	c. They were both defeated by the Sassanian Empire.
	d. Their main aim was to convert as many people as possible.

Question 27

Where did the Umayyad rulers base themselves?

Choose one answer.

	a. They were originally the governors of Syria, and then they moved the capital to Damascus.
	b. They created the city of Baghdad and made it their new capital.
	c. They remained in Mecca and ruled the empire from this holy city.
	d. None of the above

Question 28

Which of the following CANNOT be attributed to the Abbasids?

Choose one answer.

	a. The foundation of the city Baghdad in the 8th century CE
	b. Expansion of the empire in a great speed
	c. Changing the capital city from Medina to Damascus
	d. Establishing the "House of Wisdom" for translation of ancient books

Question 29

Which of the following statements about Islamic empires is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Abbasids were Shi'a.
	b. Umayyads were Shi'a.
	c. Abbasids and Umayyads were both Sunni.
	d. None of the above

Question 30

Which of the following statements about the Umayyads is false?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Umayyad house was one of the major clans of the Quraysh tribe.
	b. The Umayyad Caliphate emerged in the mid-600s CE following the rashidun caliphs.
	c. Umayyad caliphs were the only elected leaders of the Islamic world.
	d. They were not very tolerant towards non-Arab Muslims.

Question 31

Which of the following statements is accurate about the Umayyads' invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in the 8th century?

Choose one answer.

	a. There was already a sizable Muslim community living there.
	b. They established a Muslim empire and converted most Christians and the Jews.
	c. They created a unique culture melting Muslim, Christian, and Jewish traditions.
	d. They destroyed the Western tradition in favor of the Islamic one.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is correct about Muslim Spain?

Choose one answer.

	a. Muslim forces in Spain were also called Moors.
	b. Andalusia (Al-Andalus) became one of the greatest Islamic cities in the world.
	c. Umayyad caliphs based themselves in Spain from the 8th century to the 11th century.
	d. All of the above

Question 33

Which of the following statements is correct about the Abbasids?

Choose one answer.

	a. Their weakness led to the rise of the Umayyads.
	b. The Abbasid Caliphs presided over a multicultural empire where conversion was a relatively peaceful business.
	c. They favored Arab Muslims.
	d. The Abbasid caliphs were elected.

Question 34

Why is Islamic Spain sometimes described as a "golden age?"

Choose one answer.

	a. Because of the material wealth they encountered in Spain
	b. Because of the cultural, artistic, achievements, and religious tolerance
	c. Because of the advancement in the goldsmith trade
	d. None of the above

Question 35

Why were non-Muslims tolerated in Islamic Spain?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because Christians outnumbered Muslims, mass conversion or execution was not practical.
	b. Outlawing or controlling the beliefs of so many people would have been massively expensive.
	c. Passages in the Quran said that Christians and Jews should be tolerated if they obeyed certain rules.
	d. All of the above

Question 36

Why were the Umayyads called an Arab empire?

Choose one answer.

	a. They taxed the Arabs more than other Muslims.
	b. They privileged the Arab Muslims in the levels of the empire.
	c. Non-Arab Muslims respected their Arab genealogy.
	d. They pretend to come from an Arab background.

Question 37

For Westerners, what makes Quran a difficult text to appreciate, especially in translation?

Choose one answer.

	a. It is too long compared to Bible.
	b. Its organization looks puzzling as it does not follow a recognizable order.
	c. The content of it radically differs from The New and the Old Testament.
	d. The language is too mysterious to comprehend.

Question 38

Muslim scholars' contribution to science and technology includes which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Medicine
	b. Mathematics
	c. Astronomy
	d. All of the above

Question 39

The Hanbaliyya school, formed by Ahmad b. Hanbal, is officially recognized as authoritative in which Islamic country?

Choose one answer.

	a. Turkey
	b. Saudi Arabia
	c. Iran
	d. Syria

Question 40

What is Shari'a?

Choose one answer.

	a. Sayings and doings of Prophet Muhammad
	b. Literally it means "the way" of living as a believer
	c. Verses in the Quran
	d. Decisions by Islamic scholars

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT one of the four Sunni schools of jurisprudence?

Choose one answer.

	a. Malikiyya
	b. Shafi'iyya
	c. Jafariyya
	d. Hanafiyya

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT one of the Shi'a divisions?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Fivers
	b. The Seveners
	c. The Niners
	d. The Twelvers

Question 43

Which of the following is the main distinction between Sunni and Shi'a traditions?

Choose one answer.

	a. Shi'as believe that Ali was a prophet, while Sunnis do not believe this.
	b. Sunnis and Shias disagreed on who should be the leader of the Islamic community after Muhammad's death.
	c. Sunnis do not recognize the four rightly guided caliphs, while Shi'as recognize the caliphs.
	d. The main distinction between the two is theological in nature, not political.

Question 44

Which of the following is the most fundamental belief in Islam?

Choose one answer.

	a. The oneness of God
	b. Muhammad's divinity
	c. Significance of prayer
	d. None of the above

Question 45

Which of the following statements about Muslim jurists is false?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because there is no clergy or priesthood in Islam, no central authority hands out binding final judgments.
	b. Because the interpretation of Quran differs, so do opinions produced by Muslim jurists.
	c. If need be, jurists can overrule hadith or the Quran.
	d. Jurists derive their authority from the people who recognize them.

Question 46

Which of the following statements about the Hadith is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. It is the second most authoritative source in Islam.
	b. The Quran contains many hadiths.
	c. It is the exact words of God.
	d. None of the above

Question 47

Which of the following statements about the Quran is false?

Choose one answer.

	a. Muslims believe that it is the word of God.
	b. It is the ultimate source for the Islamic law.
	c. It was revealed to Muhammad and the rightly guided caliphs.
	d. The first revelation came to Muhammad through Archangel Gabriel.

Question 48

Which of the following statements about the Quran is correct?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Quran was issued from a mouth of a single person (Muhammad) as God's commands.
	b. The Quran is an interpretation of God's will by some scholars.
	c. The Quran immediately emerged in print and spread through oral tradition.
	d. The Quran was revealed only for those who did not have monotheistic beliefs.

Question 49

What religion did the Mongols practice prior to their advancement into southwest Asia?

Choose one answer.

	a. Islam
	b. Christianity
	c. Judaism
	d. None of the above

Question 50

What was the main reason for the fragile nature of the Crusader states?

Choose one answer.

	a. They did not mix with the locals and were always seen as enemy.
	b. They did not receive sufficient support from Europe.
	c. They were constantly threatened by the hostile surrounding states which drained their power.
	d. They were in fierce competition with each other.

Question 51

What was the principle objective of Pope Urban II's call for a Crusade in 1095?

Choose one answer.

	a. To heal the rift between the Roman and Byzantine Empires
	b. To drive the Turks out of Anatolia
	c. To conquer the Holy Land for Christendom
	d. None of the above

Question 52

Which of the following accurately compares the Mongol and Seljuk Empires?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mongols were nomadic; the Seljuks were not.
	b. They were both Turkish speakers.
	c. They both migrated from Central Asia.
	d. Mongols were Muslims prior to their arrival in Southwest Asia; the Seljuks were not.

Question 53

Which of the following caused the decline and collapse of the Seljuk Empire?

Choose one answer.

	a. Internal rivalry, which became very intense among the Seljuk princes in the 12th century, caused the empire's collapse.
	b. The Abbasids defeated the Seljuks soundly, and the Seljuks could not recover.
	c. Many revolts in Asia Minor drained the Seljuk Empire's treasury.
	d. Assassins killed many abled Seljuk rulers, which then caused a power vacuum.

Question 54

Which of the following is correct about the Mongols in the Middle East?

Choose one answer.

	a. They were defeated many times by the Muslim armies.
	b. They captured Baghdad in the 15th century by destroying the city.
	c. The Islamic world could not fully recover from the destruction caused by the Mongol invasion.
	d. The Mongols immediately converted to Islam.

Question 55

Which of the following is not a reason for the success of the Mongols in capturing and subduing territories in Southwest Asia?

Choose one answer.

	a. They were militarily superior to others, because their battle tactics grew out of their natural lifestyle.
	b. They developed remarkable ability to coordinate armies separated by great distances by using dispatch riders.
	c. Their religious belief in Buddhism enabled them to fight fearlessly.
	d. The Mongols were extremely ruthless in battle and displayed extraordinary military discipline.

Question 56

Which of the following is the most consequential Seljuk accomplishment?

Choose one answer.

	a. The defeat of the Byzantine army in 1071, hence opening the gates of the Christian heartland to Muslim invasions
	b. The total destruction of rival Turkic tribes in Central Asia
	c. The sound defeat of the Second Crusades
	d. None of the above

Question 57

Which of the following is the most significant effect of the Crusades?

Choose one answer.

	a. The final weakening of the Byzantine Empire
	b. Expulsion of the Turks from Anatolia
	c. Rise of the Mongols to counter the Crusades
	d. All of the above

Question 58

Which of the following statements about the Seljuk Turks is accurate?

Choose one answer.

	a. They were Persian speakers before they entered the Middle East.
	b. They were mainly nomads and were originally hired by the Islamic armies as mercenaries.
	c. They were Christians before they converted to Islam.
	d. All of the above

Question 59

Who was the Muslim general who recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusades?

Choose one answer.

	a. Saladdin
	b. Muhammad
	c. Sulaiman
	d. Nur al-Din

Question 60

Why is the entry of the Seljuk Turks into Western Asia considered one of the great epochs of world history?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because it added a third dominant ethnic group in the Islamic territories in addition to the Arabs and the Persians
	b. Because the Seljuks entered the Asia Minor by defeating the Christian Byzantine armies
	c. Because it triggered the Crusades
	d. All of the above

Question 61

On which continent did the Ottomans not have any territory?

Choose one answer.

	a. Europe
	b. Asia
	c. Africa
	d. None of the above

Question 62

Tsar Nicholas described the Ottoman Empire with which famous phrase in the 19th century?

Choose one answer.

	a. "Dead man walking"
	b. "Sick man of Europe"
	c. "Dying father of Islam"
	d. "Crippled patriarch of the East"

Question 63

What is the Ghazi in the Ottoman context?

Choose one answer.

	a. A band of warriors in the frontiers
	b. A form of tax collection
	c. An ethnic group living around the Aegean Sea
	d. Name of the first Ottoman capital city

Question 64

What was the Millet system in the Ottoman administration?

Choose one answer.

	a. The autonomy of Jewish and Christian citizens of the empire in their internal affairs
	b. The commercial activities of the non-Muslims within the empire
	c. The system of taxation for non-Muslims
	d. A system of military recruitment

Question 65

Which of the following accurately characterizes the Ottoman Empire in the 18th and the 19th centuries?

Choose one answer.

	a. Increasing internal weakness and deterioration in the machinery of government
	b. Sustained external pressure by the Great Powers
	c. Introduction of a Western mode of government in the form of constitutional monarchy
	d. All of the above

Question 66

Which of the following is correct about the rise of the Ottomans?

Choose one answer.

	a. They were a small frontier Seljuk principality before they became an empire.
	b. They first emerged in the Balkans and spread through Asia Minor.
	c. The ruling elite of the Ottomans were the Mongols.
	d. The empire was entirely on the Byzantine state tradition.

Question 67

Which of the following is correct about the "Young Turks?"

Choose one answer.

	a. Their government took over the empire after World War I.
	b. They were responsible for forcing the Sultan to declare the constitutional monarchy for the second time.
	c. They signed secret treaties with the Russians during World War I.
	d. They dethroned the Sultan after World War I.

Question 68

Which of the following is not a reason for the decline and collapse of the Ottoman Empire?

Choose one answer.

	a. Military and economic superiority of the Western powers
	b. The empire's inability to reform its institutions
	c. The rise of the Safavids in the East as a military and economic rival
	d. Rise of nationalism especially among the Christian population of the empire

Question 69

Which of the following is not one of the earlier stages of the Ottoman expansion?

Choose one answer.

	a. It began with the seasonal movements of Turcoman nomadic groups into the Byzantine coastal plains.
	b. It was intensified by the organization of small raiding groups for booty raids or for employment as mercenaries.
	c. It gradually had definite political and economic aims, in the regional struggle for supremacy in the Aegean and in the Balkans, the previously undirected thrusts of the war bands became focused on new goals.
	d. All of the above

Question 70

Which of the following statements about the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. It took place in the 16th century.
	b. Despite the magnitude of this event, the Byzantine Empire survived.
	c. The city became the new Ottoman capital.
	d. The entire population of the city was slaughtered.

Question 71

Which of the following was not an economic base for the early Ottomans?

Choose one answer.

	a. Stock raising
	b. Slave trade
	c. Pirating in the Mediterranean Sea.
	d. Carpet making

Question 72

Which Ottoman Sultan captured Constantinople?

Choose one answer.

	a. Sultan Sulaiman
	b. Sultan Mehmed II
	c. Sultan Murad
	d. Sultan Ahmad

Question 73

How did the Safavids begin?

Choose one answer.

	a. As a militant Sufi order
	b. As a pacifist religious movement
	c. As an intellectual movement centered on the madrasas
	d. As a rebellion to the Sunni overlords

Question 74

Western science, technology, and education methods were introduced in Persian under which Shah?

Choose one answer.

	a. Naser o Din
	b. Fath Ali
	c. Reza
	d. Muhammad

Question 75

Western travelers categorized Persian women in the Safavid era that they encountered in their writings. Which of the following is a category in their list?

Choose one answer.

	a. Prostitutes
	b. Those engaged in arts and crafts
	c. The married wives of those in the upper reaches of society
	d. All of the above

Question 76

What can be said about Persian paintings?

Choose one answer.

	a. Early Safavid painting combined the traditions of Timurid Herat and Turkoman Tabriz to reach its peak.
	b. Persian paintings were mainly miniatures drawn by artists in Herat and Bukhara.
	c. One of the main innovations of the Bukhara miniaturists was the introduction of plant and animal motifs in the margins of their miniatures.
	d. All of the above

Question 77

What is Shahnama?

Choose one answer.

	a. It is a census taken in the Safavid Empire.
	b. It is a "national epic of Persian kings."
	c. It is the Safavid code of law.
	d. None of the above

Question 78

What is the name of the most well-known illustrated book that deals with Persian Kings?

Choose one answer.

	a. Shahnama
	b. Baburnama
	c. Kashi
	d. Timurnama

Question 79

Which of the following is correct about Persia in the 19th and 20th centuries?

Choose one answer.

	a. Russia and Great Britain divided the country into sphere of influences for themselves.
	b. Great Britain forced the Shah to declare a constitution in the 19th century.
	c. France declared Persia as her protectorate before World War I.
	d. None of the above

Question 80

Which of the following is correct about the Safavid Empire?

Choose one answer.

	a. It is established in the 16th century.
	b. As a Shia empire, it became a significant rival to the Sunni Ottoman Empire.
	c. Its official language was Persian.
	d. All of the above

Question 81

Which of the following is incorrect about Persia-Europe relations?

Choose one answer.

	a. Qajar shahs and aristocrats deeply believed in Europe's superiority in civilization.
	b. Europe was influenced from Persia as much as the reverse, especially in the field of government.
	c. Qajar shahs invited European politicians, travelers, and artists to his court, and sent several groups of students to Europe to study.
	d. Abbas Mirza, a Qajar crown prince, reorganized the army based on the French military.

Question 82

Which of the following is not one of the dynasties that ruled Persia?

Choose one answer.

	a. Safavids
	b. Mughals
	c. Afsharids
	d. Zands

Question 83

Which representation of women does not exist in Safavid arts and poetry?

Choose one answer.

	a. Women are portrayed but placed in a space separate from that of the men.
	b. In the palace scenes, women attendants used to wear white headscarves and worked with men in two separate kitchens.
	c. The poets wrote of an ideal world of love, gardens, and princes, in which the women played a huge role.
	d. Many oil paintings by local artists depicted the daily lives of Safavid farmer women.

Question 84

Which statement describes the relationship between Persia and the European Powers the best?

Choose one answer.

	a. European Powers always bullied Persia for their own interests.
	b. Persia welcomed European intervention, seeing it as an effective way for modernization.
	c. Russia and Great Britain were united in their dealing with Persia.
	d. All of the above

Question 85

Which statement is incorrect about Persian culture under the Safavid Empire?

Choose one answer.

	a. Lifelong celibacy was an acceptable state, regarded as pureness.
	b. Divorce was available to both the male and the female, and remarriage was easy.
	c. Some women acquired power and wealth by being prostitutes, whose activities included singing and dancing, in addition to providing sexual gratification.
	d. Arranged marriages were usually done by an attorney between people of a compatible temperament and comparable social status.

Question 86

By the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th century, European imperialism was heavily felt in the Middle East. Which of the following events did not take place?

Choose one answer.

	a. Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798.
	b. Russian forces challenged Ottoman control of the Caucasus region and forced the Ottomans to open the Black Sea to international shipping.
	c. Russian and British forces challenged Iranian control of the Caspian Sea region and forced concessions from the Iranian government.
	d. Internal modernization and developments efforts funded by European investors helped the Ottoman and the Persian Empires recover from their economic dependence on Russia.

Question 87

In examining the Gulhane Decree, which one of the following cannot be concluded?

Choose one answer.

	a. It guaranteed all Ottoman subjects security for life, honor, and property.
	b. It established a regular system of assessing taxes.
	c. It regulated the Ottoman Empire's relations with England.
	d. It established a regular system of military conscription.

Question 88

What did the Faisal-Weizmann Agreement, signed in 1919, stipulate?

Choose one answer.

	a. That Arabs and Jews would be encouraged living side by side in Palestine
	b. That all necessary measures would be taken to stimulate immigration of Jews into Palestine on a large scale
	c. That the Zionist Organization would use its best efforts to assist the Arab State in providing the means for developing the natural resources and economic possibilities
	d. All of the above

Question 89

What is the main subject of the letter exchanged between Sir Henry McMahon and Sharif Husain?

Choose one answer.

	a. It is about negotiations between England and Sharif Husain as the leader of the Arabs for the formation of an Arab kingdom in exchange for a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire.
	b. It is a memorandum of understanding Indian Muslims' treatment in the British Empire.
	c. It is about a significant military intelligence obtained by the Arabs against the Ottoman Empire during World War I.
	d. None of the above

Question 90

Which European country did not militarily intervene on behalf of Greece in their rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century?

Choose one answer.

	a. England
	b. Germany
	c. France
	d. Russia

Question 91

Which Middle Eastern country predates World War I?

Choose one answer.

	a. Iran
	b. Iraq
	c. Jordan
	d. Israel

Question 92

Which of the following accurately describes a consequence of World War I in the Middle East?

Choose one answer.

	a. Modern boundaries of the Middle East emerged from the war
	b. The collapse of the Ottoman Empire, which ruled the area for 600 years before the war
	c. Europe's establishment of a permanent foothold in the Middle East
	d. All of the above

Question 93

Which of the following did not take place in the Middle East after World War I?

Choose one answer.

	a. Arab resistance movements emerged to challenge European dominance.
	b. European Powers wanted immediately to leave the area after realizing that governing the region was costly.
	c. The Zionist movement succeeded in creating the Israeli state.
	d. The Ottoman Empire was replaced by the Republic of Turkey.

Question 94

Which of the following is correct about Ottoman entry to World War I?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Sultan was encouraged by his Arab subjects to declare war against Great Britain.
	b. The Sultan issued a decree of jihad, calling on Muslims throughout the world to rally to the defense of the empire against the Triple Entente.
	c. The Ottomans first declared war against the German Empire.
	d. The Muslim bond played a significant role in Ottoman Empire's defeat of Germany.

Question 95

Which of the following is correct about the Rescript of Reform in 1856?

Choose one answer.

	a. It is written by the Ottoman parliament and promises a Western style of government in the Ottoman Empire.
	b. One of its main aims was to give equal rights to non-Muslim citizens of the empire.
	c. It declared the new regime as a constitutional monarchy.
	d. All of the above

Question 96

Which of the following is not an impact of Napoleon's invasion of Egypt?

Choose one answer.

	a. It triggered the subsequent British invasion of Egypt and laid the ground for the British protectorate.
	b. It caused the complete destruction of Mamluk patronage.
	c. It paved the way for the rise of Muhammad Ali.
	d. After this invasion, Egypt became independent.

Question 97

Which of the following is not one of the problems that independent Greece faced after 1830?

Choose one answer.

	a. Distribution of land to the Greeks after the formation of the state
	b. Dealing with 2.5 million Greeks living outside of Greece
	c. Interference of European Powers in her internal affairs
	d. Constant military threat of the Ottoman Empire

Question 98

Which of the following statements about the Sykes-Picot Agreement is incorrect?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was a secret understanding concluded in May 1916, during World War I, between Great Britain and France, with the assent of Russia, for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire.
	b. It led to the division of Turkish-held Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine into various French and British-administered areas.
	c. The agreement took its name from the area where it was signed.
	d. The agreement contradicted with some of the pledges given to Sharif Husain.

Question 99

Which of the following was an intention of France in invading Egypt?

Choose one answer.

	a. The original French plan was to seize Egypt as a colony.
	b. Napoleon wished to promote French culture in the Islamic lands.
	c. Egypt invited France to help them to get rid of the Ottoman control.
	d. France wanted to preempt a looming British invasion.

Question 100

Why is the imperial Gulhane Decree of 1839 considered one of the most significant documents in modern Middle Eastern history?

Choose one answer.

	a. It marks the beginning of a period in which the Ottoman Empire began introducing the Western style of government.
	b. After this imperial decree, the Ottoman Empire surrendered its sovereignty to Europe.
	c. It caused many uprisings and contributed to the collapse of the empire.
	d. None of the above