All of the following are a characteristic of the archaeological record for the Middle Helladic (MH) period EXCEPT:

	a. burnished monochrome Minyan pottery.
	b. large two-story “Corridor Houses.”
	c. longhouses (“Megarons”).
	d. cist and pit graves.

.

All of the following statements are true in regard to the Trojan War EXCEPT:

	a. Homer was an eye-witness to the events of the Trojan War.
	b. archaeologists consider the site of Troy VIIa to be the location for the action described in the Iliad.
	c. according to Homer, Mycenae was the capital of King Agamemnon’s kingdom.
	d. according to Homer, King Agamemnon led the Greek army into battle against the Trojans.

.

All of the following statements concerning Linear B are true EXCEPT:

	a. Linear B was principally a syllabic script in which signs represented syllables.
	b. Linear B as inscribed on clay tablets often refers to the wanax, which historians believe were a class of slaves or serfs.
	c. Linear B records an early form of the Greek language.
	d. Linear B was derived from Linear A.

.

When did the Mycenaean civilizations approximately start and end?

	a. c. 3000–2000 BCE
	b. c. 1600–1100 BCE
	c. c. 800–200 BCE
	d. c. 1200–1400 CE

.

Where was the Minoan civilization centered?

	a. The Cyclades
	b. Argolis
	c. The Peloponnesus
	d. The Island of Crete

.

Where was the Mycenaean civilization centered?

	a. The Peloponnesus
	b. The Cyclades
	c. The Island of Rhodes
	d. The Island of Crete

.

Which Aegean Bronze Age civilizations can be described as “palace cultures”?

	a. The Cycladic and Minoan civilizations
	b. The Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations
	c. The Mycenaean and Cycladic civilizations
	d. The Etruscan and Cycladic civilizations

.

Which early culture is associated most with the marble Keros-Syros folded arm figurines?

	a. The Cycladic civilization
	b. The Mycenaean civilization
	c. The Minoan civilization
	d. The Etruscan civilization

.

Which of the following best describes the function and purpose of the Palace of Knossos?

	a. A place of residence for the emperor
	b. A venue for entertainment
	c. An economic and political administrative center
	d. A vast temple for religious rituals

.

Who most likely took over and occupied the famous palace of Knossos c.1500 BCE?

	a. The Thracians
	b. The Cycladics
	c. The Etruscans
	d. The Mycenaeans

.

All of the following civilizations were a culture of the Aegean Bronze Age EXCEPT:

	a. the Etruscan civilization.
	b. the Cycladic civilization.
	c. the Minoan civilization.
	d. the Mycenaean civilization.

.

According to Professor Kagan, most historians agree that:

	a. the Homeric epics are entirely fictional and contain no reliable historical information.
	b. the Homeric epics provide us with evidence for Greek society in the Dark Ages.
	c. the Homeric epics provide accurate historical information mostly for the Mycenaean Bronze Age.
	d. the Homeric epics provide us mostly with evidence of Minoan society in the Aegean Bronze Age.

.

All of the following are evidence from the archaeological record for the unsettled nature of society in the LH IIIC period of the 12th century BCE EXCEPT:

	a. the appearance of refuge settlements in inaccessible places.
	b. the construction of numerous chamber tombs.
	c. the transformation of walled Mycenaean citadels into burial grounds.
	d. artists switching their medium from frescoes to vase painting.

.

All of the following statements concerning the Hoplite Phalanx are correct EXCEPT:

	a. soldiers in the Phalanx were only lightly armed.
	b. soldiers in the Phalanx engaged the enemy in individual duels.
	c. soldiers in the Phalanx fought in a tight formation, typically eight lines deep.
	d. the term Hoplite derives from the spear that soldiers carried into battle.

.

Based on the excerpt from Homer’s Iliad, which of the following was NOT characteristic of the ideal hero Achilles?

	a. Bravery in battle
	b. Humility
	c. Strong sense of personal honor
	d. Physical strength

.

During the Greek Dark Ages, the early Greek city-state or polis was ruled by a(n):

	a. military dictator.
	b. tyrant (“ruler who had seized power unconstitutionally”).
	c. basileus (“hereditary king”).
	d. oligarchy (“the rule of few”).

.

What does the story of Ares and Aphrodite in the excerpt from the Odyssey reveal about the Greeks’ ideas about their gods?

	a. Greeks viewed their deities primarily as morally perfect beings.
	b. Aphrodite was the goddess of wisdom and protector of warriors.
	c. Greek gods only concerned themselves with providing love and emotional support to human beings.
	d. Greek gods in their behavior often conducted themselves just like human beings.

.

Which culture greatly influenced the Greeks, particularly their alphabet?

	a. The Phoenicians
	b. The Romans
	c. The Etruscans
	d. The Latins

.

Which of the following best describes the god Zeus in Hesiod’s Theogony?

	a. Zeus emerged as king of the gods by overcoming his father and defeating various opponents.
	b. Zeus effortlessly created the universe by his command.
	c. Zeus was castrated by his own son Cronos.
	d. Zeus married Earth and begat the Titans.

.

Which of the following was a result of rapid population increase in Greece in the 8th century BCE?

	a. The rebuilding of the Minoan and Mycenaean palaces
	b. Greek colonies were founded in Sicily and Italy.
	c. Large scale immigration from the Near East abated and Greek artists thus rejected the artistic styles and motifs from the Near East and Egypt.
	d. The Greek city-state or polis arose primarily to serve as the location for royal officials who once again employed Linear B for record keeping purposes.

.

All of the following events are considered by scholars as a possible cause, or theory, for the fall of the Mycenaean culture EXCEPT:

	a. a Dorian in-migration or invasion.
	b. an overly stretched agricultural base that could not produce enough food to support the non-food-producing members of society.
	c. a volcanic explosion 100 miles from the island of Crete, which undermined their farming lands for decades.
	d. a series of attacks by less-developed, but well-armed, Mediterranean peoples like the Lycians, Sardinians, Tyrrhenians, and Sicilians.

.

According to Herodotus, in order to win the support of the townsfolk of Athens the tyrant Pisistratus:

	a. created many jobs by ordering the construction of the Coliseum.
	b. persuaded the Athenians to attack and sack the city of Syracuse.
	c. dressed a young tall woman in full armor and declared that she was the goddess Athena and was restoring him to power.
	d. arranged for heralds to arrive to declare that the oracle at Delphi had ordered the Athenians to accept him as tyrant.

.

According to Professor Kagan, what does the story of King Gyges’s ascent to the Lydian throne in Book One of Herodotus’s Histories tell us about the Greek view of tyranny?

	a. Tyrants promoted the expansion of cities.
	b. Tyrants fostered trade through the establishment of new colonies.
	c. Tyrants achieved political power through unconventional and untraditional means.
	d. Tyrants held on to power with the aid of foreign powers.

.

In Sparta, all men of the citizen class were required to:

	a. attend the local school, or Gymnasia, and study law.
	b. pay a tax to provide for assistance to poor, non-citizens.
	c. compete in the Olympic Games.
	d. receive military training as boys and live in military barracks until the age of 30.

.

In the Greek city-states in the Archaic Period, which of the following persons typically would support the rise of tyrants?

	a. A farmer serving in the Phalanx
	b. An aristocrat serving as a judge
	c. A slave working on a large estate
	d. An artisan working in a city

.

Of the following, who is considered to be the first Greek philosopher?

	a. Socrates
	b. Thales
	c. Plato
	d. Seneca

.

The Greek statesman Cleisthenes played a key role in the development of the Athenian political system because he:

	a. wrote the first written laws for Athens.
	b. introduced juries into the courts to try Athenian citizens.
	c. created the Boulé (Council) of 500.
	d. reformed the Athenian constitution, giving more power to the Archons.

.

Which of the following is a difference between Greek epic and lyric poetry?

	a. Lyric poetry was only performed orally and developed chronologically before the emergence of epic poetry which was largely written down.
	b. Lyric poetry took the form of long poems which recounted tales of ancient heroes as opposed to the short poems of epic poetry.
	c. Sappho and Archilochus were famous lyric poets whereas Homer was the preeminent epic poet.
	d. Lyric poetry, unlike epic poetry, was never a vehicle for the poet to express his or her personal emotions or experiences.

.

Which of the following is a major difference between the political systems of Athens and Sparta as they developed in the Archaic Period?

	a. Sparta was a very large city-state since it included the entire region of Attica.
	b. The number of citizens in Athens was much larger than in Sparta since in Athens all native born, free adult males were citizens.
	c. Athenian citizens exploited as slaves the population of the conquered region of Messene.
	d. The Athenian assembly elected Ephors to serve as judges.

.

Which of the following was typically the way a Greek tyrant in the Archaic Period seized power in the Greek city-state?

	a. Local aristocrats provided funds for an aspiring tyrant to overthrow the government using foreign mercenaries.
	b. Wealthy businessmen provided funds for an aspiring tyrant to overthrow the government using foreign mercenaries.
	c. A tyrant with the support of the urban proletariat would overthrow the government through street protests.
	d. A tyrant was often a successful military leader who won power with the support of the soldiers in the Hoplite Phalanx.

.

Who was Solon?

	a. An Athenian statesman and lawmaker, renowned for political, economic, and moral reforms in Archaic Athens
	b. An Athenian philosopher who wrote “De Re Publica” (“On the Republic”)
	c. An Athenian poet who wrote “De Nature Deorum” (“On the Nature of the Gods”)
	d. An Athenian general and war hero who fought king Xerxes in the Persian Wars

.

According to Pericles’s famous Funeral Oration in Book 2 of Thucydides’s work, all of the following were characteristics of the Athenians EXCEPT:

	a. pride in their empire and military achievements.
	b. fear of foreigners.
	c. enjoyment of feasts, games, and plenty.
	d. participation in the government by all citizens regardless of wealth or social status.

.

According to Thucydides, which Athenian politician persuaded the Athenian people to support a military expedition to Sicily during the Peloponnesian War?

	a. Alcibiades
	b. Cleisthenes
	c. Solon
	d. Pericles

.

In Herodotus’s account of the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BCE, what was the main reason for the Spartan defeat?

	a. The Persian army possessed superior armor and weapons.
	b. Massive frontal infantry attacks by the Persians simply overwhelmed the undermanned Spartan force.
	c. The Persian cavalry overran the Spartan infantry.
	d. A Greek traitor showed the Persians a mountain pass that enabled the Persian army to outflank and surround the Spartan army.

.

In Herodotus’s Histories, which Greek city-state commanded all Greek allied naval forces during the Persian invasion of 480–479 BCE?

	a. Sparta
	b. Thebes
	c. Athens
	d. Corinth

.

In Plato’s Theory of Forms, Plato emphasized the opposition between:

	a. a life of pleasure and a life of virtue.
	b. the nature of good and evil.
	c. the physical world of appearances and the intellectual world of ideas.
	d. the physical properties of earth and sky.

.

The original purpose of the Delian League was to drive the:

	a. Carthaginians out of Sicily.
	b. Spartans out of Attica.
	c. Gauls out of Italy.
	d. Persians out of the Greek cities of the Aegean region.

.

The Peloponnesian War, as recounted by the historian Thucydides, was fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. When did this war take place?

	a. 461–404 BCE
	b. 431–404 BCE
	c. 421–404 BCE
	d. 411–404 BCE

.

What did Socrates tell the Athenian jury at his trial, according to Plato in “The Apology”?

	a. Athenian democracy was corrupt.
	b. Sparta possessed a superior system of government.
	c. Athens must reject war and violence to achieve true happiness for its citizens.
	d. God had required him to question the people of Athens regarding their knowledge claims.

.

What was the outcome of the Thirty Years’ Peace Treaty, signed between the ancient Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta in 446–445 BCE?

	a. The end of the Persian Wars
	b. The end of the Trojan War
	c. The end of the First Peloponnesian War
	d. The end of the Second Peloponnesian War

.

What was the Peloponnesian League?

	a. A military coalition of Greek city-states formed in the 4th century BCE led by the city of Athens
	b. A military coalition of Greek city-states formed in the 6th century BCE led by the city of Sparta
	c. A trade coalition of Greek city-states formed in the 6th century BCE led by the city of Troy
	d. A trade coalition of Greek city-states formed in the 4th century BCE led by the city of Sparta

.

Which famous philosopher often presented his ideas in the form of dialogues in which the leading part was played by his former teacher Socrates?

	a. Diogenes
	b. Solon
	c. Lycurgus
	d. Plato

.

Which Greek city-state achieved hegemony in Greece due in part to its elite military force, the Sacred Band?

	a. Athens
	b. Macedon
	c. Corinth
	d. Thebes

.

Which Greek general led his forces to victory over Sparta and liberated the Helots of Messene?

	a. Artaxerxes
	b. Mausolus
	c. Epaminondas
	d. Lysander

.

Which of the following statements best describes the Delian League?

	a. It was an association of 127 Greek city-states under the leadership of the city of Delos.
	b. It was an association of 153 Greek city-states under the leadership of the city of Syracuse.
	c. It was an association of 137 Greek city-states under the leadership of the city of Sparta.
	d. It was an association of 173 Greek city-states under the leadership of the city of Athens.

.

Which of these polices conducted by Sparta stirred up anger and resentment among other Greek city-states at the conclusion of the Peloponnesian War?

	a. The installation of puppet governments in many Greek city-states
	b. The diversion of funds for the war against Persia into the Spartan treasury
	c. The drafting of soldiers from subject Greek city-states into the Spartan army
	d. The imposition of heavy tribute from subject Greek city-states

.

The Battle of Marathon (490 BCE) took place during which of the following wars?

	a. The Trojan War
	b. The Archidamian War
	c. The Peloponnesian Wars
	d. The Persian Wars

.

After Alexander III of Macedonia’s death, which dynasty ruled Macedonia between 306 and 168 BCE?

	a. The Seleucid Dynasty
	b. The Ptolemaic Dynasty
	c. The Attalid Dynasty
	d. The Antigonid Dynasty

.

Alexander III of Macedonia (356–323 BCE) was commonly known as:

	a. Alexander the Great.
	b. Alexander the Wise.
	c. Alexander the Elder.
	d. Alexander the Conqueror.

.

Alexander III of Macedonia developed a deep love and appreciation for Hellenic culture through his personal tutor:

	a. Aristotle.
	b. Plato.
	c. Pliny.
	d. Socrates.

.

Alexander III of Macedonia was the son of Macedonian King Philip II and Queen Olympias; however, he claimed to be the son of Zeus quite possibly to consolidate his position as ruler in which of the following countries?

	a. Babylonia
	b. Macedon
	c. Italy
	d. Egypt

.

For Seneca, an adherent of the famous Hellenistic school of Stoic philosophy, anger was:

	a. the most hideous and ruinous of emotions.
	b. a sign of strength.
	c. loved by the gods.
	d. in harmony with nature.

.

What is the name commonly used to refer to the military and political leaders who, after the death of Macedonian king and conqueror Alexander the Great, fought four full-scale wars for the control of Alexander’s empire?

	a. The Diadochi
	b. The Seleucids
	c. The Satraps
	d. The Parnis

.

Which king of Macedonia restored internal peace to his country and gained domination over all of Greece, laying the foundations for its expansion under his son?

	a. Philip I
	b. Philip II
	c. Alexander I
	d. Alexander II

.

Who conquered the Achaemenid Empire, commonly known as the Persian Empire, and when?

	a. Philip II of Macedonia in 331 BCE at the battle of Gaugamela
	b. Alexander III of Macedonia in 331 BCE at the battle of Gaugamela
	c. Philip II of Macedonia in 316 BCE at the battle of Xerxes
	d. Alexander III of Macedonia in 316 BCE at the battle of Xerxes

.

Who was Ptolemy I Soter (367–282 BCE)?

	a. A Macedonian general of Alexander the Great, who became ruler of Greece and founder of the Ptolemaic Dynasty
	b. A nobleman and friend of Alexander the Great, who became ruler of Macedonia and founder of the Ptolemaic Dynasty
	c. A friend and biographer of Alexander the Great, who became ruler of Syria and founder of the Ptolemaic Dynasty
	d. A Macedonian general of Alexander the Great, who became ruler of Egypt and founder of the Ptolemaic Dynasty

.

In antiquity, Greeks considered Macedonians as:

	a. not Greek.
	b. Greek.
	c. not civilized.
	d. not militarily advanced.

.

At the beginning of the Republic, Rome was ruled by two magistrates elected to the office for one year. The historian Polybius noted that these officials represented the monarchal element in the Roman Constitution. What was their official title?

	a. Censors
	b. Praetors
	c. Quaestors
	d. Consuls

.

At the end of the 6^th and beginning of the 5^th centuries, the Etruscans suffered several crises from which they never fully recovered and would eventually lead to their demise. Which of the following events DID NOT directly affect the Etruscan civilization at this time?

	a. The expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome (509 BCE)
	b. King Xerxes I of Persia marches from Sardis and into Thrace (480 BCE)
	c. Hieron I of Syracuse’s attack on the Etruscan fleet off Cumae (474 BCE)
	d. The Umbro-Sabellian tribes’ move from the interior towards the coast

.

In early Roman history, the monarch was given the authority to command and expect obedience. Later in the Republic, certain elected officials were given this same power, which is called:

	a. magisterium.
	b. praetorium.
	c. imperium.
	d. regnum.

.

In the early Roman Republic, the consuls summoned and presided over the:

	a. Plebeian Assembly.
	b. Centuriate Assembly.
	c. 10 Tribunes.
	d. Hoplite Assembly.

.

In the pre-Roman period, what was the main function of the Greek colonies along the coast of Southern Italy?

	a. As farming communities
	b. As military outposts
	c. As trading stations
	d. As fishing communities

.

Romulus and Remus are the two central figures of which traditional myth?

	a. The founding of the city of Rome
	b. The conquest of the Etruscans
	c. The creation of the Roman pantheon
	d. The discovery of iron

.

Social and political conflict within the Roman Republic led ultimately to a power-sharing partnership between the patricians and the:

	a. Carthaginians.
	b. Phoenicians.
	c. Hoplites.
	d. plebeians.

.

The Etruscans lived in independent, fortified city-states, just like early Rome. How, as also in the case of Rome, were these city-states ruled?

	a. First by monarchs and later by dictators
	b. First by monarchs and later by oligarchies
	c. First by democracies and later by tyrannies
	d. First by dictators and later by democracies

.

The growing strength of the plebeians was expressed in the establishment of which political office?

	a. Equites
	b. Pontifex Maximus
	c. Consul
	d. Tribune

.

In the pre-Roman period, what is the name used to describe the group of ancient Greek cities along the coast of southern Italy?

	a. Magna Italia
	b. Magna Graecia
	c. Sybaris
	d. Rhegium

.

According to the historian Appian what event initiated the war between Rome and Antiochus III?

	a. Roman armies invaded Syria.
	b. Antiochus led his army into Sicily.
	c. Antiochus led his armies into Greece.
	d. Roman armies invaded Asia Minor.

.

According to the historian Plutarch, all of the following were reasons for the victory of Rome over King Perseus of Macedon EXCEPT:

	a. Roman soldiers were superior to the Macedonian troops in terms of training and courage.
	b. Perseus alienated his allies due to his greed.
	c. Aemilius Paulus, the Roman general, was an experienced and daring military leader.
	d. At the decisive Battle of Pydna in 168 BCE, King Perseus abandoned his own men on the field as a result of cowardice or an alleged injury.

.

Each of the following was a result of the Samnite Wars EXCEPT:

	a. the defeated Samnites became allies, or Socii, of Rome.
	b. Rome won domination of the Eastern Mediterranean region.
	c. Rome constructed the Via Appia.
	d. Rome strengthened its military forces by adopting Samnite military tactics.

.

Fill in the blank: Shortly after the Battle of Cannae in 216 BCE, Hannibal made an alliance with ____________ against Rome as recorded by the historian Polybius.

	a. Antiochus III of Syria
	b. Philip V of Macedon
	c. Ptolemy IV of Egypt
	d. Hiero II of Syracuse

.

Fill in the blanks: The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought from 264 to 146 BCE by _________________ and __________________.

	a. Rome, Macedonia
	b. Rome, the Etruscans
	c. Rome, Carthage
	d. Rome, Sparta

.

The First Punic War (264–241 BCE) began over what state would dominate which of these areas?

	a. North Africa
	b. Sicily
	c. Northwestern Italy
	d. Northeastern Italy

.

The soldiers of the Roman army during the early Republic were largely:

	a. mercenaries.
	b. conscripted from subject nations.
	c. citizen militia.
	d. slaves.

.

What was the end result of the Punic Wars (264–146 BCE)?

	a. Rome defeated Carthage, becoming the dominant power in the Mediterranean.
	b. Rome defeated Carthage but failed to become the dominant power in the Mediterranean.
	c. Carthage defeated Rome, becoming the dominant power in the western Mediterranean.
	d. Carthage defeated Rome, becoming the dominant power in the eastern Mediterranean.

.

Which of the following peoples sacked Rome in 390 BCE causing great humiliation and inspiring the Romans to strengthen their military?

	a. Carthaginians
	b. Macedonians
	c. Cimbri
	d. Gauls

.

The Roman conquest of Italy began in 509 BCE. Who did the Romans ally with to launch their attack against the Etruscans?

	a. The Greeks
	b. Other Latins and the Greeks
	c. Other Latins
	d. The Phoenicians

.

All of the following were problems facing the Roman Republic at the time of the Gracchi EXCEPT:

	a. the Roman army was understaffed.
	b. large estates, or latifundia, were worked by slaves and owned by Senatorial families.
	c. there had been massive slave rebellions.
	d. many Roman citizens had been sold as slaves to pay off their large debts.

.

As a great general, Gaius Marius is credited with making the Roman Army both more professional and:

	a. dependent on the patricians.
	b. isolated from civilian control.
	c. reliant on German mercenaries.
	d. internally divided.

.

As chronicled in Plutarch’s biography, the Roman Republic first began to recruit landless men into the Roman army during the war against:

	a. Jugurtha of Numidia.
	b. Cleopatra of Egypt.
	c. Mithridates of Pontus.
	d. Perseus of Macedon.

.

As recounted by the historian Plutarch, which of the following was the location of the decisive battle in which the army of Julius Caesar defeated their rivals under the command of Pompey?

	a. Philippi
	b. Pharsalus
	c. Zama
	d. Cannae

.

In 46 BCE, Caesar was appointed dictator for 10 years and given imperium over the Roman Empire. Two years later Caesar declared himself:

	a. consul.
	b. praetor.
	c. quaestor.
	d. dictator for life.

.

In the biographies of Plutarch, which of these pairs of Roman politicians did NOT oppose each other in Rome’s civil wars?

	a. Marius and Sulla
	b. Aemilius Paulus and Scipio Africanus
	c. Octavian and Antony
	d. Julius Caesar and Pompey

.

Marcus Junius Brutus (85–42 BCE) was one of the leaders of the assassination conspiracy against Julius Caesar. What happened to Brutus after Caesar’s death?

	a. He was assassinated by Caesar’s supporters.
	b. He was pardoned, thanks to an amnesty for the assassins by the Senate.
	c. He was condemned to exile.
	d. He spent the rest of his life in prison in Attica.

.

The army of Julius Caesar became loyal to Octavian because:

	a. Julius Caesar was Octavian’s father.
	b. Julius Caesar was Octavian’s best friend.
	c. Julius Caesar was Octavian’s great-uncle and adopted father.
	d. Julius Caesar was Octavian’s uncle.

.

The First Triumvirate (60 BCE) was established to politically oppose the:

	a. Populares in the Plebian Assembly.
	b. Optimates in the Roman Senate.
	c. Helots in the Ekklesia.
	d. Tyrants in the Council of 500.

.

Which of the following statements concerning the Optimates is CORRECT?

	a. They strongly supported Julius Caesar in his bid to become consul in 60 BCE.
	b. They were behind the Catiline Conspiracy.
	c. They supported Sulla over Marius in the Civil War.
	d. They fell from power after the fall of the Gracchi.

.

Who formed the Second Triumvirate (43 BCE)?

	a. Marc Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian
	b. Marc Antony, Lepidus, and Pompey
	c. Pompey, Lepidus, and Octavian
	d. Lepidus, Octavian, and Crassus

.

What did brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus propose that met with violent opposition in the Senate?

	a. To pass legislation to help the landless and small farmers
	b. To pass legislation to help large landowners
	c. To pass legislation to increase the power of the Senate
	d. To pass legislation to limit the power of the Senate

.

According to the historian Cassius Dio, the Emperor Commodus:

	a. was an excellent general who devoted much time to waging war against barbarian tribes.
	b. wasted his time in chariot races and gladiatorial combats.
	c. devoted his reign to the construction of public buildings, such as the Coliseum.
	d. conquered Dacia and added it as a province of the Empire.

.

Augustus had a great military mind. One of his greatest military reforms was the substitution of the republican armies, which were raised for specific campaigns, with a(n):

	a. armed citizen militia.
	b. reservist.
	c. legion.
	d. regular standing army.

.

Between 69 and 96 CE, which Roman dynasty initiated economic and cultural reforms, such as a massive building program, to restore the Roman Empire’s finances and, as a result, became the most popular of all imperial dynasties?

	a. The Julio-Claudian Dynasty
	b. The Nerva-Antonian Dynasty
	c. The Flavian Dynasty
	d. The Antonine Dynasty

.

Emperor Hadrian put a lot of emphasis on construction projects. Over which famous construction project did he preside?

	a. The Arch of Triumph
	b. The Altar of Peace
	c. The construction of the Coliseum
	d. The protective wall of northern England

.

Emperor Nero – Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus – (37–68 CE) was the last emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. According to the historian Tacitus, what was he infamous for?

	a. His great military mind and his expansionist foreign policy
	b. His perverse mind and his persecution of Christians
	c. His artistic mind and his patronage of the arts
	d. His religious beliefs and his patronage of the Roman church

.

The Year of the Four Emperors after the fall of the Emperor Nero was recounted by the historian Suetonius and was a year in Roman history in which emperors Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian ruled in succession. When did this occur?

	a. 39 CE
	b. 49 CE
	c. 59 CE
	d. 69 CE

.

Under which Roman emperor did the empire span the greatest amount of territory?

	a. Hadrian
	b. Nerva
	c. Trajan
	d. Marcus Aurelius

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Which collective name was used to refer to emperors Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius?

	a. The Five Warrior Emperors
	b. The Five Wise Emperors
	c. The Five Bad Emperors
	d. The Five Good Emperors

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Which of the following best describes the Roman historian Tacitus’s view of the Christians who were persecuted by Rome in 64 CE?

	a. He sympathized with the Christians and praised their beliefs.
	b. He fully supported the actions of the Roman government.
	c. He criticized the Roman government for being too easy on the Christians.
	d. He disapproved of the severe treatment of the Christians by the state, but he considered the Christians’ beliefs to be superstition.

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Which of the following was NOT an office, power, or honorary title held by Augustus and subsequent Roman emperors?

	a. Procurator
	b. Princeps Senatus
	c. Maius Imperium
	d. Pontifex Maximus

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Which of the following was the ultimate basis for the power of the emperor under the Principate?

	a. The support of a loyal army
	b. Powers granted to the Emperor by the Roman Senate
	c. Hereditary succession to the throne
	d. Ownership of vast amounts of land and slaves

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In the arts, the rule of Augustus is considered to be a:

	a. golden age.
	b. dark period.
	c. transitional period.
	d. neutral period.

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