HIST302-FinalExam-Answers

Basil I did which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Introduced Islam into the Byzantine Empire
	b. Oversaw a resurgence of Byzantine power and wealth
	c. Reconquered the Western Roman Empire
	d. Converted Western Europe to Christianity

Question 2

Procopius of Caesarea said that the sack of Rome in 410 had which of the following effects?

Choose one answer.

	a. It allowed the emergence of rival claimants to the imperial throne.
	b. It led to the destruction of the entire city.
	c. It led to the fall of the Roman state religion.
	d. It led to the German Invasion of North Africa.

Question 3

The Council of Nicaea:

Choose one answer.

	a. Stressed monotheism as an essential element of Christianity.
	b. Standardized the method of calculating the date of Easter.
	c. Created a simple statement of faith for Christians.
	d. All of the above

Question 4

What did Pliny think made Rome a great city?

Choose one answer.

	a. The amount of territory it conquered
	b. Its governmental system
	c. Its buildings and public works
	d. Its religious system

Question 5

What was first major Muslim victory in the conquest of Iberia (Spain)?

Choose one answer.

	a. Kerbela in 680
	b. Tours in 732
	c. Talus in 751
	d. Jerez de la Frontera in 711

Question 6

What were the Byzantine “themes”?

Choose one answer.

	a. A series of legal texts
	b. Wars fought in the Balkans
	c. Offices formed to deal with plague in the Byzantine Empire
	d. Administrative divisions within the Byzantine Empire

Question 7

What/who was Constantinople?

Choose one answer.

	a. The site of a major battle between the Romans and the Egyptians
	b. The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire
	c. A Roman emperor who conquered Greece
	d. A Germanic tribe

Question 8

Which of the following is a date that historians have proposed for the fall of the Roman Empire?

Choose one answer.

	a. 395 C.E.
	b. 476 C.E.
	c. 1453 C.E.
	d. All of the above.

Question 9

Why did Justinian create his law code?

Choose one answer.

	a. He wanted to clarify existing Roman law.
	b. He wanted to replace old Roman law with a new set of laws.
	c. Rome had no laws before Justinian.
	d. He wanted to introduce elements of Germanic law to the body of Roman law.

Question 10

Why were icons so important to Eastern Orthodox Christianity?

Choose one answer.

	a. They showed off imperial wealth.
	b. They reinforced religious belief.
	c. They led to an increase in trade.
	d. They warded off the Persians.

Question 11

Which of the following did Constantine I do?

Choose one answer.

	a. He became baptized as a Christian early in his reign.
	b. He favored Christians in the Roman government.
	c. He legalized Christianity.
	d. He made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire.

Question 12

How did Pepin rise to the Frankish throne?

Choose one answer.

	a. He cut a deal with the pope.
	b. He conquered the Muslims.
	c. He inherited it from his uncle.
	d. He bribed major nobles to vote for him.

Question 13

Slavic tribes reached the Baltic Sea and were in contact with the Franks by what period?

Choose one answer.

	a. The late 300s
	b. The early 700s
	c. The late 500s
	d. It is unknown.

Question 14

The "Rule of St. Benedict" does which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Sets a daily schedule for monks
	b. States what monks are allowed to eat
	c. States what monks are allowed to wear
	d. All of the above

Question 15

What did the missi dominici do?

Choose one answer.

	a. They copied religious texts in monasteries.
	b. They elected the emperor.
	c. They made sure that people followed Charlemagne's laws.
	d. They built a cathedral at Aachen.

Question 16

What does the story of Rollo of Normandy illustrate about feudal government?

Choose one answer.

	a. That the king enjoyed absolute power over it.
	b. That it was elective.
	c. That it led to religious reforms.
	d. That occasionally, vassals had more power than their lords.

Question 17

What was feudalism based upon?

Choose one answer.

	a. The rise of towns and commercial centers
	b. Military and political relationships between nobles
	c. Peasant demands for more rights
	d. The absolute power of kings

Question 18

Which of the following did Charlemagne use to unify his empire?

Choose one answer.

	a. A single currency, official language, and religion
	b. Toleration for a variety of religions
	c. Hatred of the Byzantine Empire
	d. None of these

Question 19

Which of the following does the Petrine Doctrine support?

Choose one answer.

	a. The belief that the pope is the head of the Catholic Church
	b. The Holy Roman Emperor's right to make laws
	c. Italy's independence from the Holy Roman Empire
	d. The building of monasteries

Question 20

Which of the following factors led to the rise of Frankish power?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Franks’ devotion to monasticism and their control over Anglo-Saxon England
	b. The Franks’ methods of expansion and their distance from Muslims and the Eastern Empire
	c. The Franks’ advanced military technology
	d. The Franks’ highly structured legal system and high levels of education

Question 21

Why did Charlemagne call his kingdom the Holy Roman Empire?

Choose one answer.

	a. He wanted to make it clear that his kingdom included more than just the Franks.
	b. He wanted to take advantage of the prestige of the lost Western Roman Empire.
	c. He wanted to capitalize on his relationship with the Catholic Church.
	d. All of the above

Question 22

Which of the following was Theodoric trying to accomplish in his "Letters"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Convince the Germans to kill all the Romans
	b. Raise an army
	c. Improve the city of Rome
	d. Open diplomatic ties with the Persians

Question 23

How was the Venetian doge chosen?

Choose one answer.

	a. He was appointed by the pope.
	b. He inherited the office.
	c. He was elected.
	d. He was appointed by the emperor.

Question 24

What agricultural changes led to a rise in population in the eleventh century?

Choose one answer.

	a. New types of crops and the use of a heavier plow
	b. New types of fertilizer and new types of crops
	c. The removal of taxes on farming
	d. The enclosure of fields to create more pasturage for animals

Question 25

What led to conflict between Gregory VII and Henry IV?

Choose one answer.

	a. Questions over control of lands conquered by the crusaders
	b. Lay investiture
	c. Payment of tithes to the church
	d. Henry's marital problems

Question 26

What two major factors led to the rise of towns in the eleventh and twelfth centuries?

Choose one answer.

	a. A need for protection and the Carolingian reforms
	b. The investiture controversy and an increase in population
	c. The Crusades and royal influence
	d. An increase in population and a rise in long-distance trade

Question 27

What was the main goal of most individual crusaders?

Choose one answer.

	a. To get rich
	b. To kill Muslims
	c. An act of personal penance or self-sanctification
	d. None of the above

Question 28

What was “simony”?

Choose one answer.

	a. A type of government popular in northern Italian towns
	b. The buying and selling of church offices
	c. The legal code of the Catholic Church
	d. None of the above

Question 29

Which of the following were among the causes of the First Crusade?

Choose one answer.

	a. Religious reform movements and interest in pilgrimages
	b. Desire for wealth and land in western Asia
	c. Fear that the Byzantine Empire might fall
	d. All of the above

Question 30

Which statement best describes the relationship between guilds and town governments?

Choose one answer.

	a. The guilds had no role in town government.
	b. The guilds ran the governments of the towns.
	c. The guilds provided only mid-level bureaucrats for town governments.
	d. The guilds provided advice to urban officials but had no other role in the government of towns.

Question 31

Why did the Fourth Crusade fail?

Choose one answer.

	a. The crusaders invaded Egypt instead of Palestine.
	b. The emperor fought with the pope over how to organize the crusade.
	c. The Venetians convinced the crusaders to conquer Constantinople instead of Jerusalem.
	d. The crusaders laid siege to Jerusalem but could not breach its walls.

Question 32

Why did William of Aquitaine found Cluny?

Choose one answer.

	a. To reform the relationship between monasteries and secular authorities
	b. To gain tax money
	c. To ensure that his son would be elected pope
	d. To end the investiture controversy

Question 33

What does the "Domesday Book" show us about William I?

Choose one answer.

	a. That he wanted the English to convert to Christianity.
	b. That his primary interest was in the wealth of England.
	c. That he was still fighting wars to control his new kingdom.
	d. That he tried to reform the judicial system.

Question 34

According to the chronicle of Gerald of Wales, what began the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland?

Choose one answer.

	a. A dynastic dispute among the Irish
	b. Desire to convert Ireland to Christianity
	c. Desire to stop Irish raids on England
	d. All of the above

Question 35

According to the Primary Chronicle, Kiev converted to Christianity after _____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. It was conquered by Byzantium
	b. Prince Vladimir conquered the city of Kherson
	c. Prince Vladimir traveled to Byzantium
	d. Prince Vladimir was miraculously cured of blindness

Question 36

Casimir the Great re-wrote the Polish law code in order to ___________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Enhance the power of the nobility
	b. Increase royal power
	c. Protect Jews
	d. Provide better justice for the less powerful

Question 37

The Mongols’ main objective in their invasion of Europe was ______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. To control the Hungarian plains
	b. To sack Rome
	c. To conquer Poland
	d. To plunder Christian churches

Question 38

What type of government did medieval Novgorod have?

Choose one answer.

	a. Rule by a prince
	b. A republic ruled by merchant elite
	c. A popular democracy
	d. None of the above

Question 39

What types of scholars did King Alfonso the Wise of Castile especially encourage?

Choose one answer.

	a. Christian
	b. Muslim
	c. Jewish
	d. All of the above

Question 40

What was one purpose of the Gelnhausen Charter?

Choose one answer.

	a. To limit the abuses committed by powerful feudal lords
	b. To limit the power of the emperor
	c. To increase the power of the Church
	d. None of the above

Question 41

Which of the following was NOT a motive of urban rebellions in the Middle Ages?

Choose one answer.

	a. To stop abuses of power by urban elites
	b. To restrict feudal powers over cities
	c. The desire to change an unjust social order
	d. To obtain new rights

Question 42

Who was allowed to be a member of the medieval English parliament?

Choose one answer.

	a. Noblemen
	b. Knights
	c. Representatives of cities
	d. All of the above

Question 43

________ was/were able to grant rights to medieval French towns.

Choose one answer.

	a. The Pope
	b. The bishops
	c. The nobility
	d. None of the above

Question 44

What was the primary goal of the barons who succeeded at encouraging King John to sign the Magna Carta?

Choose one answer.

	a. To create a parliamentary democracy
	b. To limit the power of the kings over the nobility
	c. To create a constitutional monarchy
	d. To increase royal power

Question 45

Arched windows and flying buttresses are characteristics of what style of architecture?

Choose one answer.

	a. Romanesque
	b. Gothic
	c. Islamic
	d. Byzantine

Question 46

How did the three-field system benefit medieval agriculture?

Choose one answer.

	a. It allowed more land to be cultivated
	b. It did not exhaust the soil as much
	c. It used labor more efficiently
	d. All of the above

Question 47

Scholasticism was based upon the philosophy of which of the following ancient thinkers?

Choose one answer.

	a. Plato
	b. Marcus Aurelius
	c. Xenophon
	d. Aristotle

Question 48

The term “Mystery Play” derives from ____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Secular theater
	b. Religious rites
	c. Pagan practices
	d. The Latin term “ministerium” or “act”

Question 49

What best characterized early medieval liturgical music?

Choose one answer.

	a. Use of pipe organs
	b. Plain chant
	c. A wide variety of instruments
	d. None of the above

Question 50

What best characterized the Church’s stance on the study of astrology?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was prohibited
	b. It was allowed without restrictions
	c. The Church had no stance on astrology
	d. Deterministic models of astrology that denied moral choice were forbidden

Question 51

Where were the earliest medieval universities?

Choose one answer.

	a. On royal estates
	b. In monasteries
	c. In the countryside
	d. In urban centers

Question 52

Which of the following best describes “The Song of Roland”?

Choose one answer.

	a. An epic poem loosely based on historical events
	b. A historical account of a battle
	c. A story meant to illustrate Christian theology
	d. None of the above

Question 53

Who granted universities the right to control exams and license instructors?

Choose one answer.

	a. The local bishop
	b. The king
	c. The Pope
	d. The leaders of the city

Question 54

Why did medieval historians once consider the stirrup one of the most significant medieval technologies?

Choose one answer.

	a. It helped knights get into the saddle easier
	b. It helped start feudalism
	c. It made infantry an important part of medieval armies
	d. All of the above

Question 55

Why was the heavy plow a significant technology?

Choose one answer.

	a. It allowed better farming in heavy soils of Northern Europe
	b. It was useful in sandy, rock soils
	c. It required little skilled labor to use
	d. None of the above

Question 56

Which developments defined the twelfth century renaissance?

Choose one answer.

	a. Scholasticism, Gothic architecture, and romance literature
	b. Humanist philosophy and realism in art
	c. The extension of Greek language and Platonic philosophy
	d. The rise of the Holy Roman Empire and monastic education

Question 57

After the fall of Constantinople, what region did the Ottoman Turks dominate?

Choose one answer.

	a. Asia Minor
	b. The Balkans
	c. The Eastern Mediterranean
	d. All of the above

Question 58

How did mendicant friars differ from monks?

Choose one answer.

	a. They never became priests.
	b. They rejected the authority of bishops.
	c. They primarily appealed to the urban middle classes.
	d. They rejected poverty.

Question 59

The Battle of Grunwald in 1410 _________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Was the largest battle of the Middle Ages
	b. Marked the end of the Teutonic Knights, a crusading order
	c. Demonstrated the rising power of late medieval monarchies
	d. All of the above

Question 60

The medieval church defined doctrinal heresy as __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Any belief that opposed the Biblical and apostolic tradition of the Church.
	b. Any practice that differed from that of the Catholic Church.
	c. Over preaching.
	d. Loss of membership.

Question 61

What did medieval Catholics believe about saints?

Choose one answer.

	a. That only people mentioned in the Bible could be saints
	b. That they could intercede on behalf of the living
	c. That they could not act in the world of the living
	d. That they were gods

Question 62

What was the original purpose of the medieval inquisition?

Choose one answer.

	a. To force Jews to convert to Christianity
	b. To convince people to go on crusade
	c. To combat heresy
	d. To extend papal control over urban centers

Question 63

Which of the following methods did the Fourth Lateran Council propose to eradicate heretical movements?

Choose one answer.

	a. Launching crusades
	b. Having secular authorities set up law courts to try accused heretics
	c. Founding new educational institutions
	d. Forcing accused heretics to become monks

Question 64

Why did Peter of Blois advise Eleanor of Aquitaine not to divorce Henry II?

Choose one answer.

	a. He thought that it would set a bad example for the English.
	b. He wanted them to have children.
	c. He said that the pope had refused a divorce.
	d. He worried that their divorce would destroy the kingdom.

Question 65

What did medieval Catholics believe about the sacraments?

Choose one answer.

	a. That they brought people luck.
	b. That they were necessary for salvation.
	c. That they were created by priests to control peasants.
	d. That they could be changed to fit new circumstances.

Question 66

According to Giovanni Boccaccio, how did the Florentines react to the Black Death?

Choose one answer.

	a. They abandoned their families
	b. They indulged themselves in all sorts of luxury
	c. They left the city
	d. All of the above

Question 67

According to Lynn Nelson, which of the following served as (a) new base(s) of monarchical power in the fifteenth century?

Choose one answer.

	a. Divine right
	b. New types of taxation and control of national churches
	c. Ethical actions
	d. Subservience to the papacy

Question 68

What caused the Great Papal Schism of 1377-1417?

Choose one answer.

	a. The appointment of a new pope by the Holy Roman Emperor
	b. Two papal elections held by the same group of cardinals
	c. England's insistence upon having an English pope
	d. The Black Death

Question 69

What development does the "The Outrage of Anagni" demonstrate?

Choose one answer.

	a. Increasing hostility between the English and the French
	b. Economic revival following the Black Death
	c. The decline of papal power and the rise of secular power
	d. The introduction of scholasticism into the universities

Question 70

What did Charles IV's "Golden Bull" do?

Choose one answer.

	a. Ended the investiture controversy
	b. Standardized the method of election of the Holy Roman Emperor
	c. Ended the Hundred Years' War
	d. Launched the inquisition

Question 71

What long-term effect did the Black Death have on peasants?

Choose one answer.

	a. It strengthened their bonds of feudalism
	b. It caused many to abandon the Church
	c. It made their labor more valuable and increased wages
	d. None of the above

Question 72

What was the primary cause of the Hundred Years' War?

Choose one answer.

	a. Conflict over territory in Italy
	b. The failure of the later crusades
	c. Conflict over long-distance trade
	d. Conflict over control of the French crown

Question 73

Who were the Ciompi?

Choose one answer.

	a. French peasants
	b. English nobles
	c. Florentine cloth workers
	d. Venetian guild members

Question 74

Who were the flagellants?

Choose one answer.

	a. A group of Muslim heretics
	b. Members of popular religious movement who whipped themselves
	c. A group of plague victims
	d. None of the above

Question 75

Why did some medieval people criticize the Avignon Papacy?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because they thought that it was too lenient on heretics
	b. Because, during this period, the priests stopped performing the sacraments in all of Europe
	c. Because, during this period, the Holy Roman Emperor took firm control of the Church
	d. Because they thought that it was too concerned about wealth instead of religion

Question 76

According to Caroline Walker Bynum, what problems did the Catholic hierarchy have with late medieval miracle stories?

Choose one answer.

	a. The stories convinced people to convert to Islam
	b. The stories provided alternative forms of religious authority
	c. The stories primarily took place in Scandinavia
	d. The stories denied the basic Christian belief in monotheism

Question 77

Which of the following was a major effect of the Black Death?

Choose one answer.

	a. Growth in the European economy
	b. Peasant and worker revolts
	c. The introduction of the three-field crop rotation system
	d. The rise of towns

Question 78

According to Thomas Laqueur, what major political innovation did the Italian renaissance introduce?

Choose one answer.

	a. Representative government and general elections
	b. The concept of the "state" as an independent actor
	c. Theocracy
	d. Common law

Question 79

According to Thomas Laqueur, who was involved in the Italian renaissance?

Choose one answer.

	a. The menial workers in the urban centers
	b. Peasant men who stayed on the manors after the Black Death
	c. Urban elite males
	d. Men and women from the traditional European nobility

Question 80

In what year did the French invade Italy?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1430
	b. 1453
	c. 1494
	d. 1525

Question 81

What did Francesco Petrarch think of ancient Greek and Roman authors?

Choose one answer.

	a. He thought that they were unforgivable pagans and that their works should be destroyed
	b. He considered them ideal models of behavior for his contemporaries
	c. He thought that they were pompous
	d. He considered them inferior to his contemporaries

Question 82

What did Machiavelli believe about monarchs?

Choose one answer.

	a. That they must be harsh and unforgiving.
	b. That they must be elected.
	c. That they should try to make their people love them.
	d. That they should be truly religious.

Question 83

What led to the economic revival of the fifteenth century?

Choose one answer.

	a. Agricultural revival and the rise of banking systems
	b. Wealth won in wars in North Africa
	c. New markets in the revived Byzantine Empire
	d. None of the above

Question 84

What was Desiderius Erasmus' opinion of the Catholic Church?

Choose one answer.

	a. He condemned it completely.
	b. He advocated reform of the activities and morality of the clergy.
	c. He wanted it to rely less on the Bible.
	d. He thought that it should reject religious art.

Question 85

What was the most important effect of the Northern renaissance?

Choose one answer.

	a. The use of Cicero in northern European universities
	b. The condemnation of Erasmus by Catholic authorities
	c. The extension of Roman architectural forms into England
	d. The development of religious ideas that led to the Protestant Reformation

Question 86

What was the most important political entity of early Renaissance Italy?

Choose one answer.

	a. The independent city-state
	b. The Monarchy
	c. An imperial possession
	d. None of the above

Question 87

Which developments defined the Italian renaissance?

Choose one answer.

	a. The rise of universities, scholastic philosophy, and troubadour lyrics
	b. Attempts to copy northern European intellectual movements
	c. Humanist philosophy and realism in art
	d. Monastic education and copying religious manuscripts

Question 88

Which of the following was a major difference between the Italian renaissance and the Northern renaissance?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Northern renaissance involved only philosophy and not art
	b. The Italian renaissance was completely under the control of the papacy
	c. The Italian renaissance led to an interest in classical texts, but the Northern renaissance did not
	d. The Northern renaissance was tied more closely to the rise of nation-states

Question 89

Which major factor(s) led to the emergence of the Italian renaissance?

Choose one answer.

	a. The political influence of the Holy Roman Emperor
	b. The disasters of the fourteenth century and economic revival in the fifteenth century
	c. Religious teachings of the mendicant orders and the rise of the belief in relics
	d. The French victory in the Hundred Years' War

Question 90

According to Petrus Paulus Vergerius, what was the purpose of education during the renaissance?

Choose one answer.

	a. To get a good job
	b. To gain wisdom and virtue
	c. To become a member of the clergy
	d. To know God

Question 91

How did the Laocoön influence renaissance art?

Choose one answer.

	a. It sparked an interest in human musculature
	b. It introduced the use of linear perspective
	c. It influenced architectural forms
	d. It sparked an interested in Christian themes in art

Question 92

How does Botticelli's "Primavera" exemplify Italian renaissance innovations in art?

Choose one answer.

	a. It stresses nature.
	b. It uses Christian themes.
	c. It incorporates Roman architectural forms.
	d. It is an example of oil painting.

Question 93

Masaccio's "Trinity" is an example of what renaissance innovation?

Choose one answer.

	a. Sculpture in the round
	b. Linear perspective
	c. Religious themes in art
	d. Bronze casting

Question 94

What aspects of mathematics were most important during the early Italian renaissance?

Choose one answer.

	a. Trigonometry and calculus
	b. The introduction of Arabic numerals
	c. Accounting and geometry
	d. All of the above

Question 95

What new painting technique was introduced during the Italian renaissance?

Choose one answer.

	a. The use of fresco
	b. A new type of paintbrush
	c. The use of oil-based paints
	d. The use of egg-based paints

Question 96

What new subject of study did renaissance philosophers want to introduce into the university curriculum?

Choose one answer.

	a. Astronomy
	b. Law
	c. Geometry
	d. History

Question 97

What was civic humanism?

Choose one answer.

	a. Humanism taught in the cities
	b. Humanist principles applied to visual arts
	c. A new system of education
	d. Humanist principles applied to public life in urban centers

Question 98

Who was Giotto di Bondone?

Choose one answer.

	a. A late renaissance mathematician who specialized in geometry
	b. An early renaissance artist who stressed realism in painting
	c. A humanist philosopher who introduced Greek learning to Italy
	d. A high renaissance architect who specialized in arches

Question 99

Why did Francesco Petrarch write to Cicero?

Choose one answer.

	a. He wanted Cicero to found a new university
	b. He was discussing the moral choices of philosophers
	c. He was looking for a job
	d. He wanted to introduce new forms of visual arts