HIST312-FinalExam-Answers

As a result of England’s Glorious Revolution, William and Mary:

Choose one answer.

	a. accepted both a bill of rights and limitations to their power
	b. promulgated Catholicism as the state religion
	c. took action against Anglican bishops who fought against them
	d. strengthened royal monopolies like the East India Company

Question 2

In Two Treatises on Government, John Locke:

Choose one answer.

	a. argued for a government system based on barons and landgraves
	b. rationalized patriarchal government
	c. argued that the consent of the governed legitimized government
	d. defended the “Divine Right of Kings” thesis

Question 3

Initially, Europeans valued the “New World” for its purported wealth of gold and silver. By 1650, however, most nations saw the Americas as a cheap source of _________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. sugar
	b. tobacco
	c. coffee
	d. all of the above

Question 4

Three cities were at the epicenter of Enlightenment. They were:

Choose one answer.

	a. Amsterdam, Paris, and London
	b. Paris, London, and Warsaw
	c. London, Edinburgh, and Amsterdam
	d. Berlin, Amsterdam, and Paris

Question 5

Enlightenment philosophers argued that all social problems could be solved by:

Choose one answer.

	a. Applying Greek and Roman philosophy
	b. Endowing rulers with absolute power
	c. Applying answers derived through the scientific method
	d. Reforming the institutions of Christianity

Question 6

Because the American colonists lacked an adequate supply of _________________, colonial merchants often paid their British creditors with gold and bills of exchange.

Choose one answer.

	a. Slaves
	b. Ships
	c. Currency
	d. Guns

Question 7

Generally, British mercantilists expected that American colonies would produce:

Choose one answer.

	a. textiles
	b. capes
	c. guns
	d. food and raw materials

Question 8

Great Britain’s eighteenth-century mercantilist polices included which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. cutting the Royal Navy’s budget
	b. giving the West African slave trade to the Dutch
	c. expelling the Dutch from New Netherlands
	d. giving the West African slave trade to the Spanish

Question 9

oversight of the colonies’ internal affairs.

Choose one answer.

	a. salutary neglect
	b. power projection
	c. the Stamp Act
	d. slavery

Question 10

Select the statement that best describes mid-eighteenth century Chesapeake slavery:

Choose one answer.

	a. A majority of slaves were born in North America.
	b. A majority of slaves were imported for work on tobacco plantations.
	c. Slaves represented a majority of the Chesapeake’s population by the mid-18th century.
	d. First-generation slaves were able to forge relationships between one another in order to build an effective system of resistance against their slave masters.

Question 11

The phrase “Salutary Neglect” referred to Britain’s behavior toward its North American colonies, which included:

Choose one answer.

	a. lax oversight of most internal colonial affairs (except for defense and trade
	b. ignoring North American altogether
	c. failure to enforce British laws
	d. vigorously overseeing colonial political affairs

Question 12

The Seven Years’ War impacted British-colonial relations because:

Choose one answer.

	a. American colonists were unhappy that the Crown started treating Native Americans as subjects
	b. American colonists had sided with the losing side, France, during the war
	c. American colonists were angry at British policies designed to encourage settlement in the newly acquired lands of the Ohio River Valley
	d. The war removed the threat of French invasion, making the colonists less dependent upon the British

Question 13

The slave trade/plantation system:

Choose one answer.

	a. encouraged Europeans to go to the colonies in search of work
	b. undercut European farmers’ prices, putting them out of work
	c. changed common people’s consumption habits
	d. introduced Europeans to African products

Question 14

The ________________, an eighteenth-century religious revival in British North America, was a crucial stepping stone in the hierarchy breakdown that led to the Revolution.

Choose one answer.

	a. Great Awakening
	b. Burned Over District
	c. English Civil War
	d. American Revolution

Question 15

The __________________ Revolution changed technology and economics in eighteenth-century.

Choose one answer.

	a. Mercantilist
	b. Industrial
	c. Consumer
	d. Craft

Question 16

West Africans experienced which of the following during “The Middle Passage”?

Choose one answer.

	a. disease, malnutrition, and sometimes death
	b. freedom of movement while aboard the ship
	c. plentiful food
	d. kind treatment from the crew

Question 17

Which of the following did colonial farmers NOT ship to Europe in large quantities?

Choose one answer.

	a. coffee
	b. wool
	c. sugar
	d. tobacco

Question 18

Which of the following statements best describes the effect that the Enlightenment had on North America?

Choose one answer.

	a. Americans supported John Locke’s assertion of the “Divine Right of Kings.”
	b. The colonies saw a surge in religiosity.
	c. some ministers adapted Locke’s political principles to the Calvinist religion in order to shift power within the church away from the bishops and toward the laity.
	d. There was no impact.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a mercantilist policy:

Choose one answer.

	a. Expanding the nation-state
	b. Promoting religious uniformity
	c. Allowing monopolies of trade and manufacturing
	d. Encouraging colonial settlement

Question 20

The Declaration of Independence linked the doctrines of individual liberty, popular ______________, and republican government with independence for the American colonies.

Choose one answer.

	a. sovereignty
	b. independence
	c. citizenship
	d. subjecthood

Question 21

Alexander Hamilton:

Choose one answer.

	a. was an early advocate of Adam Smith’s economic principles
	b. hoped to make the country self-sufficient by promoting American manufacturing
	c. believed that the country could rely on other nations for manufactured goods
	d. was the first president of the United States

Question 22

In 1790, the secretary of the Treasury,___________________________, stood before Congress in order to propose that the United States create a permanent national debt in order to pay Confederation note holders.

Choose one answer.

	a. Alexander Hamilton
	b. Thomas Jefferson
	c. George Washington
	d. James Madison

Question 23

Starting in 1790, the U.S. federal government began issuing ________________________ in order to stimulate economic development.

Choose one answer.

	a. corporate charters
	b. patents
	c. land grants
	d. loans

Question 24

Thomas Jefferson:

Choose one answer.

	a. shared Alexander Hamilton’s vision for America’s economy
	b. believed that the power of the government should be used to coerce religious adherence
	c. envisioned a political and economic system based on yeomen farmers and deeply distrusted Hamilton’s economic plans
	d. was the second president of the United States

Question 25

The Constitution’s first ten amendments are called:

Choose one answer.

	a. The Declaration of Independence
	b. The Bill of Rights
	c. The Magna Carta
	d. None of the above; the Constitution has never been amended

Question 26

According to the _________________________ of value, the price of goods should reflect the value of the labor that produced it and the majority of the proceeds should go to the laborer.

Choose one answer.

	a. labor theory
	b. communist theory
	c. socialist theory
	d. capitalist theory

Question 27

Between 1820 and 1840, economic conditions for day laborers:

Choose one answer.

	a. improved greatly
	b. were static – neither better nor worse than they had been before
	c. worsened
	d. improved slightly

Question 28

By the early 19th century, southern slaveholders had redefined white republicanism and saw themselves as members of a “_______________________ race.”

Choose one answer.

	a. subservient
	b. slave
	c. master
	d. 10k

Question 29

During the 1840s, the Democratic Party recruited:

Choose one answer.

	a. women
	b. martians
	c. slaves
	d. urban workers and immigrants

Question 30

During the Jacksonian Era (1824-1848), most laborers in America’s urban northeast lived:

Choose one answer.

	a. in company-provided barracks
	b. in rural areas; they commuted to work via trains
	c. in charity housing
	d. in crowded tenements and boardinghouses

Question 31

Early 19th century America saw the development of a new industrial system that:

Choose one answer.

	a. consolidated operations under one roof in newly-constructed factories
	b. continued making use of the outwork system
	c. eliminated conditions that encouraged unionism
	d. slowed the growth of cities

Question 32

How was the American slave trade vital to the South’s economy?

Choose one answer.

	a. it provided the south with Native American slaves
	b. it provided the labor necessary for the construction of plantations
	c. it beggared the Upper South by boosting the Lower South’s economy
	d. it encouraged free blacks to migrate to the South in search of a better life

Question 33

In the 1820s and 1830s, the American shoe industry used the ____________________ system to increase efficiency.

Choose one answer.

	a. outwork
	b. factory
	c. homespun
	d. outhouse

Question 34

Members of America’s early 19th-century middle class:

Choose one answer.

	a. saw themselves as very different politically and socially from the country’s business elite
	b. were the country’s business elite (the factory owners and financiers)
	c. eventually shared the business elite’s values, though the middle class lived more modestly
	d. allied itself with the newly-emerging working class

Question 35

The first election in which presidential electors were selected by popular election took place in _______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. 1788
	b. 1800
	c. 1824
	d. 1828

Question 36

The first great depression in American history was the ______________________________, a consequence of the boom and bust cycles inherent in the newly emerging system of capitalism.

Choose one answer.

	a. Great Depression, 1929-1941
	b. Panic of 1893
	c. Panic of 1819
	d. Depression of 1837

Question 37

The Second Bank of the United States functioned to:

Choose one answer.

	a. produce a profit for the U.S. government
	b. maintain economic equilibrium
	c. stabilize the nation’s currency system by forcing state banks to trade their silver and gold for paper money
	d. facilitate foreign investment in U.S. companies

Question 38

Which word best characterizes American politics before 1820?

Choose one answer.

	a. democratic
	b. oligarchic
	c. fascist
	d. monarchical

Question 39

Who won the highest number of electoral votes in the election of 1824?

Choose one answer.

	a. Andrew Jackson
	b. Henry Clay
	c. William Crawford
	d. John Qunicy Adams

Question 40

Working Men’s Parties of the late 1820s and 1830s called for:

Choose one answer.

	a. abolition of factories
	b. nationalization of the means of production
	c. universal public education
	d. abolition of slavery

Question 41

In order to improve transportation, American state governments in the early 19th century:

Choose one answer.

	a. made cash payments to individuals for building roads and canals
	b. hired British and French firms to complete roads and canals
	c. did nothing
	d. chartered private companies to make desired internal improvements, such as roads and canals

Question 42

Most former slaves ended up as ______________________, or tenant farmers obligated to give their landlords a share of the crops they grew.

Choose one answer.

	a. railroad porters
	b. sharecroppers
	c. Fortune 500 CEOs
	d. plantation owners

Question 43

Newly freed slaves identified _______________________ as the basis of freedom.

Choose one answer.

	a. land ownership
	b. voting rights
	c. religious freedom
	d. academic freedom

Question 44

Slaves received freedom through the _______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Gettysburg Address
	b. Emancipation Proclamation
	c. Thirteenth Amendment
	d. Fourteenth Amendment

Question 45

Southern slave-owning planters saw themselves as embodying __________________ values.

Choose one answer.

	a. republican
	b. democratic
	c. fascist
	d. communist

Question 46

By the beginning of the American Civil War, the richest tenth of the American population owned __________________ percent of the country’s wealth.

Choose one answer.

	a. 70
	b. 60
	c. 50
	d. 40

Question 47

At the end of the 19th century, great wealth did not automatically translate to __________________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. political power
	b. social prestige
	c. economic power
	d. none of the above

Question 48

Between 1877 and 1893, American presidents espoused the belief that:

Choose one answer.

	a. The South should be punished for the Civil War
	b. The best government was the government that governed least
	c. The government should take an active role in making peoples’ lives better
	d. the federal government should be abolished

Question 49

Business and government responded to the Haymarket Square Riot by:

Choose one answer.

	a. giving in to worker demands for the eight-hour work day
	b. insisting striking workers be treated fairly
	c. imposing “yellow-dog” contracts
	d. improving their relations with organized labor

Question 50

Even though wages in the American South were much lower than they were in the North, few southern workers migrated. Why?

Choose one answer.

	a. Northerners resented the Southerners and refused to hire them
	b. Southerners were unaware of the opportunities available in the North
	c. The structure of the Southern economy made it nearly impossible for poor workers to migrate
	d. Southern workers were satisfied with conditions

Question 51

Following the American Civil War, American industry was protected by ________________________ that raised the prices of foreign goods and therefore made them less competitive.

Choose one answer.

	a. tariffs
	b. sales taxes
	c. the police
	d. none of the above

Question 52

Goods that add productive capacity to the economy are called _________________ goods.

Choose one answer.

	a. consumption
	b. capital
	c. economic
	d. outwork

Question 53

Government at all levels – local, state, and federal – supported the late 19th-century construction of railroads by:

Choose one answer.

	a. issuing interest-bearing bonds
	b. seizing ownership of all privately owned rail lines
	c. making limited liability corporations illegal
	d. hiring the labor necessary to build the railways

Question 54

Identify Horatio Alger.

Choose one answer.

	a. He coined the phrase “Gilded Age.”
	b. He invented Coca-Cola.
	c. He wrote a series of “rags-to-riches” novels, most notably starring Ragged Dick.
	d. No such person existed.

Question 55

In 1892, the skilled steel-workers at ____________________________, near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, went on strike, leading to a violent confrontation with Andrew Carnegie’s private army of Pinkertons.

Choose one answer.

	a. Homestead
	b. Aliquippa
	c. Mt. Lebanon
	d. Slippery Rock

Question 56

In late 19th century America, the primary industrial fuel was ______________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Oil
	b. Coal
	c. Wood
	d. Nuclear power

Question 57

In late nineteenth-century America, a new system of manufacture known as ________________ undercut the economic position of craft-workers.

Choose one answer.

	a. mass production
	b. the arts and crafts movement
	c. homespun manufacturing
	d. piece work manufacturing

Question 58

Just before the Homestead Strike of 1892, Andrew Carnegie left for Scotland, leaving _________________________ in charge of the company’s assault on the local steel union.

Choose one answer.

	a. J.P. Morgan
	b. Theodore Roosevelt
	c. Henry Clay Frick
	d. John D. Rockefeller

Question 59

The 1892 strike at Homestead, Pennsylvania:

Choose one answer.

	a. was a direct result of Andrew Carnegie’s campaign to destroy the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers.
	b. was the culmination of a long period of poor relations between owners and laborers at Homestead
	c. was instigated by Marxists
	d. ended only when strike leaders were jailed

Question 60

The appearance of mass-production techniques in late 19th-century America:

Choose one answer.

	a. pleased workers
	b. made most industries safer
	c. resulted in higher wages and greater job satisfaction
	d. Increased workers’ output

Question 61

The Knights of Labor encouraged which of the following as part of their campaign to improve industrial working conditions:

Choose one answer.

	a. the development of worker-managed, cooperatively-owned factories
	b. general strikes
	c. the development of a unified political party representing workers’ interests
	d. Republican support

Question 62

The strike at Homestead (1892) demonstrated that:

Choose one answer.

	a. Pennsylvania’s government was strictly neutral when it came to labor disputes
	b. Pennsylvania’s government sided with capital when it came to labor disputes
	c. Pennsylvania’s government sided with labor when it came to labor disputes
	d. Unions had little local support

Question 63

Which American occupation grew fastest in the period between the end of the Civil War and the beginning of World War I?

Choose one answer.

	a. Farming
	b. Salaried work
	c. Waged work
	d. Professional/business work

Question 64

Who coined the phrase “The Gilded Age”?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mark Twain
	b. Horatio Alger
	c. Ragged Dick
	d. Andrew Carnegie

Question 65

Late 19th century industrialization was “capital-intensive,” meaning:

Choose one answer.

	a. factories tended to be built in capital cities
	b. investors expected high returns on their investments
	c. vast sums of money were required to buy expensive machinery and build factories
	d. most lending was done by a small group of banks to the most profitable industries

Question 66

A ___________________________ is a merger between rival corporations designed to restrict trade by putting other competitors out of business.

Choose one answer.

	a. robber baron
	b. trust
	c. captain of industry
	d. none of the above

Question 67

By the turn of the twentieth century, new immigrants to the United States tended to form communities in America’s cities based on _______________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. their ethnicity
	b. their place of employment
	c. their politics
	d. their gender

Question 68

In the newly formed suburbs of early 20th century America, most people owned their_______________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. cars
	b. homes
	c. horses
	d. computers

Question 69

The assassination of ______________________ allowed vice-president Theodore Roosevelt to ascend to the presidency in 1901.

Choose one answer.

	a. William McKinley
	b. Grover Cleveland
	c. Abraham Lincoln
	d. Benjamin Harrison

Question 70

In “busting” the Trusts, Teddy Roosevelt:

Choose one answer.

	a. Let Congress take the lead in deciding which trusts to pursue and at what pace to pursue them
	b. Shot Andrew Carnegie
	c. Let the courts take the lead in deciding which trusts to pursue and at what pace to pursue them
	d. Decided on his own which trusts to pursue and at what pace

Question 71

Expanding middle-class consumption during the 1920s led to all of the following developments EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. The middle class became a model for the lower class, which eagerly aped middle class morality.
	b. Millions of Americans were unified in their shared consumption of mass-produced goods.
	c. Spending money and shopping came to be seen as a gratifying activity in and of itself.
	d. Consumption replaced religious affiliation and social standing as a measure of self-worth.

Question 72

Following the October 1929 American Stock Market Crash:

Choose one answer.

	a. Americans overthrew the government and installed a Communist regime.
	b. Americans were able to weather the short crises due to extensive personal savings.
	c. Even those who were not speculators lost their life savings due to bank failures.
	d. The Stock Market rebounded quickly and the economy expanded.

Question 73

In 1920, women in the United States achieved suffrage through the ratification of the ______________________ amendment to the Constitution.

Choose one answer.

	a. Fourteenth
	b. Fifteenth
	c. Nineteenth
	d. Twentieth

Question 74

President Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced a series of policies collectively known as the ____________ with the hopes of ending the Great Depression.

Choose one answer.

	a. New Deal
	b. Square Deal
	c. Fair Deal
	d. Deal or No Deal

Question 75

The most important disseminator of mass culture in 1920s America was ____________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. cheap paperback books
	b. itinerant preachers
	c. television
	d. radio

Question 76

The New Deal cemented the _________________________ hold on the White House for over thirty years.

Choose one answer.

	a. Republicans’
	b. Democrats’
	c. Fascists’
	d. Nazis’

Question 77

When the _________________________________ limited credit in 1929 in an attempt to stabilize U.S. stock, it set off a chain reaction that made things worse.

Choose one answer.

	a. U.S. Mint
	b. Federal Reserve Bank
	c. First Bank of the United States
	d. U.S. Congress

Question 78

Which branch of government struck down much of the New Deal legislation, including the National Recovery Act?

Choose one answer.

	a. Executive
	b. Senate
	c. Judiciary
	d. House of Representatives

Question 79

Which of the following is an INACCURATE description of social tension during the Great Depression?

Choose one answer.

	a. People fled cities, which swelled rural populations and overwhelmed their resources
	b. People lived in constant fear of losing their jobs
	c. Women were forced to become breadwinners and men remained at home; gender roles were reversed
	d. Falling birthrates led to fears that white Europeans would be “overwhelmed” by non-whites

Question 80

Which of the following is the most accurate description of consumer spending habits in the 1920s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Consumerism was boosted by installment purchase plans.
	b. Rising incomes allowed Americans to buy almost everything with cash, making credit purchases unnecessary.
	c. Everyone owned their own home.
	d. All families traded their iceboxes for refrigerators.

Question 81

In 1929, the U.S. Stock Market crash initiated a worldwide depression due to:

Choose one answer.

	a. the fact that the U.S. could not pay its debts from World War I
	b. the fact that American lenders demanded that foreign borrowers immediately repay outstanding loans, causing a shortage of capital around the world
	c. the fact that American banks had borrowed heavily, thereby destabilizing world currencies
	d. the fact that many foreign companies traded stock on the U.S. exchange

Question 82

Anti-Communist hysteria during the 1940s and 1950s reached such a fever pitch that some employers _______________ suspected communists, many of whom were never able to work again.

Choose one answer.

	a. black-listed
	b. white-listed
	c. blue-listed
	d. red-listed

Question 83

By the 1960s, many western countries had become _________________________ nations, shifting their focus from manufacturing to service industries.

Choose one answer.

	a. preindustrial
	b. postindustrial
	c. industrial
	d. debtor

Question 84

Harry S. Truman extended and expanded many of FDR’s programs under a program that he (Truman) called “The _____________________Deal.”

Choose one answer.

	a. Second New
	b. Square
	c. Triangular
	d. Fair

Question 85

In 1960, a new phase of the civil rights struggle began with the _________________ at the Woolworths lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina.

Choose one answer.

	a. Sit-in
	b. Be-in
	c. Love-in
	d. Walk-out

Question 86

In the 1950s, many whites with the means to do so fled the __________________ in favor of life in the _____________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. cities, suburbs
	b. suburbs, cities
	c. rural areas, cities
	d. suburbs, rural areas

Question 87

One rapid growth job category in 1950s America was:

Choose one answer.

	a. entrepreneurs
	b. blue-collar workers
	c. white-collar workers
	d. unskilled workers

Question 88

President John F. Kennedy’s economic policy can best be summarized as:

Choose one answer.

	a. cutting taxes and lowering government spending
	b. reducing the national debt and balancing the budget
	c. paying for increased social services with higher taxes on corporations and the wealthy
	d. reducing taxes guided by the belief that an economic expansion would make up for lost revenue

Question 89

The 1944, the Bretton Woods conference created a number of international economic institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund and the ___________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. World Bank
	b. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
	c. Second Bank of the United States
	d. Federal Reserve Bank of the United States

Question 90

The American public’s greatest concern in 1945 was the return of the _________________ after the war was over.

Choose one answer.

	a. Republicans
	b. Depression
	c. Nazis
	d. Soviets

Question 91

The Bretton Woods System was based on:

Choose one answer.

	a. The World Bank
	b. The International Money Fund (IMF)
	c. GATT, or General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
	d. All of the Above

Question 92

The model for suburban living in 1950s America was the so-called _______________ Belt, whose mild climate and open spaces allowed for larger homes.

Choose one answer.

	a. Sun
	b. Steel
	c. Rust
	d. Leather

Question 93

The ______________________, established in 1944, was designed to stabilize the value of currencies by using the U.S. dollar as a benchmark for currency exchanges.

Choose one answer.

	a. Bretton Woods Agreement
	b. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
	c. Second Bank of the United States
	d. Federal Reserve Bank of the United States

Question 94

Economically-speaking, __________________________________ was the strongest country after World War II

Choose one answer.

	a. The United States
	b. The U.S.S.R.
	c. Great Britain
	d. Brazil

Question 95

According to supply-side economics, _________________ should be lowered to free up capital that can be invested.

Choose one answer.

	a. taxes
	b. wages
	c. subsidies
	d. none of the above

Question 96

Before WWII, Ronald Reagan belonged to what political party?

Choose one answer.

	a. Republican
	b. Democrat
	c. Communist
	d. Fascist

Question 97

Between 1975 and 2000, union membership trended __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. downward
	b. upward
	c. sideways
	d. stagnant

Question 98

By 1985, more Americans worked at ___________________________ than in the steel industry.

Choose one answer.

	a. McDonalds
	b. Kmart
	c. Barnes & Noble
	d. None of the above

Question 99

The upheavals of the 1960s and early 1970s broke down the _________________________ and eventually led to more _____________________ politics in the United States.

Choose one answer.

	a. liberal consensus, conservative
	b. conservative consensus, liberal
	c. communist consensus, liberal
	d. communist consensus, conservative

Question 100

What is “globalization”?

Choose one answer.

	a. An American sport involving a donkey, a bowling ball, and lots of luck
	b. A political doctrine whose adherents believe that the U.S. should rule the globe
	c. A military doctrine whose adherents believe that the U.S. should maintain a military force capable of conducting operations all over the globe
	d. The movement of goods, ideas, and people across national boundaries

Question 101

During the 1970s, America’s GDP:

Choose one answer.

	a. grew
	b. stagnated
	c. declined
	d. None of the above