HIST351-FinalExam-Answers

Choose the person who best matches the following description. He was a native of Mecca who lived between 570 and 632 and whose visions led to the founding of Islam.

Choose one answer.

	a. Abu Bakr
	b. Khadija
	c. Muhammad
	d. Ali

Question 2

Fill in the blank. Muhammad’s position in Medina became a model for Islamic governance, which saw _____________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. political and religious institutions merge
	b. doctrinal disputes settled by a supreme leader, later referred to as the imam
	c. all conflict resolved by diplomacy and debate, never war
	d. discouraged contact with nonbelievers due to fears of spiritual contamination

Question 3

Fill in the blank. The Byzantine Empire and Muslim world shared a common conception of a supreme deity rooted in their __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. monotheism
	b. atheism
	c. polytheism
	d. agnosticism

Question 4

Mecca was important religiously even before the rise of Islam for which of the following reasons?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Ka’ba had been a sacred site of pilgrimage for generation.
	b. Two of Jesus’s Apostles founded a church there during their travels.
	c. It was believed to be the birthplace of Abraham
	d. Zarathustra had retired to Mecca and died there.

Question 5

What is the Muslim holy book called?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Torah
	b. The Bible
	c. The Qur’an
	d. None of the above

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a reason why Muslims took the Mediterranean world by storm?

Choose one answer.

	a. Byzantine and Sasanid exhaustion from war
	b. Muslims’ skill in horsemanship and warfare
	c. Warships provided by the Nestorian Christians to use against Orthodox Christians
	d. Groups treated harshly by the Byzantines and Sasanids welcomed Arab rule

Question 7

Fill in the blank. In pre-Islamic Arabia, Bedouin men, though part of a warrior culture, __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. were monogamous in marriage
	b. settled in oases and rarely left the area of their birth
	c. valued poetry and storytelling
	d. were also usually literate and valued education

Question 8

During the seventh and eighth centuries, which of the following was NOT performed by Muslim scholars?

Choose one answer.

	a. Determining the final form of Qur’an
	b. Recording the miracles of Muhammad
	c. Making calligraphy an art form
	d. Writing love poetry for the caliphs

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of the five pillars of Islam?

Choose one answer.

	a. Declaring that Allah is the only God and Muhammad is his prophet
	b. Fasting during daylight hours during the month of Ramadan
	c. Contributing to zakat or a tax for alms to help the poor
	d. Worshipping religious leaders or imams

Question 10

Why does Qur’an mean “recitation”?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because Muhammad recited the words given to him by the angel Gabriel
	b. Because Muhammad recited the text to his brother, who recorded it
	c. Because women were allowed to recite the words but prohibited from learning to read them
	d. Because the text was compiled from the dreams in which Muhammad heard the suras recited aloud

Question 11

How did Muhammad perceive Allah?

Choose one answer.

	a. As the true God who had been rejected by the Jews and the Christians
	b. As the same God worshipped by Jews and Christians
	c. As the author of the Qur’an
	d. As the exclusive god of the Arabs

Question 12

After the revolution of 750, the new Abbasid caliphate moved its capital away from Damascus to which city?

Choose one answer.

	a. Baghdad
	b. Cairo
	c. Tripoli
	d. Medina

Question 13

Fill in the blank. Between 630 and 750, Islamic warriors amassed an empire that stretched from _______________ in the west to India in the East.

Choose one answer.

	a. Lombardy (France)
	b. Great Britain
	c. Egypt
	d. Spain

Question 14

Fill in the blank. The supporters of Ali for succession to the caliphate split from mainstream Islam during the Umayyad dynasty became known as _________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Shi’ites
	b. Sufis
	c. Sunnis
	d. None of the above

Question 15

In the tenth century, Muslim rulers became independent of the caliph, relying instead on which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Alliances with Christian powers in order to fend off the caliphate interference
	b. The Muslim lack of interest in politics to allow them to ignore the caliphate
	c. Armies of Turkish mercenaries, known as Mamluks, to support themselves militarily
	d. Armies of Christian mercenaries loyal only to receiving regular pay, not the caliphs

Question 16

The Abbasid caliphate began to decline after Harun al-Rashid’s death for which of the following reasons?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Abbasid’s reneged on their promise to appoint Shi’ites to top government positions, so the Shi’ites instigated civil war.
	b. The Abbasid’s embarked on a disastrous campaign to retake northern Africa.
	c. A Sunni imam raised questions about the legitimacy of Harun’s claims to the caliphate.
	d. The huge Abbasid army and complex civil services laced an adequate tax base.

Question 17

What impact did war between the Sassanid and Byzantine empires have on their respective later experiences with Arab Muslims?

Choose one answer.

	a. After years of war, both were strong enough to prevent the spread of Islam.
	b. After years of war, both were weakened and unable to prevent the spread of Islam.
	c. After years of war, one empire was strengthened and one empire was weakened, which prohibited the spread of Islam.
	d. The war had no effect on either empire.

Question 18

Why were eleventh century Muslim traders able to conduct business in such far off places as Baghdad, Cordoba, and Cairo?

Choose one answer.

	a. They all spoke the same language, Arabic, because the Qur’an was not translated.
	b. The Muslims invented airplane travel in 1270, cutting short the commuting time between Spain and Eurasia.
	c. All Muslim countries used a common currency, the zakat, which facilitated trade.
	d. None of the above

Question 19

What was the Umayyad caliphate’s policy toward Christians and Jews?

Choose one answer.

	a. Toleration, though each group paid a special tax
	b. Banishment from Umayyad lands
	c. A choice between conversion and death
	d. Death of the males and enslavement of the females

Question 20

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. In 929, the government of Cordoba granted _________________ to _________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. total religious freedom, adherents of all religion
	b. pensions, Muslim veterans
	c. hall passes, subjects who needed to use the bathroom
	d. pensions, those who would practice Islam

Question 21

Fill in the blank. During the Islamic renaissance (c. 790-c.1050), many schools known as _____________, were established.

Choose one answer.

	a. madrasahs
	b. ulamas
	c. taifas
	d. al-jabrs

Question 22

Fill in the blank. In al-Andalus, Jews and Christians were accorded __________________ status, meaning they had certain legal protections in exchange for an annual tax.

Choose one answer.

	a. zakat
	b. Haj
	c. Dhimmi
	d. Qur’an

Question 23

Fill in the blank. The Andalusian philosopher _____________ is considered the father of secular thought in Europe.

Choose one answer.

	a. Avicenna
	b. Averroes
	c. Muhammad
	d. Abd al-Rahman

Question 24

Fill in the blank. The majority of the soldiers in the army that conquered Spain in 711 were NOT _____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. men
	b. Muslims
	c. Arabs
	d. Berbers

Question 25

How many administrative areas was the country divided into following the conquest of Spain?

Choose one answer.

	a. Two
	b. Three
	c. Four
	d. Five

Question 26

In al-Andalus, what were Christians who retained their faith but adopted the Arabic language and Muslim customs called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Zakat
	b. Jihad
	c. Infidels
	d. Mozarabs

Question 27

The Islamic Renaissance made learning available to social classes beyond aristocrats for which of the following reasons?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because scribes used a special shorthand that enabled them to write faster
	b. Because apprentice scribes produced more texts
	c. Because paper was used, which lowered the price of texts
	d. Because universal literacy was a core goal of Islamic regimes

Question 28

The Spanish emirate of Cordoba in modern-day Spain was created in 756 after which of the following happened?

Choose one answer.

	a. Abd al-Rahman, an Unayyad, fled during the Abbasid revolution to Morocco, gathered an army, and seized southern Spain after one battled.
	b. Abd al-Rahman took the Abbasid revolution to Morocco and then launched a five-year campaign against southern Spain.
	c. Muslim advisors to the Spanish king overthrew him and took control of southern Spain.
	d. The new Abbasid caliph sent Abd al-Rahman to establish an emirate in Spain, where he encountered little resistance in the sparsely populated region.

Question 29

Which answer below places the ruling regimes of al-Andalus in the correct chronological order?

Choose one answer.

	a. Umayyads, Taifas, Almohads, Nasrid, Almoravid
	b. Umayyad, Taifas, Aloravids, Almohads, Nasrids
	c. Nasrid, Almohads, Almoravids, Taifas, Umayyads
	d. None of the above

Question 30

In 756, in which country was the emirate of Cordoda founded as one of the earliest Islamic states independent of the caliphate?

Choose one answer.

	a. France
	b. England
	c. Russia
	d. Spain

Question 31

Fill in the blank. The goal of the ______________ of Spain was the defeat of Muslims and the restoration of Christianity throughout the country.

Choose one answer.

	a. zakat
	b. jihad
	c. al-Andalus
	d. Reconquista

Question 32

Fill in the blank. The systematic persecutions of Jews, such as those that occurred during the First Crusade, are known as _____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. jihad
	b. pogroms
	c. the Holocaust
	d. zakat

Question 33

What was the order of monks that was organized to protect pilgrimage routes to the Holy Land called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Knights Templar
	b. Benedictines
	c. Albigensians
	d. Mohammadans

Question 34

Which of the following best describes the European armies of the First Crusade?

Choose one answer.

	a. They consisted of Jews and Christians who sought to free the Holy Land from Islamic control.
	b. They were led into battle by the pope himself.
	c. They suffered greatly from the cold and malnutrition on their trek across Russia.
	d. They were organized as separate militias, each commanded by a different general.

Question 35

Which of the following describes one result of the First Crusade?

Choose one answer.

	a. An unprecedented, systematic persecution of Jews
	b. Movement to restrict women’s mobility by accusing female crusaders of witchcraft
	c. Expansion of rural poverty as crusaders increased taxes to finance their journeys
	d. An increase in lawlessness and piracy on the Mediterranean Sea

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the First Crusade?

Choose one answer.

	a. Women accompanied the crusaders to the Holy Land
	b. Crusaders tried to convert captured Muslims with discussion.
	c. Crusaders massacred Muslims.
	d. Many crusaders joined the armies for land and plunder.

Question 37

Which of the following precipitated the First Crusade?

Choose one answer.

	a. Byzantine emperor Alexius I launched a campaign against the Turks in 1095 to reclaim Jerusalem.
	b. Following the Council of Worms (1095), the Franks launched a campaign to free the Holy Lands from the “infidels.”
	c. The pope issued a call to arms to free the Holy Land.
	d. Muslim Seljuk Turks captured Jersualem in 1095, and the city’s Christian inhabitants appealed to their European brethren for help.

Question 38

Which of the following statements is false in regards to the Crusades?

Choose one answer.

	a. They inspired expeditions such as Columbus’ in 1492.
	b. They inspired pogroms against European Jews.
	c. They created the rift between Sunni and Shi’ite Muslims.
	d. They were related to the reconquista of Spain.

Question 39

Fill in the blank. The crusader states that existed for about two hundred years along the Mediterranean coast ________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. were all ruled by the Templars
	b. were a first step toward what later became imperialism
	c. all fell to Saladin in the Second Crusade
	d. were called, collectively, Levantia

Question 40

According to The Applied History Group, “by destroying the Islamic empires that existed before they came, the Mongols instigated a new era for the Islamic world, in which most of the region's power would fall to three great empires.” Which of the following lists these three great empires?

Choose one answer.

	a. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine
	b. British, French, and American
	c. Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal
	d. Spanish, American, and German

Question 41

Fill in the blank. The Muslims first defeated the Mongols in 1221 at the Battle of _____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. the Bulge
	b. the Seine
	c. Parwan
	d. Mecca

Question 42

In the 13th century, Mamluks first attacked the Mongols in which country?

Choose one answer.

	a. Syria
	b. Egypt
	c. Morocco
	d. Spain

Question 43

In the showdown between the Mongols and the Abbasids, the region’s Christians general favored which side?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Muslims
	b. The Mongols
	c. Both sides equally
	d. Neither side

Question 44

In what year did Baghdad fall to the Mongols?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1258
	b. 1275
	c. 1301
	d. 1326

Question 45

In what year did the Chagtai Khanate officially become a Muslim State?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1200
	b. 1227
	c. 130
	d. 1326

Question 46

After Genghis Khan’s death in 1227, what happened to his empire?

Choose one answer.

	a. It ceased to exist.
	b. It was divided into two parts for each of his sons.
	c. It was conquered by the Safavids.
	d. None of the above

Question 47

Fill in the blank. Suleiman’s favorite wife, ______________, occupied an unusually important place in his court.

Choose one answer.

	a. Hurrem/Roxelana
	b. Khadija
	c. Sophie/Francine
	d. Lady Sybilla

Question 48

Fill in the blank. The Ottomans were primarily a _______________ dynasty.

Choose one answer.

	a. Sunni
	b. Shi’ite
	c. Sufi
	d. Christian

Question 49

Fill in the blank. The Safavids were primarily a ______________ dynasty.

Choose one answer.

	a. Sunni
	b. Shi’ite
	c. Sufi
	d. Christian

Question 50

Who captured Constantinople in 1453?

Choose one answer.

	a. Suleiman
	b. Mehmed
	c. Saladin
	d. None of the above

Question 51

The Ottoman Empire peaked during whose reign between 1520 and 1566?

Choose one answer.

	a. Suleiman the Magnificent
	b. Muhammad the Prophet
	c. Selim II
	d. None of the above

Question 52

During the 18th and 19th centuries, a series of wars were fought between the Ottoman Empire and which other country?

Choose one answer.

	a. Finland
	b. England
	c. France
	d. Russia

Question 53

Fill in the blank. According to the Wikipedia entry on the Ottoman Empire, “The long period of Ottoman stagnation is typically characterized by historians as an era of ______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. bad rulers
	b. failed reforms
	c. democratic expansion
	d. great success

Question 54

In what year did the French invade Egypt?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1798
	b. 1804
	c. 1851
	d. 1776

Question 55

The Young Turk Revolution inaugurated which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The First Constitutional Empire
	b. The Second Constitutional Empire
	c. The Third Constitutional Empire
	d. None of the above

Question 56

The Young Turk Revolution occurred in which year?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1798
	b. 1848
	c. 1908
	d. 1914

Question 57

The “Tulip Era” in the Ottoman Empire was named after which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The dominant currency
	b. The dominant export
	c. Sultan Ahmed III’s love of the flower
	d. None of the above

Question 58

Which of the following is a nickname for the Ottoman Empire?

Choose one answer.

	a. “Hot Young Thing of Europe”
	b. “Sick Old Man of Europe”
	c. “Little Germany”
	d. None of the above

Question 59

During World War I, the Ottoman Empire’s sultan declared jihad against which countries?

Choose one answer.

	a. France, Russia, and Great Britain
	b. Spain, France, and Germany
	c. Japan, Russia, and the United States
	d. The United States, Mexico, and Canada

Question 60

Fill in the blank. After World War I, the League of Nations created a mandate to partition the Ottoman Empire, giving what is considered modern day Syria over as a ______________ protectorate.

Choose one answer.

	a. British
	b. French
	c. American
	d. Russian

Question 61

Fill in the blank. During World War I, the British attacked the Ottoman Empire at ______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Gibraltar
	b. Gallipoli
	c. Damascus
	d. Palestine

Question 62

Fill in the blank. In 1925, Kemal Ataturk forbade the inhabitants of Turkey from wearing ______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. the fez
	b. pants
	c. the hijab
	d. burka

Question 63

Fill in the blank. The battle of Gallipoli was a ______________ for the British.

Choose one answer.

	a. victory
	b. defeat
	c. draw
	d. success

Question 64

Fill in the blanks. The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916 was a secret agreement between the governments of _____________ and _____________ that defined respective spheres of influence in the post-World War I Middle East.

Choose one answer.

	a. Great Britain, France
	b. Great Britain, Russia
	c. France, Russia
	d. U.S., Russia

Question 65

In 1921, the eastern half of Palestine became an autonomous political entity called which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Saudi Arabia
	b. The Emirate of Transjordan
	c. Kuwait
	d. Egypt

Question 66

In 1926, which country, or territory, separated secular law from Islamic law, which was the first time this had occurred?

Choose one answer.

	a. Syria
	b. Transjordan
	c. Turkey
	d. None of the above

Question 67

In March 1917, the British captured which Arab city?

Choose one answer.

	a. Baghdad
	b. Damascus
	c. Syria
	d. Jerusalem

Question 68

Mustafa Kemal drastically changed Turkish society in the 1920s by doing which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Creating a quasi-Communist state that limited private ownership of property
	b. Developing an Islamic state that enforced traditional laws about all aspects of society
	c. Barring foreign banks and investments to make Turkey independent of outsiders
	d. Modernizing Turkish society by adopting elements of Western economics and culture

Question 69

The modern boundaries of the Middle East came into existence in the aftermath of which war?

Choose one answer.

	a. The French Revolution
	b. American Civil War
	c. World War I
	d. American Revolution

Question 70

What was the most important outcome of World War I for the Middle East?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Ottoman victory over the Allies
	b. The Ottoman victory over the Central Powers
	c. The British victory over the Ottoman Empire and the Ottoman Empire’s subsequent collapse
	d. None of the above

Question 71

Which country created the Balfour Declaration as a declaration of its post-World War I policy regarding Palestine?

Choose one answer.

	a. Russia
	b. Great Britain
	c. France
	d. Germany

Question 72

Who did the Young Turks side with during World War I?

Choose one answer.

	a. The central powers
	b. The allies
	c. Both A and B
	d. None of the above

Question 73

Who led some important successful anti-colonial and nationalist movements, including the founding of the independent Republic of Turkey in the Middle East?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mohandas Gandhi
	b. Mustafa Kemal (or Ataturk)
	c. Jawaharlal Nehru
	d. Anwar al-Sadat

Question 74

Who was the intellectual father of the modern Zionist movement?

Choose one answer.

	a. Arthur James Balfour
	b. Theodor Herzl
	c. Sir Mark Sykes
	d. Francois Georges-Picot

Question 75

Who was the leader of the Young Turks, as well as first president and founder of the Republic of Turkey?

Choose one answer.

	a. Theodor Herzl
	b. Kemal Ataturk
	c. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
	d. None of the above

Question 76

Fill in the blank. At the beginning of World War I, _______________ was the greatest independent Islamic power.

Choose one answer.

	a. Egypt
	b. Syria
	c. Palestine
	d. The Ottoman Empire

Question 77

According to historian Rashid Khalidi, in what country was the first place where the United States acted as a colonial power?

Choose one answer.

	a. Iraq
	b. Iran
	c. Syria
	d. Canada

Question 78

According to journalist Stephen Kinzer, “It was the first time the United States overthrew a foreign government. It set a pattern for years to come and shaped the way millions of people view the United States.” What is the “it” to which he refers?

Choose one answer.

	a. World War II
	b. The Cuban Missile Crisis
	c. The Cold War
	d. The 1953 coup in Iran

Question 79

According to journalist Thomas Lippman, what is the basis of the U.S./Saudi alliance?

Choose one answer.

	a. Exploitation of oil resources
	b. Shared values
	c. Fear of Chinese power
	d. Fear of British power

Question 80

According to Mike Shuster of NPR, what resource has always been the United States’ top priority in the Middle East?

Choose one answer.

	a. Gold
	b. Sand
	c. Oil
	d. Coal

Question 81

Fill in the blank. In 1945, American president Franklin Delano Roosevelt met with the _____________ king Abdul Azziz.

Choose one answer.

	a. Saudi
	b. Egyptian
	c. French
	d. German

Question 82

Fill in the blank. In 1953, the CIA overthrew Iran’s democratically elected prime minister, _____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Abdul Azziz
	b. Mohammad Reza Palavi
	c. Mohammad Mossadegh
	d. Mustafa Kemal (or Ataturk)

Question 83

Fill in the blank. In 1957, Dwight Eisenhower promulgated the ________________, under which another country could request U.S. military and economic assistance to counter aggression from another state.

Choose one answer.

	a. Good Neighbor Policy
	b. Lend/Lease Act
	c. Eisenhower Doctrine
	d. Nixon Doctrine

Question 84

Fill in the blank. In June 1967, Israel attacked ________________, launching the Six Day War.

Choose one answer.

	a. Syria
	b. Saudi Arabia
	c. Egypt
	d. The United States

Question 85

Fill in the blank. Most Israelis refer to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War as ________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. the War of Independence
	b. the last “Good War”
	c. the War to End all Wars
	d. the Wars of the Roses

Question 86

Fill in the blank. The Eisenhower Doctrine was an indirect result of Gamal Abdel Nasser’s program of _________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. employment
	b. positive neutrality
	c. open warfare
	d. public education

Question 87

In 1953, the United States overthrew the democratically elected prime minister of which country?

Choose one answer.

	a. Iraq
	b. Iran
	c. Syria
	d. Egypt

Question 88

Of the following people, who was most closely associated with Arab nationalism?

Choose one answer.

	a. Dwight D. Eisenhower
	b. Gamal Abdel Nasser
	c. Sadam Hussein
	d. Adolf Hitler

Question 89

One reason Israel attacked Egypt was because Gamal Abdel Nasser did which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Closed the Gulf of Aqaba to shipping
	b. Occupied Sinai
	c. Bought weapons from the Soviet Union
	d. Bought weapons from the United States

Question 90

Which of the following is a result of the Six Day War in Israel?

Choose one answer.

	a. The emergence of a movement that claimed all of the West Bank as part of Israel
	b. Israeli occupation of the West Bank
	c. Israeli occupation of the Sinai
	d. All of the above

Question 91

Which of the following is one example of the Eisenhower doctrine in action?

Choose one answer.

	a. The dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima
	b. The Lebanon Crisis of 1957
	c. The Cuban Missile Crisis
	d. None of the above

Question 92

Following World War II, which country became the greatest non-Muslim country to exert influence in the Middle East?

Choose one answer.

	a. Great Britain
	b. France
	c. Canada
	d. The Unites States

Question 93

According to Mike Shuster, what is the Palestinian uprising that swayed many Israeli politicians and generals to accept the concept of a Palestinian entity called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Exodus
	b. The Shoah
	c. The Intifada
	d. None of the above

Question 94

Fill in the blank. Al-Qaeda is a radical ______________ Muslim movement.

Choose one answer.

	a. Shi’a
	b. Sufi
	c. Sunni
	d. Turkish

Question 95

Fill in the blank. Hezbollah first emerged in 1982 in response to the _________________ invasion of Lebanon.

Choose one answer.

	a. Saudi
	b. Iraqi
	c. American
	d. Israeli

Question 96

Fill in the blank. Hezbollah is a(n) ________________ Islamist political and paramilitary organization located in Lebanon.

Choose one answer.

	a. Sunni
	b. Shi’a
	c. Sufi
	d. Atheist

Question 97

Fill in the blanks. On September 11, 2001, the United States was attacked by terrorists who flew plans into _________________ and ___________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. The White House; The World Trade Center
	b. The World Trade Center, The Pentagon
	c. The Lincoln Memorial; the National Archives
	d. Independence Hall; the National Constitution Center

Question 98

In Tehran Iran, Iranian militants took over the United States Embassy and held American hostages for how many days?

Choose one answer.

	a. 222 days
	b. 333 days
	c. 444 days
	d. 555 days

Question 99

What does “Al-Qaeda” translate to in English?

Choose one answer.

	a. The base
	b. The struggle
	c. The uprising
	d. The future

Question 100

Who was the Israeli Prime minister who signed the Oslo Accords with the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1993?

Choose one answer.

	a. Yasser Arafat
	b. Yitzhak Rabin
	c. Ehud Barak
	d. Shimon Peres

Question 101

Who was the leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization from 1969 until his death in 2004?

Choose one answer.

	a. Yasser Arafat
	b. Yitzhak Rabin
	c. Ehud Barak
	d. Shimon Peres

Question 102

In 1979, which country experienced an Islamic revolution?

Choose one answer.

	a. Iraq
	b. Iran
	c. Egypt
	d. The United States