For which of the following sequences do we not know a closed-form formula?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, ...
	b. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, ...
	c. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ...
	d. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, ...

Question 2

How many prime numbers are there, and why?

Choose one answer.

	a. Finitely many, because once you reach a certain size, every number factors into smaller primes.
	b. We do not know, because computers aren't powerful enough to compute as large as we need.
	c. Infinitely many, otherwise you could simply take the product of all of them and add one.
	d. Infinitely many in theory, as you could theoretically extend the Sieve of Eratosthenes indefinitely.

Question 3

How many prime numbers have integers as their square roots?

Choose one answer.

	a. 0
	b. 1
	c. 7
	d. infinitely many

Question 4

Suppose we know that 3 divides a product

, but do not know the precise values of

and

. Which statement must be true?

Choose one answer.

	a. 3 must divide one of or .
	b. 3 divides neither nor .
	c. 3 divides both and .
	d. We do not know if 3 divides or .

Question 5

Suppose we know that 6 divides a product

, but do not know not the precise values of

and

. Which statement must be true?

Choose one answer.

	a. 6 must divide one of or .
	b. 6 divides neither nor .
	c. 6 divides both and .
	d. We do not know if 6 divides or .

Question 6

The

trapezoidal number is the number of pebbles you get when arranged in a two-row trapezoid with

pebbles on the bottom row and

pebbles on the row above. Find a concise formula for the

trapezoidal number.

Choose one answer.

	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.

Question 7

What is the largest value that we must use to identify primes smaller than

with the Sieve of Eratosthenes?

Choose one answer.

	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.

Question 8

Which of the following is not a property of the Fibonacci numbers

Choose one answer.

	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.

Question 9

Which of the following number systems is not a ring?

Choose one answer.

	a. the natural numbers
	b. the integers
	c. the set of linear residues modulo 8
	d. the set of algebraic numbers

Question 10

Which of the following orderings is not a linear ordering?

Choose one answer.

	a. ... < -1 < 0 < 1 < 2 < 3 < ...
	b. ... > -1 > 0 > 1 > 2 > 3 > ...
	c. if and only if
	d. {} < {a}, {b} < {a,b}

Question 11

Why do prime numbers recur in nearly every number theoretic problem?

Choose one answer.

	a. Composite numbers can be rewritten as products of prime numbers.
	b. Prime numbers have only a few properties, which are however very powerful.
	c. It is harder to study prime numbers, but more rewarding.
	d. It is easier to determine whether a number is prime.

Question 12

Find the greatest common divisor of -2805 and 1287.

Choose one answer.

	a. 3
	b. 33
	c. 99
	d. 187

Question 13

Find the greatest common divisor of 34529 and 32923.

Choose one answer.

	a. 9
	b. 473
	c. 11
	d. 803

Question 14

For which integer values of

does the equation

have integer solutions for

Choose one answer.

	a. no integer values of
	b. only
	c. only
	d. all integer values of

Question 15

For which integer values of

does the equation

have integer solutions for

Choose one answer.

	a. no integer values of
	b. only
	c. only
	d. all integer values of

Question 16

If the final steps of the Euclidean algorithm for

gives us the equations

, then which of the following would be a possible final result of finding Bezout's formula for

Choose one answer.

	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.

Question 17

If the final steps of the Euclidean algorithm for

gives us the equations

, then which of the following would be a result of the first few steps towards acquiring Bezout's formula for

Choose one answer.

	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.

Question 18

Suppose

divides

and

. What can we say about

Choose one answer.

	a. divides if and only if
	b. We can find integers such that .
	c. divides or divides .
	d.

Question 19

Suppose

divides

, but

does not divide

. What relationship can we establish between

and

Choose one answer.

	a. no relationship without more information
	b.
	c. divides
	d.

Question 20

Suppose

divides

and

, while

divides

. What relationship can we establish between

and

Choose one answer.

	a. only that divides
	b. that
	c. that
	d. that

Question 21

Suppose

. Which integers

can be expressed in the form

, where

and

are integers?

Choose one answer.

	a. all integers
	b. multiples of
	c. multiples of
	d. multiples of

Question 22

Suppose

. Which integers

can be expressed in the form

, where

and

are integers?

Choose one answer.

	a. all integers
	b. even integers
	c. odd integers
	d. multiples of

Question 23

What relationship can we establish for

Choose one answer.

	a.
	b.
	c. divides
	d. no relationship without more information

Question 24

Which of the following Diophantine equations has a solution?

Choose one answer.

	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.

Question 25

Which of the following integer sequences is not guaranteed to have infinitely many primes?

Choose one answer.

	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.

Question 26

You want to find the gcd of a 15-digit number and a 20-digit number. How many divisions will it take to compute the gcd using the Euclidean algorithm?

Choose one answer.

	a. at most 75
	b. at most 100
	c. at most 175
	d. at most 35

Question 27

A simultaneous solution exists for the two linear congruences listed below. What third congruence could we add, and still obtain a solution?

Choose one answer.

	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.

Question 28

A simultaneous solution exists for the two linear congruences listed below. What third congruence could we add, and still obtain a solution?

Choose one answer.

	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.

Question 29

Find a simultaneous solution to the following system of linear congruences.

Choose one answer.

	a. 4
	b. 6
	c. 19
	d. 24

Question 30

Find a simultaneous solution to the following system of linear congruences.

Choose one answer.

	a. 75
	b. 87
	c. 105
	d. no solution

Question 31

Suppose a 7-digit number has digits

(left to right). Which rule will allow us to check if the number is divisible by 12?

Choose one answer.

	a. The number is divisible by both 2 and 3.
	b. The sum is divisible by both 2 and 3.
	c. The sum is divisible by 12.
	d. There is no such rule.

Question 32

Suppose a 7-digit number has digits

(left to right). Why can we check if

is divisible by 7 by checking whether

Choose one answer.

	a. You can always check divisibility by rotating through positive and negative remainders.
	b. The coefficient of each are congruent to powers of ten that correspond to its digit.
	c. You can always check divisibility by by rotating through prime numbers smaller than .
	d. This is one of those random coincidences in mathematics that you simply have to accept.

Question 33

What is the multiplicative inverse of

, modulo

Choose one answer.

	a.
	b.
	c.
	d. There is none.

Question 34

What is the multiplicative inverse of

, modulo 23?

Choose one answer.

	a.
	b.
	c.
	d. There is none.

Question 35

Which of the following congruences has a solution?

Choose one answer.

	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.

Question 36

Which of the following statements about congruence is not always true?

Choose one answer.

	a. If , then .
	b. If , then .
	c. If , then .
	d. If , then .

Question 37

Which of the following statements about congruence is not always true?

Choose one answer.

	a. If , then or .
	b. If divides , then has at least one solution.
	c. If , then .
	d. If is congruent to , but not to , then is not congruent to .

Question 38

Compute the product of

and

Choose one answer.

	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.

Question 39

Essentially, what property of

, where

is prime, makes it irrational?

Choose one answer.

	a. Writing it as a ratio of two integers leads to a contradiction.
	b. Its decimal expansion is infinite, but repeating.
	c. Its decimal expansion is infinite, with factorial zeros.
	d. Writing it as a ratio of two algebraic numbers leads to a contradiction.

Question 40

Essentially, what property of Liouville's number makes it transcendental?

Choose one answer.

	a. Its decimal expansion is finite.
	b. Its decimal expansion is infinite, but repeats.
	c. Its decimal expansion is infinite, and does not repeat.
	d. Its decimal expansion is infinite, with factorial zeros.

Question 41

What is the geometric effect of multiplying a Gaussian integer

Choose one answer.

	a. Rescaling the vector that represents .
	b. Reversing the vector that represents .
	c. Rotating the vector that represents by 90 degrees.
	d. Shifting the vector that represents vertically by 1.

Question 42

What is the smallest ring that contains all solutions to linear integer equations

, given that

Choose one answer.

	a. the integers
	b. the rational numbers
	c. the algebraic numbers
	d. the real numbers

Question 43

Which of the following numbers is algebraic and irrational?

Choose one answer.

	a. Liouville's number
	b.
	c.
	d.

Question 44

Which of the following rings contains all algebraic roots of positive integers?

Choose one answer.

	a. the rational numbers
	b. the algebraic numbers
	c. the integers
	d. any finite field

Question 45

Which of the following rings does not satisfy the zero product property?

Choose one answer.

	a. the integers
	b. the Gaussian integers
	c. the set of linear residues modulo -5
	d. the set of linear residues modulo 8

Question 46

Find the continued fraction expansion for 3/5.

Choose one answer.

	a. [0;1,1,2]
	b. [2;1,1]
	c. [3;5]
	d. [0;3,5]

Question 47

What is the correct continued fraction expansion for 5/3?

Choose one answer.

	a. [1;1,1]
	b. [1;1,2]
	c. [1;2,3]
	d. [5;3]

Question 48

Which continued fraction is the only possible candidate for the cube root of a prime number?

Choose one answer.

	a. [2;1,5,2,2,7,1,16,4,1,8,10,...]
	b. [2;1,5,2,2,7]
	c. [2;1,5,2,2,7,1,5,2,2,7,...]
	d. [2;0]

Question 49

Which continued fraction is the only possible candidate for the square root of a prime number?

Choose one answer.

	a. [4;1,3,1,8]
	b. [4;0]
	c. [4;1,3,1,8,1,3,1,8,...]
	d. [4;1,3,1,8,1,4,1,16,...]

Question 50

Which of the following continued fractions is rational, but not integer?

Choose one answer.

	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.

Question 51

Which of the following continued fractions is rational?

Choose one answer.

	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.

Question 52

According to Fermat, which of the following is a good candidate for a large prime number?

Choose one answer.

	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.

Question 53

According to Mersenne, which of the following is a good candidate for a large prime number?

Choose one answer.

	a.
	b.
	c.
	d.

Question 54

Evaluate

Choose one answer.

	a. -1
	b. 0
	c. 1
	d. undefined

Question 55

Evaluate

Choose one answer.

	a. -1
	b. 0
	c. 1
	d. undefined

Question 56

Evaluate

Choose one answer.

	a. 361
	b. 702
	c. 1170
	d. 2592

Question 57

Evaluate

Choose one answer.

	a. 117
	b. 401
	c. 1170
	d. 2916

Question 58

Evaluate

Choose one answer.

	a. 24
	b. 96
	c. 120
	d. 300

Question 59

Evaluate

Choose one answer.

	a. 16
	b. 25
	c. 160
	d. 200

Question 60

In the RSA algorithm, what property of the modulus

helps ensure the algorithm's correctness?

Choose one answer.

	a. It is very difficult to factor at the present time.
	b. Most numbers smaller than are relatively prime to .
	c. Computing exponents modulo is relatively easy.
	d. Bezout's formula guarantees an inverse modulo .

Question 61

The RSA encryption scheme would be in danger if we could only find an "easy" method to perform which of the following problems?

Choose one answer.

	a. compute large primes
	b. compute large exponents modulo a prime
	c. compute the greatest common divisor
	d. factor large integers

Question 62

Use Euler's formula to solve

Choose one answer.

	a. 1
	b. 5
	c. 25
	d. No solution

Question 63

Use Euler's formula to solve

Choose one answer.

	a. 1 and -1
	b. 3 and -3
	c. 9
	d. No solution

Question 64

We want to encrypt the message, EU LE RR OX, using the RSA algorithm. For our modulus, we will use

. The public key is 31. Find the private key.

Choose one answer.

	a. 302
	b. 511
	c. 792
	d. 851

Question 65

What class of number is useful for computing perfect numbers?

Choose one answer.

	a. Fibonacci numbers
	b. the Golden ratio
	c. Mersenne primes
	d. Fermat primes

Question 66

Which of the following is always true for a multiplicative function

Choose one answer.

	a. for every integer and
	b.
	c. If does not divide , then does not divide .
	d. If and are relatively prime, then .

Question 67

Which of the following is not always true for a multiplicative function f?

Choose one answer.

	a. =
	b.
	c. If divides , then divides .
	d. If and are relatively prime, then .

Question 68

Which of the following is not an aspect of the RSA encryption scheme?

Choose one answer.

	a. The communicating parties exchange encryption and decryption keys.
	b. The communicating parties build large prime numbers.
	c. The communicating parties perform exponentiation modulo a large composite number.
	d. The communicating parties would be in danger if integer factorization were "easy".

Question 69

Which of the following numbers is perfect?

Choose one answer.

	a. 2
	b. 8
	c. 102
	d. 496

Question 70

Which of the following numbers is very closely related to discovering perfect numbers?

Choose one answer.

	a. Composite numbers
	b. Fermat numbers
	c. Fibonacci numbers
	d. Mersenne numbers