ME402-FinalExam-Answers

A routine decision is not expected to have __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. small impact
	b. critical safety liability
	c. reversibility
	d. short-term consequences
	e. standard decision process

Question 2

Becoming “lean” is a process of __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. eliminating defects
	b. eliminating waste
	c. creating value
	d. A and C
	e. B and C

Question 3

Both Quality Function Deployment and Concurrent Engineering employ the following principle:

Choose one answer.

	a. Developing a design quality aimed at satisfying the consumer
	b. Involving cross-functional teams in all phases of product development
	c. Building House of Quality in an early phase of product development
	d. Documenting requirements by regulatory standards
	e. None of the above

Question 4

Decision tree __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. incorporates our attitude toward risk into the decision-making process
	b. measures risk
	c. is a decision support tool that uses a tree-like graph or model of decisions and their possible consequencesD. all of the aboveE. none of the above

Question 5

Define Net Present Value.

Choose one answer.

	a. Difference between the discounted Total Benefits and the discounted Total Costs
	b. Difference between the nondiscounted Total Benefits and the nondiscounted Total Costs
	c. Ratio between the discounted Total Benefits and the discounted Total Costs
	d. Discounted cash flow
	e. None of the above

Question 6

Estimates of risk can be made by __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. logic
	b. statistical analysis
	c. frequency
	d. judgment
	e. All of the above

Question 7

Hazekrigg’s framework of design is based on decision theory and considers __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. uncertainty and risk in design decisions
	b. the preferences of the decision maker
	c. ranking of alternatives on a valid and validated real scalar measure
	d. A and B
	e. A, B, and C

Question 8

In a “pull” system, __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. manufacturing activities are based on market forecast
	b. manufacturing activities are based on actual customer demand
	c. management is very hands-on
	d. A and C
	e. B and C

Question 9

In Axiomatic Design, the design matrix correlates __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. functional requirements with design parameters
	b. design parameters and process variables
	c. process variables and functional requirements
	d. functional requirements with both design parameters and process variables
	e. none of the above

Question 10

In Axiomatic Design, for an ideal design, the number of functional requirements is always __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. equal to the number of process variables
	b. equal to the number of design parameters
	c. greater than the number of design parameters
	d. less than the number of process variables
	e. less than the number of design parameters

Question 11

In database for Decision Supporting Systems, a data model __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. is a representation of the structure of a database
	b. describes the categories of things that can exist in the database
	c. are the things in each category that exist in the actual database at a given time
	d. describes the database at a given time
	e. describes the relationships that it can hold among entities

Question 12

In database for Decision Supporting Systems, a schema __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. is a representation of the structure of a database
	b. describes the categories of things that can exist in the database
	c. are the things in each category that exist in the actual database at a given time
	d. describes the database at a given time
	e. describes the relationships that it can hold among entities

Question 13

In database for Decision Supporting Systems, instance __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. is a representation of the structure of a database
	b. describes the categories of things that can exist in the database
	c. is the thing in each category that exists in the actual database at a given time
	d. describes the database at a given time
	e. describes the relationships that it can hold among entities

Question 14

In dynamic programming, problems are divided into a number of _______.

Choose one answer.

	a. decision stages
	b. constraints
	c. nodes
	d. objectives
	e. none of the above

Question 15

In dynamic programming, the output to stage n-1 becomes the input to _______.

Choose one answer.

	a. stage n
	b. stage n-2
	c. stage n+1
	d. stage n+2
	e. none of the above

Question 16

In Lean/Six Sigma learning, what does “kaizen” mean?

Choose one answer.

	a. Lean
	b. High quality
	c. Improvements
	d. All of the above
	e. None of the above

Question 17

In Lean/Six Sigma, what does “poka-yoke” mean?

Choose one answer.

	a. LeanB. High quality
	b. Improvements
	c. Mistake-proofing
	d. None of the above

Question 18

In multiobjective optimization, a noninferior solution Y for a given set of input X is __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. a solution that maximizes all objectives
	b. a solution that minimizes all objectives
	c. a solution such that no other feasible solution for the same input set X is better on all individual objectives
	d. a solution such that no other feasible solution for the same input set X is worse on all individual objectives
	e. None of the above

Question 19

In multiobjective optimization, the advantages of the weighting method include the following(s):

Choose one answer.

	a. Less computing resources are required as compared with the constraint method.
	b. A feasible solution always exists.
	c. A complete description of the noninferior solutions is provided.
	d. A and B
	e. A, B, and C

Question 20

In multiobjective optimization, the constraint method __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. optimizes the weighted sum of the objectives, subjected to constraints on inputs
	b. optimizes one objective while representing all other objectives as constraints
	c. optimizes multiple objectives while representing one objective as constraints
	d. optimizes the objectives, subjective to a weighted sum of the constraints
	e. None of the above

Question 21

In multiobjective optimization, the weighting method __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. optimizes the weighted sum of the objectives, subjected to constraints on inputs.
	b. optimizes one objective while representing all other objectives as constraints
	c. optimizes multiple objectives while representing one objective as constraints
	d. optimizes the objectives, subjective to a weighted sum of the constraints
	e. None of the above

Question 22

In Quality Function Deployment, what is the role of Correlation Matrix?

Choose one answer.

	a. It rates the design attributes in terms of organizational difficulty.
	b. It compares competitor technical descriptors.
	c. It determines the relationship between customer needs and the company’s ability to meet those needs.
	d. It examines how each of the technical descriptors impact each other.
	e. It calculates the absolute importance for each technical descriptor

Question 23

In Quality Function Deployment, what is the role of Relationship Matrix?

Choose one answer.

	a. It rates the design attributes in terms of organizational difficulty.
	b. It compares competitor technical descriptors.
	c. It determines the relationship between customer needs and the company’s ability to meet those needs.
	d. It examines how each of the technical descriptors impact each other.
	e. It calculates the absolute importance for each technical descriptor.

Question 24

In Quality Function Deployment, why do you want to calculate Absolute Importance?

Choose one answer.

	a. To rate the design attributes in terms of organizational difficulty
	b. To compare competitor technical descriptors
	c. To determine the relationship between customer needs and the company’s ability to meet those needs.
	d. To investigate how each of the technical descriptors impact each other.
	e. To determine which technical aspects of your product matters the most to your customer

Question 25

In relational database, a __________ operation forms a new table by combining records from two tables that match on a common attribute.

Choose one answer.

	a. “select”
	b. “project”
	c. “join”
	d. “union”
	e. “difference”

Question 26

In relational database, a __________ operation forms a new table containing all rows in the first table but not in the second (tables must match on all attributes).

Choose one answer.

	a. “select”
	b. “project”
	c. “join”
	d. “union”
	e. “difference”

Question 27

In Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), how many inventive principles are there?

Choose one answer.

	a. 30
	b. 39
	c. 40
	d. 21
	e. 400

Question 28

In __________, feasible space consists of integer variables.

Choose one answer.

	a. linear programming
	b. nonlinear programming
	c. integer programming
	d. goal programmingE. dynamics programming

Question 29

In __________, the method assigning weight for preferences is based on paired comparisons of options.

Choose one answer.

	a. Sum Weight Method
	b. Analytic Hierarchy Process
	c. Decision Tree Analysis
	d. Swing Weight Method
	e. None of the above

Question 30

Linear programming assumes _______.

Choose one answer.

	a. certainty
	b. linearity
	c. additivity
	d. divisibility
	e. all of the above

Question 31

Suh’s theory of design stated that all designs could be represented in __________ domains.

Choose one answer.

	a. 3
	b. 4
	c. 5
	d. 6
	e. 2

Question 32

The basic premises of Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) include the following:

Choose one answer.

	a. The goal is to create an ideal design with no harmful functions.
	b. The process of invention can be structured and systematized.
	c. An inventive solution is created to resolve two contradictory elements.
	d. A and B
	e. A, B, and C

Question 33

The certainty equivalent of a lottery __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. is a quantification of a person’s relative preference for a specific consequence
	b. is the expectation of the preference values of the possible outcomes of the lottery
	c. expresses a person’s relative preferences among a set of consequences
	d. is a consequence such that the decision maker is indifferent between the certainty equivalent and the lottery
	e. none of the above

Question 34

The decision matrix method is also known as __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Quality Function Deployment
	b. TRIZ
	c. Six Sigma
	d. The Pugh Method
	e. None of the above

Question 35

The first axiom in Suh’s Axiomatic Design theory stated that __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. a good design is made up of design parameters that result in the dependence of the functional requirements from each other
	b. a good design minimizes the information content of the design.
	c. a good design is made up of design parameters that result in the independence of the functional requirements from each other
	d. a good design maximizes the information content of the design
	e. All of the above

Question 36

The preference value of a lottery __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. is a quantification of a person’s relative preference for a specific consequence
	b. is the expectation of the preference values of the possible outcomes of the lottery
	c. expresses a person’s relative preferences among a set of consequences
	d. is a consequence such that the decision maker is indifferent between the certainty equivalent and the lottery
	e. none of the above

Question 37

The process of decision making involves__________.

Choose one answer.

	a. requirement identification
	b. problem definition
	c. establishment of objectives
	d. development of criteria for evaluation
	e. All of the above

Question 38

The risk avoider __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. prefers uncertain amounts that have an expected value equal to the certain amount
	b. prefers certain amounts over uncertain amounts with the same expected value
	c. is indifferent, or has a tie in terms of preference, between the two
	d. all of the above
	e. none of the above

Question 39

The second axiom in Suh’s Axiomatic Design theory stated that __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. a good design is made up of design parameters that result in the dependence of the functional requirements from each other
	b. a good design minimizes the information content of the design
	c. a good design is made up of design parameters that result in the independence of the functional requirements from each other
	d. a good design maximizes the information content of the design
	e. All of the above

Question 40

The utility of a consequence __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. is a quantification of a person’s relative preference for that consequence
	b. is the expectation of the preference values of the possible outcomes of the lottery
	c. expresses a person’s relative preferences among a set of consequences
	d. is a consequence such that the decision maker is indifferent between the certainty equivalent and the lottery
	e. none of the above

Question 41

The __________ criterion indicates that the decision maker should select the option that maximizes the minimum benefit obtainable.

Choose one answer.

	a. Maximin
	b. Maximax
	c. Laplace
	d. Regret
	e. Weighted index

Question 42

The __________ criterion indicates that the decision maker should select the option that maximizes the maximum benefits.

Choose one answer.

	a. Maximin
	b. Maximax
	c. Laplace
	d. Regret
	e. Weighted index

Question 43

The __________ criterion indicates that the optimum choice is the one that provides the best weighted average of all the characteristics of the problem.

Choose one answer.

	a. Maximin
	b. Maximax
	c. Laplace
	d. Regret
	e. Weighted index

Question 44

Utility function __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. is a quantification of a person's relative preference for a specific consequence
	b. is the expectation of the preference values of the possible outcomes of the lottery
	c. expresses a person’s relative preferences among a set of consequences
	d. is a consequence such that the decision maker is indifferent between the certainty equivalent and the lottery
	e. none of the above

Question 45

Utility theory __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. incorporates our attitude toward risk into the decision-making process
	b. measures risk
	c. is a decision support tool that uses a tree-like graph or model of decisions and their possible consequences
	d. all of the above
	e. none of the above

Question 46

What are the reasons for decision analysis?

Choose one answer.

	a. Enumerating choices
	b. Characterizing relevant outcomes
	c. Quantifying the relative desirability of outcomes
	d. Ranking choices and helping to identify the best option
	e. All of the above

Question 47

What is Quality Function Deployment?

Choose one answer.

	a. A method to transform user demands into design quality
	b. A method to deploy the functions forming quality
	c. A way to deploy methods for achieving the design quality into subsystems and component parts and ultimately to specific elements of the manufacturing process
	d. A, B, and C
	e. A and B

Question 48

When engineering and operations simultaneously develop a cross-functional process to design, this approach is known as __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. sequential engineering
	b. traditional engineering
	c. concurrent engineering
	d. all of the above
	e. none of the above

Question 49

Which of the following are advantages of using Cost/Benefit ratio to evaluate options?

Choose one answer.

	a. It allows comparisons of options on the same scale
	b. It allows ranking of projects
	c. It requires all benefits to be assigned a monetary value
	d. A and B
	e. A and C

Question 50

Which of the following constraints is typical for a resource-allocation problem?

Choose one answer.

	a. >=
	b. <=
	c. =
	d. none of the above
	e. all of the above

Question 51

Which of the following is a method for solving a multiobjective optimization problem?

Choose one answer.

	a. Weight sum
	b. Weighted exponential sum
	c. Lexicographic
	d. Tchebycheff
	e. All of the above

Question 52

Which of the following is not a component of a linear programming model?

Choose one answer.

	a. DecisionsB. Excel spreadsheet
	b. Data
	c. Measures of performance
	d. Constraints

Question 53

Which of the following is not a design domain in Suh’s Axiomatic Design?

Choose one answer.

	a. Customer Domain
	b. Functional Domain
	c. Physical Domain
	d. Organizational Domain
	e. Process Domain

Question 54

Which of the following is not a feature of concurrent engineering?

Choose one answer.

	a. All stakeholder inputs
	b. Sequential design
	c. Concurrent consideration of product life cycle
	d. Multifunctional team
	e. Total quality management tools

Question 55

Which of the following is the “decomposing step” in Analytic Hierarchy Process?

Choose one answer.

	a. Structure the problem into manageable subproblems.
	b. Assign a relative weight to each criterion, based on its importance within the node to which it belongs.
	c. Score alternatives and compare each one to others.
	d. Compare alternatives and select the one that best fits the requirements.
	e. None of the above.

Question 56

Which of the following methods or systems can be used to generate design alternatives?

Choose one answer.

	a. Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ)
	b. Mind mapping
	c. Design Information Systems
	d. Product Planning Advisor
	e. All of the above

Question 57

Which of the following statements about discount rate is not true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Lower discount rates favor projects with short-term benefits.
	b. Relative rank of projects depends on the discount rate used.
	c. Discount rate is used to evaluate the cash flows of a project over time.
	d. Discount rate may vary under different conditions.
	e. Higher discount rates favor projects with short-term benefits.

Question 58

Which of the following statements is not true about Taguchi method?

Choose one answer.

	a. Design must provide a robust product that is on target and simultaneously insensitive to variability arising from both the process and the environment.
	b. Process parameters are constants and do not affect the variability in the product.
	c. A defined loss function should be established to provide a financial measure of customer dissatisfaction with a product’s performance as it deviates from a target value.
	d. Quality should be measured by the deviation from a specified target value.
	e. The product user’s environment adds further variability challenges to quality performance.

Question 59

Why do we want to standardize work?

Choose one answer.

	a. Establish process stability and enable effective employee involvement.
	b. Support audit, poka-yoke, and problem solving and maintain organizational knowledge.
	c. Provide a basis for employee training; define clear stop and start points for each process.
	d. A and B
	e. A, B, and C

Question 60

__________ cannot fit naturally into a relational model.

Choose one answer.

	a. Complex constraints
	b. Uncertainty about values of attributes
	c. Subtypes that share some but not all structure and features of parent type
	d. Context-dependent structure
	e. All of the above

Question 61

A pharmaceutical company has resources to develop either drug X or drug Y or none at all. Drug X will cost $100 million to develop, and it can generate $1 billion if it succeeds. Drug Y will cost $10 million to develop, and it can generate $300 million if it succeeds. Drug X has a 50% chance of success and drug Y has an 80% chance of success. Use decision tree to help the pharmaceutical company select which drug to develop. What are the expected values for the three decision alternatives: (i) developing drug X, (ii) developing drug Y, and (iii) developing neither drug?

Choose one answer.

	a. $400 million, $310 million, $0
	b. $900 million, $200 million, $0
	c. $200 million, $310 million, $100 million
	d. $100 million, $390 million, $0
	e. $100 million, $390 million, $0

Question 62

Company A produces two products X and Y. Each X requires 4 units of material C and each Y requires 7 units of material C. The total amount of material C available for each month is 5000. Let x and y be the number of X and Y produced in a month. If we want to optimize products of X and Y, what is the appropriate constraint on material C?

Choose one answer.

	a. 4x+7y > 5000
	b. 4x+7y <= 5000
	c. 7y > 5000
	d. 4x > 5000
	e. 4x = 7y

Question 63

Hotel A is a one-star hotel, located 0.7 miles from the beach and costs $12 a night. Hotel B is a three-star hotel, located 0.2 miles from the beach and costs $1,500 a night. Hotel C is a two-star hotel, located 0.5 miles from the beach and costs $1,000 a night. Hotel D is a three-star hotel, located 0.6 miles from the beach and costs $2,000 a night. Hotel E is a two-star hotel, located 1.5 miles from the beach, and costs $1,100 a night. We want to find a hotel that has the most stars, closer to the beach, and less expensive. Find the Pareto optimal solution.

Choose one answer.

	a. Hotel A
	b. Hotel B
	c. Hotel C
	d. Hotel D
	e. Hotel E

Question 64

How many axioms of rational behavior are there?

Choose one answer.

	a. 2
	b. 3
	c. 4
	d. 5
	e. 6

Question 65

In real option analysis, a call-like option __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. is exercised when expectation of positive return decreases
	b. captures benefits from increases in project value
	c. insures against losses from decreased project value
	d. may involve short-term costs to salvage the project
	e. all of the above

Question 66

In real option analysis, a put-like option __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. is exercised when expectations of positive return decrease
	b. captures benefits from increases in project value
	c. is exercised when expectations of positive return increase
	d. may involve putting more money into project to maximize return.
	e. all of the above

Question 67

In “Lean Enterprise,” the five S’s consist of “simplify,” “straighten,” “scrub,” “stabilize,” and “__________.”

Choose one answer.

	a. sort
	b. shine
	c. standardize
	d. sustain
	e. none of the above

Question 68

Solve the following optimization problem: Maximize Y, which is subjected to the following constraints: (i) X – 2Y ≥-1, (ii) X ≤ 2, (iii) X ≥0 and (iv) Y ≥0. Find the optimum.

Choose one answer.

	a. X = 2, Y = 1.5
	b. X = 2, Y = 1
	c. X = 0, Y = 0
	d. X = 1, Y = 2
	e. X = 0, Y = 1

Question 69

The three dimensions of difficulty that a problem may have are

Choose one answer.

	a. complexity, dynamic, and convexity.
	b. constrained resources, too many options, and redundancy.
	c. sensitivity, specificity, and redundancy.
	d. uncertainty, complexity, and dynamic.
	e. None of the above.

Question 70

The U.S. bank gives an interest rate of 3.25%, while the inflation rate is 2%. What is the real interest rate?

Choose one answer.

	a. 3.25%
	b. 2.25%
	c. 1.23%
	d. 5.25%
	e. 0%

Question 71

What does the second O in GOOD-D stand for?

Choose one answer.

	a. options
	b. outcomes
	c. opinions
	d. operational
	e. omnipresent

Question 72

Which of the following behavior is not rational according to the axioms of rational behaviors?

Choose one answer.

	a. Let C1, C2, and C3 be any three consequences of a chance event R. The decision maker preferred C1 over C2 and C2 over C3. The decision maker also preferred C1 over C3.
	b. Two events L1 and L2 with the same consequence occur with probabilities p1 and p2. We know that p1 > p2. The decision maker preferred L1.
	c. Let C1 and C2 be any two consequences which are possible if only some chance event R occurs. Before knowing whether R occurred, the decision maker preferred C1. After it is known that R did indeed occur, the decision maker preferred C2.
	d. A and B
	e. Let C1 and C2 be consequences of two independent events L1 and L2. The decision maker estimates that C1 is equivalent to C2 and decides to substitute L1 with L2.

Question 73

Which of the following is not a feature of a decision support system?

Choose one answer.

	a. computer-based
	b. replacing human judgment
	c. improving effectiveness of human decision makers
	d. highly interactive
	e. none of the above

Question 74

Which of the following is not part of a “lean enterprise” mindset?

Choose one answer.

	a. Customer “pull”
	b. Flexible response
	c. Periodic adjustment
	d. Prevention
	e. Knowledge-driven

Question 75

Which of the following is not true about options?

Choose one answer.

	a. Option is a right but not an obligation to take some action.
	b. Options have asymmetric returns.
	c. Options are exercised only if advantageous.
	d. Options are acquired at some cost.
	e. Options can be only exercised in the future.