According to Bertrand Russell, which of the following is a major difference between philosophy and science?

	a. Science has to do with mathematics, whereas philosophy does not.
	b. Science focuses on knowledge that is already definite, while philosophy does not.
	c. Science is about facts, while philosophy is about opinions.
	d. Science is a relatively recent development, whereas philosophy is ancient.
	e. Scientists make more money than philosophers.

.

According to John Corvino, philosophy is useful in a wide range of contexts, because it teaches us to do which of the following?

	a. Convince others of our point of view
	b. Question the beliefs we take for granted
	c. Write clear and persuasive papers
	d. Pay attention to the world around us
	e. Criticize everything we learn and experience

.

Bertrand Russell describes philosophy as which of the following?

	a. Food for the mind
	b. Wisdom of the heart
	c. The science of ideas
	d. A pastime for elites
	e. A lot of nonsense

.

Complete the following statement. When writing a philosophy paper, a strong thesis is:

	a. a statement of procedure.
	b. a hypothesis to be tested.
	c. a position you will argue for.
	d. the first sentence of the paper.
	e. not a requirement.

.

In the following argument, which statements are premises? If time travel is possible, we will have lots of time-traveling visitors from the future. However, we have no such visitors. Therefore, time travel is not possible.

	a. If time travel is possible, we will have lots of time-traveling visitors from the future.
	b. However, we have no such visitors.
	c. Therefore, time travel is not possible.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

.

Philosophy is useful for developing which of the following skills?

	a. Analytical skills
	b. Writing skills
	c. Memorization skills
	d. All of the above
	e. A and B only

.

The nature of meaning would be best categorized as a discussion in which of the following?

	a. Metaphysics
	b. Epistemology
	c. Philosophy of Science
	d. Philosophy of Religion
	e. Philosophy of Language

.

The philosophy of science is primarily concerned with which of the following?

	a. The philosophical views of scientists
	b. Philosophical questions about science
	c. Scientific proofs for philosophical positions
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

.

The term “Dao” refers to which of the following?

	a. The ultimate nature of reality
	b. The path that human beings should adhere to
	c. The innate ideas human beings possess
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

.

When Bertrand Russell says that philosophy aims at the enlargement of the “not-self,” what does he mean?

	a. Philosophy tries to make people more generous.
	b. Philosophy tries to understand the world as it is, not as we make it.
	c. Philosophy is about denying one’s personal interests.
	d. Philosophy tries to prove that the self is an illusion.
	e. Philosophy takes no interest in the self.

.

Which of the following are Daoist philosophers?

	a. Lao Tzu
	b. Zhuangzi
	c. Confucius
	d. A and B
	e. A, B, and C

.

Which of the following comprises the subject matter of metaphysics?

	a. The best way to live one’s life and the difference between right and wrong
	b. The nature of existence and reality
	c. The nature of and conditions for knowledge
	d. The nature of God and the soul
	e. The nature of justice and the best way to organize the state

.

Which of the following does Bertrand Russell mention as a reason that philosophy is valuable?

	a. It removes dogmatism.
	b. It removes skepticism.
	c. It produces new knowledge.
	d. It produces new technologies.
	e. It produces revenue.

.

Which of the following is a characteristic of good philosophical writing?

	a. Presenting ideas clearly
	b. Discussing counter-arguments
	c. Stating of a thesis
	d. Using examples
	e. All of the above

.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of arguments in philosophy?

	a. Premises
	b. Conclusions
	c. Inference
	d. Hostility
	e. Reasoning

.

Which of the following is NOT an argument?

	a. All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
	b. Men are like dogs. Dogs are motivated by food. Therefore, men are motivated by food.
	c. The president should be impeached.
	d. God is not a deceiver. Therefore, I am not wrong about most of my beliefs, since, if I were, God would be a deceiver.
	e. Only children cry. You are not a child, and therefore you should toughen up.

.

Which of the following is NOT an argument?

	a. I was sick on Thursday. I had a cold. Therefore, I could not come to work.
	b. Cats are docile animals. Docile animals do not bite. Therefore, cats do not bite.
	c. Policemen wear helmets. Hence, John is not a policeman because he does not wear a helmet.
	d. Actions are either right or wrong. Theft is an action. Therefore, theft is either right or wrong.
	e. Miriam was at the grocery store at two o’clock. Thus, she could not be the murderer, because the murderer was in the bell tower at two o’clock.

.

Which of the following is typically NOT important when writing philosophical papers?

	a. Originality
	b. Clarity
	c. Examples
	d. Counter-arguments
	e. Statistics

.

Which of the following questions would a student of aesthetics ask?

	a. Does God really exist?
	b. How do I know that my beliefs are true?
	c. Which actions are right, and which ones a wrong?
	d. Is this random splash of paint art, or is it just paint?
	e. What is the best way to organize a state?

.

Which of the following questions would a student of political philosophy ask?

	a. What is the best way to organize a state?
	b. What are the hallmarks of good political leadership?
	c. Why do human beings form political societies?
	d. What are the rights and duties of citizens?
	e. All of the above

.

Why is philosophy important, according to Bertrand Russell?

	a. Because it helps us achieve an accurate understanding of the world
	b. Because it helps us to challenge beliefs we take for granted
	c. Because it helps us develop new products and technologies
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

.

According to Kant, metaphysical knowledge is only possible if it is characterized as which of the following?

	a. Analytic
	b. Synthetic
	c. A priori
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

.

According to Kant, which of the following would fall outside the boundaries of possible knowledge?

	a. The existence of God
	b. The nature of things “in themselves”
	c. The nature of cause and effect
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

.

According to Locke, when human beings are born, the mind contains which of the following?

	a. An idea of the self
	b. An idea of God
	c. An idea of substance
	d. An idea of power
	e. Nothing

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Complete the following statement. According to Descartes, “I think, therefore I exist” is:

	a. an innate idea.
	b. an empirical idea.
	c. a mistaken idea.
	d. an egotistical idea.
	e. a false idea.

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Complete the following statement. According to Plato, all of the following are true of forms EXCEPT:

	a. forms are accessible only to the intellect.
	b. forms are nearly impossible to detect.
	c. forms are real.
	d. forms are what philosophers know the most about.
	e. forms are eternal and unchanging.

.

Complete the following statement. According to Plato, forms are universal, whereas objects of sensation are:

	a. unique.
	b. particular.
	c. multiple.
	d. absolute.
	e. illusory.

.

Complete the following statement. Daoism is similar to Kant’s philosophy, because it holds that:

	a. reality is ultimately unknowable by human beings.
	b. the world is constantly changing.
	c. knowledge is dependent on context and perspective.
	d. there can be no knowledge without experience.
	e. there can be no experience without knowledge.

.

Complete the following statement. In Plato’s analogy of the divided line, the sensible world is related to the intelligible world as:

	a. a fire is to a flame.
	b. a prisoner is to a free man.
	c. the sun is to the Earth.
	d. images are to material things.
	e. images are to forms.

.

In Plato’s “Metaphysics,” which of the following is true of material things?

	a. They are less real than the forms.
	b. They are more real than images.
	c. They are more real than the forms.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

.

Kant argued that

	a. rationalism and empiricism are not mutually exclusive.
	b. knowledge has limits.
	c. knowledge and experience are mutually interdependent.
	d. A and B
	e. A, B, and C

.

The Dao De Jing says: “The partial becomes complete; the crooked, straight; the empty, full; the worn out, new.” Which of the following captures the metaphysical view being put forward here?

	a. The world is very confusing, but the Dao helps us explain it.
	b. What we say about reality depends on the perspective we adopt.
	c. The ultimate nature of realty is paradoxical.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

.

The doctrine that all of our knowledge is the product of what we have deduced from primary beliefs is called which of the following?

	a. Utilitarianism
	b. Consequentialism
	c. Rationalism
	d. Empiricism
	e. Imperialism

.

What would Kant likely say about Plato’s theory of the forms?

	a. The forms do not exist.
	b. The forms exist.
	c. It is impossible to know whether the forms exist.
	d. The forms exist only in the mind.
	e. The forms exist but they cannot be known.

.

Which of the following comprises the subject matter of epistemology?

	a. The best way to live one’s life and the difference between right and wrong
	b. The nature of existence and reality
	c. The nature of and conditions for knowledge
	d. The nature of God and the soul
	e. The nature of justice and the best way to organize the state

.

Which of the following is a synthetic claim?

	a. The atomic weight of gold is 196.96 amu.
	b. Gold is a yellow metal.
	c. Pain is uncomfortable
	d. All bachelors are unmarried.
	e. The ocean is full of water.

.

Which of the following reasons does Descartes give for doubting his beliefs?

	a. That he might be deceived by an evil demon
	b. That he might be dreaming
	c. That he might have been drugged
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

.

Who was Socrates?

	a. A fictional character invented by Plato
	b. The character who speaks with Plato in The Republic
	c. Plato’s teacher
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

.

Why does Descartes think it is necessary to call into doubt everything he has previously believed?

	a. Many of his beliefs have come from the senses, and the senses are frequently misleading.
	b. If he starts with absolutely secure beliefs, everything he builds on it will be certain as well.
	c. He wants to find things out for himself rather than follow tradition.
	d. He wants to lay the groundwork for the growing body of scientific knowledge.
	e. All of the above

.

Zhuangzi’s parable about dreaming that he is a butterfly is intended to illustrate that reality is not fixed and eternal, rather reality changes depending on the perspective we adopt. This view is most strongly opposed to the view developed in which of the following?

	a. Locke’s analogy of the empty cabinet.
	b. Pascal’s wager
	c. Descartes’ wax example
	d. Plato’s allegory of the cave
	e. Nietzsche’s parable of the madman

.

According to Aristotle, how can you tell if a characteristic is virtuous or not?

	a. If it makes you happy
	b. If it contributes to the good life
	c. If it is an intermediary between excess and defect
	d. If it accords with ritual
	e. If it accords with human nature

.

According to Kant’s categorical imperative, an action is right so long as which of the following holds true?

	a. One can wish that acting that way would become a universal law.
	b. One treats other human beings as ends in themselves.
	c. One can anticipate that the action will result in more happiness than unhappiness.
	d. A and B only
	e. B and C only

.

According to Kant’s ethics, which of the following statements is true?

	a. It is permissible to lie to someone if it was in his or her best interest.
	b. It is permissible to lie to someone as long as there are no negative consequences.
	c. It is permissible to lie to someone if it helps many other people.
	d. It is impermissible to lie to someone unless it is to prevent them from doing something bad.
	e. It is impermissible to lie.

.

According to Mill, the aim of ethical behavior is to do which of the following?

	a. Maximize happiness for everyone.
	b. Maximize happiness for oneself.
	c. Maximize rationality in one’s actions.
	d. Maximize virtue in one’s actions.
	e. Minimize unhappiness for oneself.

.

According to Mill’s ethics, which of the following is true?

	a. It is permissible to lie if it benefits a great number of people.
	b. It is permissible to lie if nobody ever finds out.
	c. It is permissible to lie if one is a virtuous person overall.
	d. It is permissible to lie if it furthers one’s ends.
	e. It is impermissible to lie.

.

Aristotle’s ethical theory tries to answer which question?

	a. How do I tell the difference between right and wrong?
	b. What is the difference between good and evil?
	c. What do I need to do in order to go to heaven?
	d. What is the best way to live one’s life?
	e. What is the least amount of effort I need to exert to be good?

.

Complete the following statement. According to Aristotle, “the good” is different for every different type of thing. Each thing is “good” when it:

	a. is beneficial to people.
	b. fulfills its function.
	c. brings people happiness.
	d. preserves itself.
	e. makes the world a better place.

.

Complete the following statement. According to Aristotle, being virtuous is a matter of:

	a. habit.
	b. nature.
	c. nobility.
	d. thoughtfulness.
	e. compassion.

.

Complete the following statement. According to Kant, ethics is a matter of:

	a. habit.
	b. nature.
	c. nobility.
	d. rationality.
	e. compassion.

.

Confucius’s concept of ren most closely resembles which of the following?

	a. Rationality
	b. Intellect
	c. Alienation
	d. Self-interest
	e. Compassion

.

Fill in the blank. The major innovation that Nietzsche’s philosophy introduces is that it pits changeable ___________ up against unchanging sources of truth and meaning, such as science and religion.

	a. skepticism
	b. gambling
	c. culture
	d. human nature
	e. suffering

.

If you decided to murder one terrorist in order to save a group of hostages, which of the following philosophers would definitely not approve of your action?

	a. Kant
	b. Mill
	c. Aristotle
	d. Buddha
	e. Confucius

.

In Kant’s ethics, which of the following is true?

	a. Persons are awarded a fundamental respect.
	b. There are no “gray areas” when it comes to right and wrong.
	c. There are sometimes “gray areas” when it comes to right and wrong.
	d. A and B only
	e. A and C only

.

Kant’s ethical theory tries to answer what question?

	a. What is the good for human beings?
	b. How can I tell if an action is right or wrong?
	c. What do I need to do in order to go to heaven?
	d. What is the best way to live one’s life?
	e. What is the least amount of effort I need to exert to be good?

.

Kant’s fundamental moral principle states which of the following?

	a. We should act only on maxims that we wish to become universal laws.
	b. We should act only when it will do no harm.
	c. We should act always to maximize happiness.
	d. We should act always in accordance with ritual.
	e. We should act always in accordance with virtue.

.

Mill argues that intellectual pleasures are more valuable than sensual pleasures in order to do which of the following?

	a. Privilege philosophers and scientists in his ethics
	b. Establish a hierarchy of good and bad people
	c. Differentiate human morality from that of mere animals
	d. Discourage debauchery
	e. Demonstrate that intelligence corresponds to goodness

.

Mill is critical of those who think that moral behavior should be guided by which of the following?

	a. Rationality
	b. Intuition
	c. Consequences
	d. Virtue
	e. Circumstances

.

Mill’s fundamental moral principle states which of the following?

	a. We should act only on maxims that we wish to become universal laws.
	b. We should act only when it will do no harm.
	c. We should act always to maximize happiness.
	d. We should act always in accordance with ritual.
	e. We should act always in accordance with virtue.

.

Nietzsche uses the phrase “herd instinct” to explain what feature of human society?

	a. Intelligence
	b. Organization of the state
	c. Cruelty
	d. Ethics
	e. Science

.

When is an ethical imperative considered to be categorical?

	a. When the ethical imperative depends on the circumstances of the action
	b. When the ethical imperative depends on the character of the person performing the action
	c. When the ethical imperative depends on the consequences of the action
	d. When the ethical imperative depends on the seriousness of the action
	e. When the ethical imperative holds in all cases, universally

.

Which of the following accurately captures the intended meaning of Nietzsche’s famous assertion that “God is dead?”

	a. The time has come to reconfirm the traditional values of our society.
	b. All of the certainty traditionally associated with science and religion is an illusion.
	c. As a society, the concept of God is no longer culturally significant for us.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

.

Which philosopher would require that we calculate the amount of happiness and unhappiness likely to be produced by an action in order to decide if it is right or wrong?

	a. Aristotle
	b. Kant
	c. Mill
	d. Nietzsche
	e. The Buddha

.

Why is courage a virtue for Aristotle?

	a. Courageous people help their fellow human beings.
	b. Courageous people are natural leaders.
	c. Courage is something that some people are born with.
	d. Courage results in positive consequences.
	e. Courage is a mean between cowardice and rashness.

.

Why is happiness important to Aristotle’s ethical theory?

	a. Happiness is the good for human beings.
	b. Happiness is the absence of pain, and pain should be avoided.
	c. Happiness is the result of acting from rational moral principles.
	d. Every human being has the right to happiness.
	e. Every human being has the duty to make others happy.

.

According to Confucius, a society can become virtuous if which of the following holds true?

	a. Its ruler is virtuous.
	b. Its members engage in productive activity.
	c. Its rulers are philosophers.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

.

According to Confucius, which of the following actions on the part of the ruler will be met with resentment?

	a. Ruling in accordance with ritual
	b. Ruling in accordance with de
	c. Ruling by force
	d. Ruling by compassion
	e. Respecting the opinions of the peasants

.

According to Hobbes, what would life consist of without the existence of a state?

	a. A utopian society with no hunger or crime
	b. A war of all against all
	c. A continual struggle to compete with one’s fellow human beings
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

.

According to Hobbes, why is the establishment of a state a rational act?

	a. It is rational to entrust one’s fate to one’s superiors.
	b. It is rational to submit to a common authority in order to escape the state of nature.
	c. It is rational to create a society of culture.
	d. It is rational to share our resources equally with one another.
	e. It is rational to want to acquire power.

.

According to Marx, why is it that the industrial mode of production is intolerable for workers?

	a. It impoverishes workers.
	b. It is physically strenuous for workers.
	c. It alienates workers from their nature as human beings.
	d. It is emotionally distressing to workers.
	e. It is not intellectually stimulating for workers.

.

According to Marx, why is productive activity important for human beings?

	a. It helps them earn a living.
	b. It is a part of their nature.
	c. It keeps them from rising up against their oppressors.
	d. It divides society into an orderly hierarchy.
	e. It helps to quell their violent impulses.

.

Complete the following statement. Plato argues that philosopher kings will act in the best interests of everyone, because:

	a. only they know what justice and goodness are.
	b. only they are respected by everyone in the city.
	c. philosophers love their fellow men more than anything else.
	d. philosophers derive their power from popular approval.
	e. philosophers are inherently just and good.

.

Complete the following statements. Hobbes’s social contract is an agreement between:

	a. the rulers and the ruled.
	b. all members of a society.
	c. parents and their children.
	d. human beings and God.
	e. citizens and their representatives.

.

For Marx, alienation means which of the following?

	a. Workers are dissociated from one another.
	b. Workers are dissociated from the products of their labor.
	c. Workers are dissociated from wages.
	d. All of the above
	e. A and B only

.

Hobbes described the sovereign as which of the following?

	a. A philosopher king
	b. The agent and embodiment of the people
	c. The solution to the sources of conflict in society
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

.

How did Machiavelli change the way virtuous leadership was perceived?

	a. He introduced a conception of virtue that differed greatly from the traditional Christian version.
	b. He provided an example of virtuous leadership by his own actions.
	c. He misinterpreted Aristotle’s theory of virtue.
	d. He introduced Aristotle’s theory of virtue to renaissance Italy.
	e. He ignored all previous conceptions of virtue.

.

In contrast to traditional Christian political views, Machiavelli taught which of the following?

	a. That leaders should act only on the basis of the people’s wishes
	b. That leaders should act as moral exemplars for their people
	c. That leaders should act with cunning and, if need be, with cruelty
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

.

Which of the following is true of the time of Marx’s writing?

	a. Most individuals owned their own farms or workshops.
	b. Most individuals had a fair amount of financial security.
	c. The economy was being transformed by technological advances.
	d. No great divisions between social classes existed.
	e. The dominant form of government was communism.

.

Which of the following philosophers argued that virtuous leadership consisted in getting and keeping political power?

	a. Plato
	b. Machiavelli
	c. Hobbes
	d. Marx
	e. Confucius

.

Which of the following philosophers emphasizes hierarchy as an important component of a well-run state?

	a. Marx
	b. Hobbes
	c. Confucius
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

.

Which of the following philosophers speak of the Dao as the path to be followed in life?

	a. Lao Tzu
	b. Zhuangzi
	c. Confucius
	d. All of the above
	e. A and C only

.

Which of the following philosophers would argue that brutal punishment is a good tactic for keeping order in the state?

	a. Hobbes
	b. Plato
	c. Machiavelli
	d. Aristotle
	e. Confucius

.

Which of the following principles would Confucius most likely agree with?

	a. Force is the only way to maintain order.
	b. Deceiving one’s subject is sometimes necessary to maintain one’s image.
	c. Without leadership human beings would simply compete violently with one another.
	d. Sometimes the best way to rule is through inaction.
	e. Only through productive activity can human beings fulfill their nature.

.

Which philosopher argues that human nature is competitive and self-interested, but also rational?

	a. Plato
	b. Hobbes
	c. Machiavelli
	d. Marx
	e. Confucius

.

According to Pascal, what do we stand to lose if we wager that God exists and we wager incorrectly?

	a. Infinite error
	b. Infinite happiness
	c. Reason
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

.

According to Pascal, what is the most important reason to wager on whether or not God exists?

	a. Faith alone cannot prove to us that God exists.
	b. Gambling is inherently exciting.
	c. It is better to wager about God than about money.
	d. Wagering helps us sharpen our reasoning skills.
	e. We have no choice. We have to wager.

.

Complete the following statement. According to Plato, the soul must be immortal because death is the opposite of life, and:

	a. the soul is by its nature alive.
	b. the soul is by its nature dead.
	c. the soul is what unites opposites.
	d. everything passes away except the soul.
	e. everything comes to be from its opposite.

.

Complete the following statement. Plato argues that the soul must be immortal, because:

	a. the soul is like the knowledge it apprehends, which is eternal.
	b. the soul is like the harmony produced by a lyre.
	c. the soul is a vapor that escapes the body as it dies.
	d. the soul is associated with thinking, and therefore it exists.
	e. the soul is like an empty cabinet, which will be refilled in the next life.

.

Complete the following statement. Saint Anselm’s reasons that God must exist are based on the ideas we have of him as an infinitely great being and that:

	a. existence is included in the idea of an infinitely great being.
	b. our sources for this idea are very reliable.
	c. the world contains many things that we cannot understand.
	d. our understanding is not infinitely great.
	e. God is not a deceiver.

.

Descartes famously identifies his “self” with the activity of thinking. Which philosopher would deny that thinking is an indication of self?

	a. Confucius
	b. Plato
	c. Nietzsche
	d. Buddha
	e. Lao Tzu

.

Descartes regards his proof of the existence of God to be which of the following?

	a. Very likely true
	b. Very likely false
	c. Absolute and certain
	d. Unnecessary because faith does not require proof
	e. A mere exercise in reasoning

.

Descartes’s “causal adequacy principle” states which of the following?

	a. Everything that exists must have a cause.
	b. Only material things must have causes.
	c. Only immaterial things must have causes.
	d. A cause must possess at least as much reality as its effect.
	e. One must be inspired by a cause in order to think rationally.

.

In contrast to Descartes’s “I think, therefore I exist,” the Buddha took pains to point out which of the following?

	a. That there is no self at all
	b. That many of the things we identify with our self are in fact “not self”
	c. That everything in the world is part of the self
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

.

In Simmias’s objection to Plato’s argument for the immortality of the soul, he compares the body to a lyre and the soul to which of the following?

	a. A string
	b. A harmony
	c. A note
	d. A dance
	e. A horn

.

Ontological arguments for the existence of God are typically characterized as which of the following?

	a. Empirical
	b. Non-empirical
	c. Rational
	d. Non-rational
	e. Analogical

.

Pascal’s argument for the existence of God is best described as which of the following?

	a. Ontological
	b. Causal
	c. Practical
	d. Analogical
	e. Empirical

.

What is Descartes’s starting point in his causal argument for the existence of God?

	a. The idea that one cannot opt out of wagering on God’s existence
	b. The idea of God he possesses innately
	c. The idea that the soul must exist after the body dies
	d. The idea that God presents humanity with a test of faith
	e. The idea that heaven is accessible through the intellect

.

What is Gaunilo’s criticism of Saint Anselm’s ontological argument for the existence of God?

	a. Saint Anselm’s ontological argument for the existence of God relies on a mistaken idea of what God is.
	b. Saint Anselm’s ontological argument for the existence of God relies on evidence from the senses.
	c. The same form of argument can be used to prove that an infinite island exists.
	d. The same form of argument can be used to prove that Saint Anselm is God.
	e. Saint Anselm’s ontological argument for the existence of God fails to take into account the empirical evidence for God’s existence.

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Which of the following best captures Anselm’s thinking about God’s existence?

	a. God exists, because we think he does.
	b. It is not possible to think of God as nonexistent.
	c. We exist because God thinks about us.
	d. Everything you can think of exists.
	e. Nothing exists that cannot be thought of.

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Which of the following is NOT one of the Buddha’s four noble truths?

	a. Life is suffering.
	b. Suffering is caused by desire.
	c. Death is the end of suffering.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

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Why is Socrates unafraid of death at the end of the Phaedo?

	a. He believes that his soul is immortal.
	b. He believes that the body is merely a hindrance from access to the forms.
	c. He believes that God is waiting for him.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

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