According to the central limit theorem, the mean of the sampling distribution of the mean is equal to what?

	a. The standard deviation divided by the square root of N
	b. The standard deviation
	c. The mean divided by the population standard deviation
	d. The population mean

.

All qualitative research must adhere to a common set of principles. Why does it have a temporal nature?

	a. Because it is historical in nature
	b. Because qualitative researchers are not concerned with the time order of causality
	c. Because such research requires an immersive involvement of the researcher at the study site for an extended period of time
	d. Because it is an iterative process of moving from pieces of observations to the entirety of the social phenomenon and then back to observations

.

All qualitative research must adhere to a common set of principles. Why must it use the researcher as an instrument?

	a. Because qualitative research assumes that social phenomena is situated within and cannot be isolated from its social context
	b. Because researchers are often embedded within the social context that they are attempting to study
	c. Because such research requires an immersive involvement of the researcher at the study site for an extended period of time
	d. Because it is an iterative process of moving from pieces of observations to the entirety of the social phenomenon and then back to observations

.

All qualitative research must adhere to a common set of principles. Why does it have a temporal nature?

	a. Because it is historical in nature
	b. Because qualitative researchers are not concerned with the time order of causality
	c. Because such research requires an immersive involvement of the researcher at the study site for an extended period of time
	d. Because it is an iterative process of moving from pieces of observations to the entirety of the social phenomenon and then back to observations

.

All qualitative research must adhere to a common set of principles. Why must it use the researcher as an instrument?

	a. Because qualitative research assumes that social phenomena is situated within and cannot be isolated from its social context
	b. Because researchers are often embedded within the social context that they are attempting to study
	c. Because such research requires an immersive involvement of the researcher at the study site for an extended period of time
	d. Because it is an iterative process of moving from pieces of observations to the entirety of the social phenomenon and then back to observations

.

Construct validity centers on which of the following?

	a. The extent to which conclusions derived using a statistical procedure is valid
	b. How well a measure actually captures a concept on its face
	c. How well a given measurement scale is measuring the theoretical construct that it is expected to measure
	d. The extent to which a measure can be generalized to the population of interest

.

External validity refers to which of the following?

	a. Whether the observed associations can be generalized from the sample to the population
	b. Whether the observed change in a dependent variable is indeed caused by a corresponding change in hypothesized independent variable, and not by variables extraneous to the research context
	c. Whether the operationalization of a concept actually measures the concept
	d. Whether the measurement of concept seems appropriate in its face

.

Good theories have which of the following characteristics?

	a. Logic, consistency, explanatory power, falsifiability, and parsimony
	b. Simplicity, measurability, inductiveness, and falsifiability
	c. Deducibility, broad focus, and measurability
	d. Deducibility and inductiveness

.

How can we strengthen a causal argument?

	a. Use fewer observations
	b. Use controls
	c. Avoid having more than two variables
	d. Do not randomize

.

How do quasi-experimental designs differ from true-experimental designs?

	a. They do not use random assignment.
	b. They do not use a control group.
	c. They have multiple treatment groups.
	d. They use random assignment.

.

How do researchers assure that research participants are aware that their participation is voluntary?

	a. It is apparent in the research design.
	b. They only do studies with participants who are in pools of research subjects.
	c. They get informed consent.
	d. None of the above

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How do we know that researchers are conducting research that maintains ethical standards?

	a. Academic publishers will not publish research that is unethical.
	b. Researchers are all trained in ethics in their education.
	c. All research is peer reviewed.
	d. Academic researchers are required to submit their research plans to a review board before conducting it.

.

Hypotheses are derived from which of the following?

	a. Epistemologies
	b. Hunches
	c. Theories
	d. Ontologies

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If someone was using a survey to study citizen opinion about the legality of abortion across gender in Mexico, what is the unit of analysis?

	a. The individual
	b. Gender
	c. Mexico
	d. Opinion about the legality of abortion

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In addition to history, regression, maturation, instrumentation, and testing threats to internal validity in experiments, what other issue threatens internal validity?

	a. The possibility that subjects may be dropping out from the treatment and control groups at different rates
	b. The possibility that the difference between pretest and posttest scores is not due to the treatment
	c. Too large a sample of subjects
	d. A random sample

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In experimental research, which group is the one containing the subjects who were administered one or more experimental stimulus?

	a. Control group
	b. Treatment group
	c. Non-equivalent group
	d. equivalent group

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The scientific method must satisfy which of the following four characteristics?

	a. Exploratory, inferential, descriptive, and testable
	b. Replicable, deductive, falsifiable, and precise
	c. Theoretical, inductive, deductive, and valid
	d. Replicable, precise, falsifiable, and parsimonious

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What are the 5 central components to the body of a research article?

	a. An introduction, a list of the main ideas, methodology, a blueprint, and the results
	b. A blueprint, an introduction, a literature review, a summary of the data, and the results
	c. An introduction, a literature review, a list of the key measures, the results, and a conclusion
	d. An introduction, a literature review, the methodology, the results, and a conclusion

.

What are the different ways you can incorporate controls into a study?

	a. Inclusion, logic, theory, randomization, and elimination
	b. Exclusion, logic, elimination, statistical control, and randomization
	c. Manipulation, elimination, inclusion, statistical control, and randomization
	d. The only way is through statistical control.

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What are the three elements that a hypothesis should contain?

	a. The independent variable, the theoretical expectations, and the dependent variable
	b. The populations you wish to compare, the dependent variable, and the independent variable
	c. The operationalization of the variables, the populations you wish to compare, the size of the expected effect
	d. The populations you wish to compare, the dependent variable, and the type or direction of the effect

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What are the three “Cs” when analyzing historical events?

	a. Calculate, course, consequences
	b. Confer, causes, course
	c. Causes, course, consequences
	d. Compute, causes, course

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What could we say about a measure if it adequately represents the underlying construct that it is supposed to measure?

	a. It is accurate.
	b. It is valid.
	c. It is reliable.
	d. It is valid and reliable.

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What could we say about a measure if it produced the same results across multiple samples?

	a. It is valid.
	b. It is accurate.
	c. It is reliable.
	d. It is valid and reliable.

.

What does a chi-square test of independence tell us?

	a. If there is an alternative hypothesis
	b. If there is a null hypothesis
	c. If the values on a variable are normally distributed
	d. If there is an association between two variables

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What is a more accurate label for what is commonly called “qualitative research?”

	a. Phenomenology
	b. Non-experimental research
	c. Interpretive research
	d. Case research

.

What is a more accurate label for what is commonly called “qualitative research?”

	a. Phenomenology
	b. Non-experimental research
	c. Interpretive research
	d. Case research

.

What is a sampling frame?

	a. A subset of a sample
	b. A list from where a sample can be drawn
	c. A portion of the population
	d. All of the above

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What is a social desirability bias in survey research?

	a. It is when interviewers lead respondents into the desired response.
	b. It is when the correct response is the most popular one.
	c. It is when respondents spin the truth in order to portray themselves in a socially desirable manner.
	d. It is when the correct response is the least popular one.

.

What is action research?

	a. It is research that emphasizes studying a phenomenon within the context of its culture.
	b. It is an interactive method of inquiry that assumes that complex social phenomena are best understood by introducing changes into those phenomena and observing the effects of these changes on the phenomena of interest.
	c. It is a research method that emphasizes the study of conscious experiences as a way of understanding the reality around us.
	d. It is an inductive technique based on qualitative data usually generated from interviews, focus groups, narratives, or audio/video recordings.

.

What is action research?

	a. It is research that emphasizes studying a phenomenon within the context of its culture.
	b. It is an interactive method of inquiry that assumes that complex social phenomena are best understood by introducing changes into those phenomena and observing the effects of these changes on the phenomena of interest.
	c. It is a research method that emphasizes the study of conscious experiences as a way of understanding the reality around us.
	d. It is an inductive technique based on qualitative data usually generated from interviews, focus groups, narratives, or audio/video recordings.

.

What is ethnography?

	a. It is research that emphasizes studying a phenomenon within the context of its culture.
	b. It is an interactive method of inquiry that assumes that complex social phenomena are best understood by introducing changes into those phenomena and observing the effects of these changes on the phenomena of interest.
	c. It is a research method that emphasizes the study of conscious experiences as a way of understanding the reality around us.
	d. It is an inductive technique based on qualitative data usually generated from interviews, focus groups, narratives, or audio/video recordings.

.

What is ethnography?

	a. It is research that emphasizes studying a phenomenon within the context of its culture.
	b. It is an interactive method of inquiry that assumes that complex social phenomena are best understood by introducing changes into those phenomena and observing the effects of these changes on the phenomena of interest.
	c. It is a research method that emphasizes the study of conscious experiences as a way of understanding the reality around us.
	d. It is an inductive technique based on qualitative data usually generated from interviews, focus groups, narratives, or audio/video recordings.

.

What is grounded theory?

	a. It is research that emphasizes studying a phenomenon within the context of its culture.
	b. It is an interactive method of inquiry that assumes that complex social phenomena are best understood by introducing changes into those phenomena and observing the effects of these changes on the phenomena of interest.
	c. It is a research method that emphasizes the study of conscious experiences as a way of understanding the reality around us.
	d. It is an inductive technique based on qualitative data usually generated from interviews, focus groups, narratives, or audio/video recordings.

.

What is grounded theory?

	a. It is research that emphasizes studying a phenomenon within the context of its culture.
	b. It is an interactive method of inquiry that assumes that complex social phenomena are best understood by introducing changes into those phenomena and observing the effects of these changes on the phenomena of interest.
	c. It is a research method that emphasizes the study of conscious experiences as a way of understanding the reality around us.
	d. It is an inductive technique based on qualitative data usually generated from interviews, focus groups, narratives, or audio/video recordings.

.

What is one of the fundamental ways that qualitative and quantitative research differ?

	a. Qualitative research does not use sampling.
	b. Qualitative research relies heavily on purposive sampling.
	c. Quantitative research relies heavily on purposive sampling.
	d. Qualitative research does not use data.

.

What is one of the fundamental ways that qualitative and quantitative research differ?

	a. Qualitative research does not use sampling.
	b. Qualitative research relies heavily on purposive sampling.
	c. Quantitative research relies heavily on purposive sampling.
	d. Qualitative research does not use data.

.

What is phenomenonology?

	a. It is research that emphasizes studying a phenomenon within the context of its culture.
	b. It is an interactive method of inquiry that assumes that complex social phenomena are best understood by introducing changes into those phenomena and observing the effects of these changes on the phenomena of interest.
	c. It is a research method that emphasizes the study of conscious experiences as a way of understanding the reality around us.
	d. It is an inductive technique based on qualitative data usually generated from interviews, focus groups, narratives, or audio/video recordings.

.

What is phenomenonology?

	a. It is research that emphasizes studying a phenomenon within the context of its culture.
	b. It is an interactive method of inquiry that assumes that complex social phenomena are best understood by introducing changes into those phenomena and observing the effects of these changes on the phenomena of interest.
	c. It is a research method that emphasizes the study of conscious experiences as a way of understanding the reality around us.
	d. It is an inductive technique based on qualitative data usually generated from interviews, focus groups, narratives, or audio/video recordings.

.

What is the difference between the values of the mean, median, and mode when data are perfectly normally distributed?

	a. They will all be different values.
	b. They will all be the same value.
	c. It varies.
	d. The mean will tend to be higher than the median and mode.

.

What is the first step researchers should take when selecting the specific operations for their construct?

	a. Look for measures in use that have documented reliability and validity
	b. Include several measures for each element of their construct
	c. Only use the operations developed by specialists in the discipline
	d. Include a pilot study to test the validity of the measure

.

What is the mean of the following values: 8, 9, 3, 8, 4, 7, 8, 5, 2?

	a. 5
	b. 6
	c. 7
	d. 8

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What is the median of the following values: 8, 9, 3, 8, 4, 7, 8, 5, 2?

	a. 5
	b. 6
	c. 7
	d. 8

.

What is the mental process by which fuzzy and imprecise constructs and their constituent components are defined in concrete and precise terms?

	a. Operationalizing
	b. Conceptualizing
	c. Measuring
	d. Codifying

.

What is the mode of the following values: 8, 9, 3, 8, 4, 7, 8, 5, 2?

	a. 5
	b. 6
	c. 7
	d. 8

.

What is the most frequent problem with case study research?

	a. Many of these studies start without specific research questions.
	b. Case sites are often chosen based on access and convenience.
	c. Many studies provide very little details on how data was collected.
	d. All of the above

.

What is the primary strength of an experimental design?

	a. External validity
	b. Generalizability
	c. Internal validity
	d. Theoretical

.

What is the primary strength of survey research?

	a. Internal validity
	b. Inexpensive
	c. External validity
	d. Does not require quantitative skills to analyze the data

.

What is the primary weakness of case study research?

	a. It lacks detail.
	b. It is typically not generalizable.
	c. It is too nuanced.
	d. It is atheoretical.

.

What level of measurement is a Likert scale?

	a. Nominal
	b. Interval
	c. Ordinal
	d. Ratio

.

What level of measurement is age in years?

	a. Nominal
	b. Interval
	c. Ordinal
	d. Ratio

.

What level of measurement is self-identified race?

	a. Nominal
	b. Interval
	c. Ordinal
	d. Ratio

.

What method would be best to use to test whether people in different regions of the country are equally likely to vote Democratic or Republican in the next election?

	a. You would generate a correlation coefficient.
	b. You would look at a frequency distribution.
	c. You would use a crosstab to generate a chi-square test of independence.
	d. None of the above

.

What percentage of scores, roughly, falls within the one standard deviation of the mean when data are normally distributed?

	a. 100%
	b. 25%
	c. 68%
	d. 95%

.

What type of sample is divided the sampling frame into homogeneous and non-overlapping subgroups and draws a simple random sample from each subgroup?

	a. Stratified
	b. Cluster
	c. Matched-pairs
	d. Multi-stage

.

What type of sample is it if every unit within the population has an equal chance of being selected?

	a. Non-probability
	b. Stratified
	c. Probability
	d. Quota

.

What type of sample may be best if you have a population dispersed over a wide geographic region where a simple random sample is not feasible?

	a. Stratified
	b. Cluster
	c. Matched-pairs
	d. Multi-stage

.

What type of sample would you have if the population was segmented into mutually exclusive subgroups, and then a non-random set of observations was chosen from each subgroup to meet a predefined proportion?

	a. Stratified
	b. Proportional
	c. Matched-pairs
	d. Quota

.

What type of sample would you have if you started with a subgroup of school districts in the state of New York, and within each subgroup, you selected a simple random sample of schools. Then, within each school, you selected a simple random sample of grade levels, and within each grade level, you selected a simple random sample of students for study?

	a. Stratified
	b. Cluster
	c. Matched-pairs
	d. Multi-stage

.

What type of validity centers on how well one measure relates to other concrete criterion that is presumed to occur simultaneously?

	a. Construct validity
	b. Concurrent validity
	c. Face validity
	d. Predictive validity

.

What was unethical about the Tuskegee Experiment?

	a. Study participants were subjected to both mortal threat and personal agony.
	b. Study participants’ anonymity was not maintained.
	c. Study participants were not paid.
	d. Study participants were not given reports on the results of the study.

.

When should a researcher use a multiple-case design?

	a. It is more appropriate at the outset of theory generation.
	b. It is more appropriate for theory testing and for establishing generalizability.
	c. It is appropriate if the situation is unique.
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following are used by political science researchers to assess and make comparisons?

	a. Chi-square analyses
	b. Cross tabulations
	c. Bivariate regression analyses
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following best represents the general goal of science and political science?

	a. To discover and describe regularities and to develop theories that explain these regularities
	b. To make discoveries that improve human existence
	c. To invent things
	d. To explain why things happen

.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of qualitative research?

	a. It tends to consume more time and resources than quantitative research.
	b. It requires well-trained researchers who can conduct such research without injecting their personal biases or preconceptions into the study’s design, data collection, or data analytic procedures.
	c. Given the heavily contextualized nature of inferences drawn from qualitative research, such inferences do not lend themselves well to replicability or generalizability.
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of qualitative research?

	a. It tends to consume more time and resources than quantitative research.
	b. It requires well-trained researchers who can conduct such research without injecting their personal biases or preconceptions into the study’s design, data collection, or data analytic procedures.
	c. Given the heavily contextualized nature of inferences drawn from qualitative research, such inferences do not lend themselves well to replicability or generalizability.
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following is a weakness of focus group research?

	a. It relies too much on the individual as opposed to social interaction.
	b. It lacks generalizability.
	c. It lacks flexibility.
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following is a weakness of focus group research?

	a. It relies too much on the individual as opposed to social interaction.
	b. It lacks generalizability.
	c. It lacks flexibility.
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following is an advantage of qualitative research?

	a. It is well-suited for exploring hidden reasons behind complex, interrelated, or multifaceted social processes.
	b. It is often helpful for theory construction in areas with no or insufficient a priori theory.
	c. It is appropriate for studying context-specific, unique, or idiosyncratic events or processes.
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following is an advantage of qualitative research?

	a. It is well-suited for exploring hidden reasons behind complex, interrelated, or multifaceted social processes.
	b. It is often helpful for theory construction in areas with no or insufficient a priori theory.
	c. It is appropriate for studying context-specific, unique, or idiosyncratic events or processes.
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following is an approach to theorizing?

	a. Follow a bottom-up conceptual analysis of different sets of predictors potentially relevant to the target phenomenon using a predefined framework.
	b. Extend or modify existing theories to explain a new context.
	c. Apply existing theories in entirely new contexts.
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following is true about cross-sectional field surveys?

	a. They do not involve controlling for or manipulating independent variables or treatments.
	b. The dependent variables are measured at a later point in time.
	c. They involve small samples.
	d. The independent and dependent variables are measured at the same point in time.

.

Which of the following is true about focus group research?

	a. It is strong on external validity.
	b. It is commonly used in quantitative research designs.
	c. It is good for testing hypotheses.
	d. It is useful when researchers seek in-depth responses from a small group of people.

.

Which of the following is true of most qualitative research?

	a. It has a very structured and inflexible design.
	b. It offers naturalistic inquiry with personal contact and insight.
	c. It is used to test hypotheses.
	d. It is usually appropriate to use statistical analyses in analyzing qualitative research.

.

Which of the following is true of most qualitative research?

	a. It has a very structured and inflexible design.
	b. It offers naturalistic inquiry with personal contact and insight.
	c. It is used to test hypotheses.
	d. It is usually appropriate to use statistical analyses in analyzing qualitative research.

.

Which of the following reasons would you use a chi-square test?

	a. For testing differences in two variances.
	b. Testing for equality of proportions.
	c. Testing to make inferences about a population median.
	d. None of the above.

.

Which of the following reasons would you use a chi-square test?

	a. For testing differences in two variances.
	b. Testing for equality of proportions.
	c. Testing to make inferences about a population median.
	d. None of the above.

.

Which of the following refers to the process of developing indicators or items for measuring constructs?

	a. Operationalizing
	b. Conceptualizing
	c. Measuring
	d. Codifying

.

Which of the following serves as the primary foundation for developing and testing hypotheses and research questions in political science?

	a. Intuition
	b. Statistics
	c. Theory
	d. None of the above

.

Which of the following statements best describes a variable?

	a. A variable defines constructs in terms of how they will be empirically measured.
	b. A variable is an abstract measure of a concept.
	c. A variable is an abstract concept that is specifically chosen to explain a given phenomenon.
	d. A variable is a generalizable property or characteristic associated with an object, event, or person.

.

Which of the following statements best represents the goal of the researcher when performing deductive research?

	a. The goal of the researcher when performing deductive research is to infer theoretical concepts and patterns from observed data.
	b. The goal of the researcher when performing deductive research is to simply eliminate the alternative explanations.
	c. The goal of the researcher when performing deductive research is to test concepts and patterns known from theory using new empirical data.
	d. The goal of the researcher when performing deductive research is to avoid inductive inferences.

.

Which of the following statements is most true of political science before the 20th century?

	a. Before the 20th century, political science was much the same as it is now.
	b. Political science did not exist before the 20th century.
	c. Before the 20th century, political science primarily concerned itself with quantitative descriptions of government.
	d. Before the 20th century, political science was essentially philosophy focused on political questions and government.

.

Which of the following statements is true about a statistically significant correlation between two variables?

	a. Statistical significance between two variables implies causality.
	b. Statistical Significance between two variables does not imply causality because a third variable may explain the relationship.
	c. Statistical significance tests are not appropriate for comparing two variables.
	d. None of the above are true.

.

Which of the following statements is true of an alternative hypothesis?

	a. An alternative hypothesis represents the prediction a researcher is making.
	b. An alternative hypothesis represents all possible outcomes other than the researcher’s prediction.
	c. An alternative hypothesis is the same as a null hypothesis.
	d. An alternative hypothesis is the only hypothesis that is tested.

.

Which one of the following is not one of the steps researchers take when specifying constructs?

	a. Choosing the most suitable measurement approach
	b. Choosing the specific process for measuring the construct
	c. Conducting a pilot study to test the measurement strategy
	d. Developing a definition of the concept that uses easily understandable terms

.

Why do in-depth interviews lack generalizability?

	a. There is too much data.
	b. They are typically conducted selectively as opposed to randomly.
	c. The sample sizes are typically too large.
	d. Interviews are subjective.

.

Why do in-depth interviews lack generalizability?

	a. There is too much data.
	b. They are typically conducted selectively as opposed to randomly.
	c. The sample sizes are typically too large.
	d. Interviews are subjective.

.

Why do natural science researchers often criticize positivist case research?

	a. It is lacking in controlled observations, controlled deductions, replicability, and generalizability of findings.
	b. It fails to use inductive reasoning.
	c. It is not useful for theory building.
	d. It does not appropriately use within-case and cross-case data analysis.

.

Why is it a problem for a survey question to be double barreled?

	a. Because respondents are forced into one answer when there may be more than response that represent their opinion
	b. Because respondents are forced into more than one answer when there may be only one response that represents their opinion
	c. Because it repeats the same word more than once making it confusing
	d. Because the question simply repeats another question but worded in a different way

.

Why is understanding the unit of analysis you wish to study important?

	a. Because this shapes the kinds of hypotheses you can make
	b. Because it will guide the data collection
	c. Because it determines what inferences can be made
	d. All of the above

.

Why may we decide to use more than one method of measurement when specifying a construct?

	a. To be more thorough
	b. Because we may be wrong if we use only one method
	c. Because any single method may only partially address the construct
	d. Because using multiple methods allows for more sophisticated statistical analysis

.

Why might some argue that political science cannot be scientific?

	a. Because it cannot be devoid of personal value judgments
	b. Because it cannot produce generalizable theory
	c. Because there is no way to test hypotheses
	d. Because it is too young a discipline

.

Internal validity refers to which of the following?

	a. Whether the observed associations can be generalized from the sample to the population
	b. Whether the observed change in a dependent variable is indeed caused by a corresponding change in hypothesized independent variable, and not by variables extraneous to the research context
	c. Whether the operationalization of a concept actually measures the concept
	d. Whether the measurement of concept seems appropriate in its face

.

Most qualitative researchers believe that social reality is embedded within and cannot be abstracted from their social settings. This perspective leads them to believe the best way to understand such reality is what?

	a. To engage in “sense-making”
	b. Hypothesis testing
	c. Experiments
	d. Historical analysis

.

Most qualitative researchers believe that social reality is embedded within and cannot be abstracted from their social settings. This perspective leads them to believe the best way to understand such reality is what?

	a. To engage in “sense-making”
	b. Hypothesis testing
	c. Experiments
	d. Historical analysis

.

What is a frequency distribution?

	a. A summary of the frequency of individual values or ranges of values for a variable
	b. A graph that describes the distribution of several variables
	c. A table that describes the relationship between two variables
	d. A summary of the number of cases in a dataset

.

What is a theory?

	a. A statement about the expected relationship between variables
	b. A system of constructs and propositions that collectively presents a logical, systematic, and coherent explanation of a phenomenon of interest
	c. A loose framework for understanding phenomena
	d. A proposition that explains a single situation is detail

.

What is the scientific method?

	a. Hypotheses that test theories.
	b. A standardized set of techniques for building scientific knowledge.
	c. A formalized structure for creating statistical analyses.
	d. None of the above

.

When does the sampling distribution of the mean become approximately normally distributed?

	a. When the standard deviation of the population is large
	b. When the population is normally distributed
	c. When the sample size is relatively large
	d. When only one random sample is drawn from the population

.

Why must research participants be made aware that their participation is voluntary?

	a. To avoid bias
	b. To increase generalizability
	c. To be ethical
	d. To increase validity

.