A Classical Liberal believes that:

	a. Government exists only to serve the greatest good to the highest number of people.
	b. Citizens are only entitled to rights given to them by the Government.
	c. The Government is only entitled to powers given to it by the People.
	d. All of the above.

.

According to Locke, all men:

	a. Have the right to bear arms against the State
	b. Owe a duty of fealty to the Sovereign, from whom all rights flow
	c. Have the right to life, liberty, and property
	d. Derive their fundamental rights from a democratically elected government

.

Classical liberals believed that the primary purpose of government was to:

	a. Protect private property
	b. Promote social welfare
	c. Protect the nation’s borders
	d. Redistribute wealth to the less fortunate

.

Locke argued that in the state of nature, man was born:

	a. Evil
	b. Greedy
	c. Powerful
	d. Free

.

Montesquieu’s “The Spirit of the Laws” greatly influenced the authors of the:

	a. English Bill of Rights
	b. U.S. Constitution
	c. Emancipation Proclamation
	d. Declaration of Independence

.

Rousseau’s position on capital punishment could best be summarized as:

	a. Those who violate the law by taking another’s life have violated the social contract through treason, and thus, become an enemy to be slain.
	b. The social contract prohibits the State from executing its citizen-members.
	c. The social contract prohibits the State from engaging in capital punishment under any circumstance.
	d. The social contract does not address issues of capital punishment; these decisions are best left to judges.

.

Smith believed all of the following about free trade except:

	a. People are more productive when they directly affect their income
	b. Competition leads to a balanced marketplace
	c. Free trade guarantees higher profits for a government
	d. Free trade allows supply and demand to drive the economy

.

The major difference between classical liberalism and today’s neoliberalism is:

	a. Neoliberals are isolationists, whereas classical liberals sought broad foreign alliances.
	b. Classical liberals believed in unregulated markets, whereas neoliberals seek to regulate commerce to improve efficiency and fairness.
	c. Classical liberals believed that government should promote collective farms and community action to help one another, whereas neoliberals see this as a form of communism.
	d. All of the above.

.

The philosopher who first coined the term “invisible hand” to describe the force that drives and corrects unfettered markets and free enterprise was:

	a. Edmund Burke
	b. Niccolo Machiavelli
	c. Charles Montesquieu
	d. Adam Smith

.

The system of government in which power is vested in a few people who are not elected by the people is called a(n):

	a. Monarchy
	b. Democracy
	c. Aristocracy
	d. Dictatorship

.

What best describes the focus of Montesquieu’s “The Spirit of Laws”?

	a. Proper government structure, including the division of power
	b. Proper judicial structure, including fair trials and just punishments
	c. Proper economic structure, including a shift from mercantilism to free trade
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following practices does Rousseau favor?

	a. Hereditary succession of power
	b. The abolition of private property
	c. Capital punishment
	d. Public ballots

.

The US Declaration of Independence would be considered the product of which of the following political philosophies?

	a. Classical Conservatism
	b. Classical Liberalism
	c. Utilitarianism
	d. Anarchism

.

According to Russell Kirk, the chief principles which have characterized American conservative thought include all of the following except:

	a. Property and freedom are inseparably connected
	b. the good state is one in which power is checked and balanced, restricted by sound constitutions and customs.
	c. Uniformity and absolute equality are the characteristics of a high civilization
	d. Men and nations are governed by moral laws

.

Burke argued that when individuals suffered hard times:

	a. The government had a responsibility to meet their basic needs
	b. Members of the community had a responsibility to meet their basic needs
	c. The fulfillment of their needs should come from private charity
	d. All of the above

.

Burke believed that the individual needed guidance from the government in order to:

	a. Be self-sufficient
	b. Act in a rational manner and ensure a stable society
	c. Enjoy liberty
	d. Protect property

.

Burkean conservatives argue that the passing on of morals to citizens is the duty of:

	a. The family
	b. The church
	c. The government
	d. All of the above

.

David Hume roundly rejected which political/social view?

	a. The social contract account of the origins of government
	b. It was government's responsibility to provide for the necessities of life
	c. The equality of all human beings
	d. The divine right to govern

.

Hobbes argued that the first two laws of nature required man to seek peace and:

	a. Share his wealth with others
	b. Serve the Sovereign
	c. Produce goods and services
	d. Protect himself, by all available means

.

Machiavelli argued that the strongest feeling that a ruler should inspire in his people was:

	a. Love
	b. Self Interest
	c. Fear
	d. Piety

.

The Classical Conservative movement opposed:

	a. Revolutions in France and America
	b. Monarchies
	c. The use of law to impose morals on citizens
	d. Social Welfare programs by the government

.

What was Edmund Burke’s view on the issue of the equality of man?

	a. All men are equal in the eyes of God, but nowhere else
	b. All men should be elevated to equal status under the law
	c. The role of government is to prevent some men from obtaining dominion over others
	d. Men and women should be given equal rights by the government

.

Which of the following elements of American government is rooted in classical conservatism?

	a. The US House of Representatives
	b. The principle of stare decisis, in which courts are bound by prior judicial decisions
	c. Electing presidents every four years
	d. Term limits on the presidency

.

Who famously described the life of man as “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”?

	a. Edmund Burke
	b. David Hume
	c. Thomas Hobbes
	d. Niccolo Machiavelli

.

According to Machiavelli, a “good” act by a ruler was one that:

	a. Increased the benefits derived by the people
	b. Increased the land of the country
	c. Increased the power of the people
	d. Increased the power of the ruler

.

All of the following are arguments against the use of civil disobedience except:

	a. Civil disobedience cannot be justified in a democracy
	b. We must obey the law under a contract with other members of our society
	c. It can be a recipe for anarchy
	d. It is not protected by the Constitution

.

In determining the appropriate punishment for a given crime, Bentham argued that in addition to the considering the act itself, the Court should account for:

	a. The circumstances under which the crime was committed
	b. The offender’s intentions
	c. The offender’s state of consciousness
	d. All of the above

.

Mill argued that the biggest risk in democracy was:

	a. Lack of experience in political leaders
	b. Limited government power
	c. Tyranny of the majority
	d. Multi-party factionalism

.

Mill argued that the only justification for interfering with the liberty of another person was:

	a. To prevent that person from harming others
	b. To prevent that person from harming himself
	c. To increase the happiness of the majority
	d. All of the above

.

Mill defines liberty as:

	a. Freedom from captivity
	b. The power to do whatever one wants
	c. A question of whether free will really exists
	d. he nature and limits of the authority society can have over the individual

.

Mill thinks that behavior "harms" others whenever it:

	a. Betrays an obligation a person had
	b. Makes other people upset
	c. Violates accepted codes of ethics
	d. Sets bad example

.

Modern criminal law and sentencing statutes in the English tradition are primarily based upon which political philosophy?

	a. Classical Conservatism
	b. Classical Liberalism
	c. Utilitarianism
	d. Authoritarianism

.

Thoreau argues for acts of civil disobedience to protest:

	a. Unjust laws
	b. Slavery
	c. Religion
	d. All of the above

.

Utilitarianism differs from many other political ideologies in that it advocates:

	a. The use of rules (deontology) to determine appropriate actions
	b. The use of predicted impact and outcomes to determine appropriate actions
	c. The use of the Bible and other religious texts to determine appropriate actions
	d. The use of public opinion and majority rules to determine appropriate actions

.

Which of the following is/are (a) common criticism(s) of utilitarianism?

	a. There are no limits as to acts that can be taken to benefit the majority.
	b. Some people will inevitably be harmed in order to promote the greater good for the highest number of people.
	c. Outcomes are hard to predict with accuracy, so deciding which actions to take based on projected outcomes can be difficult and risky.
	d. All of the above

.

Which tax would a utilitarian support?

	a. Highway use tax
	b. Poll tax
	c. Property tax
	d. None of the above

.

“The property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good, or happiness, to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil, or unhappiness” is called:

	a. State of nature
	b. Equilibrium
	c. Goodness
	d. Utility

.

If asked whether or not suicide should be legal, how would a utilitarian respond?

	a. Yes, all acts of suicide should be legal purely as a matter of individual liberty.
	b. Yes, some acts of suicide could be legal, if the suicide causes no direct or indirect harm to others.
	c. No, acts of suicide should not be legal because suicide does not cause pleasure.
	d. No, acts of suicide should not be legal because suicide is difficult to quantify on a cost/benefit analysis.

.

According to Robert Zieger’s lecture on labor unions, the AFL-CIO is an example of:

	a. A quasi-industrial federation
	b. An industrial union
	c. Revolutionary unionism
	d. Uplift unionism

.

All of the following were outgrowths of the Industrial Revolution except:

	a. It boosted the bourgeoisie to economic and political power
	b. It drafted much of the old peasant class into its factories
	c. It created the various movements for democratic government which swept across Europe
	d. Working class women began to agitate for equal rights

.

Anarchism is frequently criticized for being:

	a. Utopian
	b. Unworkable in a complex, modern society
	c. Impossible to achieve
	d. All of the above

.

Anarchists believe that:

	a. Socialism is the preferred form of government
	b. True liberty is only possible in the absence of government
	c. Violence brings order to society
	d. All of the above

.

Marx attributed the growth of large-scale capitalism to:

	a. Exploitation of wage-earners
	b. Control of wealth by a select few
	c. Industrialization
	d. All of the above

.

Marx blamed most of the evils in the world on:

	a. The government
	b. The proletariat
	c. The bourgeoisie
	d. The Church

.

Marx claimed that history was defined by:

	a. Class struggles
	b. Military victories in war
	c. Colonial acquisitions
	d. Industrialization

.

The first country in which communism was adopted by the ruling government was:

	a. Germany
	b. China
	c. Poland
	d. Russia

.

The fundamental goal of communism, per Marx, is:

	a. A return to agrarian life
	b. Abolition of private property
	c. Separation of Church and State
	d. Exploitation of capital

.

With respect to international commerce, Marx recommended:

	a. The abolition of nations
	b. Tariffs
	c. Protectionist policies to promote domestic production and job security
	d. All of the above

.

The process by which capital is converted into goods is called:

	a. Sales
	b. Transactions
	c. Production
	d. Transfer

.

According to Lenin, imperialism includes all of the following EXCEPT:

	a. Consolidation of banking and industrial capital
	b. Division of foreign territory and resources by capitalist powers
	c. Export of commodities becomes more important than the export of capital
	d. Monopolies of most vital segments of commerce

.

According to Lenin, what force “leads the struggle of the working class not only for better terms for the sale of labour power, but also for the abolition of the social system which compels the propertyless to sell themselves to the rich?”

	a. Revolution
	b. Trade unions
	c. Capitalism
	d. Social Democracy

.

Communist revolutions have triumphed only in:

	a. Heavily agricultural societies
	b. Heavily industrialized societies
	c. Multi-political party rule societies
	d. Free market societies

.

Lenin found that one of the biggest obstacles to implementing socialism was:

	a. Seizing control of factories
	b. The use of gold as the international standard for currency
	c. Overthrowing the czar
	d. Keeping markets functioning and growing without competition or the incentive that profit provides

.

Lenin theorized that the first step towards communism was:

	a. The emergence of strong trade unions
	b. Weakening the power of the media
	c. Gaining control of the military
	d. Educating the youth

.

Once the bourgeoisie was overthrown, Mao argued that it was necessary to conduct:

	a. Cultural revolution
	b. Territorial expansion
	c. Elections
	d. A People’s War

.

One of the major goals of socialism is:

	a. Communism
	b. Utopia
	c. Democracy
	d. Oligarchy

.

One of the major obstacles facing Russia in the post-Cold War international stage include all of the following except:

	a. It has no distinct political ideology
	b. Their military budget has significantly decreased over the past twenty years
	c. It’s self-perception as a country that refuses to be treated as a defeated nation and a second-rate power
	d. Oscillation between passive isolationism and geopolitical expansionism

.

The reasons for the differences in the implementation of communism in China and the USSR include all of the following, EXCEPT:

	a. Size of population
	b. Religious influences among the people
	c. Style of economy (agrarian economy versus industrial economy)
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following is a characteristic of China’s current economic model?

	a. Collective ownership of the means of production
	b. Capitalistic, yet still controlled by the Communist government
	c. All land is privately owned
	d. Its tax structure is the highest of all the world’s Communist regimes

.

Who argued that neither socialism nor democracy was possible in a country until the material conditions and daily living standards of the people were improved?

	a. Vladimir Lenin
	b. Josef Stalin
	c. Karl Marx
	d. Mao Tse Tung

.

Who believed that socialism would not arise or become successful without the guidance of a “Vanguard Party” of elites to lead a revolt and guide the movement?

	a. Mikhail Gorbachev
	b. Vladimir Lenin
	c. Mao Tse Tung
	d. Josef Stalin

.

A centrally-planned economy in which the government controls all means of production is called:

	a. Utopia
	b. Oligarchy
	c. Socialism
	d. Centralism

.

A fascist running for political office in the US today would likely:

	a. Criticize religious leaders seeking to impose moral values on the masses
	b. Campaign to further restrict immigration to the US
	c. Support a reduction in the budget of the military
	d. None of the above

.

Fascism is typically characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT:

	a. Nationalism
	b. Weak police forces
	c. Sexism
	d. Militarism

.

Fascist leaders include:

	a. Josef Stalin
	b. Vladimir Lenin
	c. Francisco Franco
	d. All of the above

.

Fascist parties generally come to power due to all the following factors except:

	a. When a country has no previous experience with democracy
	b. When a country economically prosperous
	c. When there is wide income disparity between the rich and the poor
	d. When a country’s citizens have a strong national identify

.

Fascists view communism as:

	a. A good source of ideas for controlling the economy
	b. A good source of ideas for controlling masses of people
	c. The ultimate goal of the political system
	d. A political rival for the allegiance of the people

.

Hitler’s “Final Solution” for a better world involved:

	a. Overthrow of communism in the USSR
	b. Genocide against Jews
	c. Establishment of a successor to the League of Nations
	d. All of the above

.

The powers of Authoritarian leaders can most effectively be weakened by:

	a. Staged elections
	b. Trade embargoes
	c. International sanctions
	d. A credible threat of insurrection

.

Which of the following best describes Hitler’s leadership style?

	a. Strong and decisive
	b. Weak and ineffectual
	c. He delegated most of his authority other
	d. He sought to exercise total control

.

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes Nazism from generic fascism?

	a. Nationalism and super-patriotism
	b. Obsession with racial theories of superiority
	c. Aggressive militarism
	d. Charismatic leaders

.

Which of the following contributed to the rise of the Nazi regime in Germany?

	a. The Geneva Convention
	b. The Yalta Conference
	c. The Treaty of Versailles
	d. The Hague Convention

.

Which of the following would one not expect to see in a fascist state?

	a. The use of enemies as a unifying cause for the people
	b. Invocation of religion by leaders
	c. Strong labor unions
	d. Promotion of capitalism

.

Fascism has been the controlling ideology of each of the following countries at some point in history, EXCEPT:

	a. Germany
	b. India
	c. Italy
	d. Indonesia

.

A fascist running for political office in the US today would likely:

	a. Criticize religious leaders seeking to impose moral values on the masses
	b. Campaign to further restrict immigration to the US
	c. Support a reduction in the budget of the military
	d. None of the above

.

A state announces that it will launch a program designed to award scholarships to students from historically disadvantaged groups. This program would be most closely related to / based on the political theories of:

	a. Robert Nozick
	b. John Rawls
	c. Tariq Ali
	d. John Maynard Keynes

.

Based on his economic views, Milton Friedman’s political philosophy could best be described as:

	a. Conservative
	b. Communist
	c. Libertarian
	d. Utilitarian

.

Fascism is typically characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT:

	a. Nationalism
	b. Weak police forces
	c. Sexism
	d. Militarism

.

Fascist leaders include:

	a. Josef Stalin
	b. Vladimir Lenin
	c. Francisco Franco
	d. All of the above

.

Fascist parties generally come to power due to all the following factors except:

	a. When a country has no previous experience with democracy
	b. When a country economically prosperous
	c. When there is wide income disparity between the rich and the poor
	d. When a country’s citizens have a strong national identify

.

Fascists view communism as:

	a. A good source of ideas for controlling the economy
	b. A good source of ideas for controlling masses of people
	c. The ultimate goal of the political system
	d. A political rival for the allegiance of the people

.

Hayek argued that the institution of a planned economy would inevitably lead to ________.

	a. Economic recession
	b. Totalitarian government
	c. A balanced budget
	d. Budget deficits

.

Hayek equated social welfare programs with ____________.

	a. slavery
	b. prosperity
	c. fundamental fairness
	d. democracy

.

Hitler’s “Final Solution” for a better world involved:

	a. Overthrow of communism in the USSR
	b. Genocide against Jews
	c. Establishment of a successor to the League of Nations
	d. All of the above

.

In a time of economic recession or depression, Keynes argued that a government should:

	a. Cut spending
	b. Cut taxes
	c. Increase spending
	d. Increase taxes

.

Keynes considered risk ____________.

	a. A necessary factor in the growth of markets and investments
	b. The source of many of the greatest economic evils of history
	c. The result of poor government control of industry
	d. Necessary to job growth in a developing economy

.

Keynes would disagree with which of the following political theories?

	a. All men are born free.
	b. A social contract between all men governs conduct and property.
	c. Self-interest is generally an enlightened course of conduct.
	d. All of the above

.

Milton Friedman predicted that Keynesian policies would cause:

	a. Depression
	b. Stagflation
	c. Inflation
	d. Recession

.

Rawls argued that individuals and governments can determine whether or not an action or status is just only by asking those impacted to consider whether or not they would be willing to not know any particular facts about themselves. The term Rawls used to describe this method is:

	a. Social Democracy
	b. Veil of Ignorance
	c. Rational Choice Theory
	d. Distributive Justice

.

Rawls equated social welfare programs with_________.

	a. slavery
	b. prosperity
	c. fundamental fairness
	d. democracy

.

Tax policies that encourage people to buy homes by allowing them to deduct mortgage interest on their income tax returns would be considered:

	a. Liberal
	b. Conservative
	c. Keynesian
	d. Socialist

.

The defining feature of rational choice theory is that when making decisions, people:

	a. Listen only to things they really care about, ignoring all else. B. Retain some information but use it only to reinforce existing beliefs.
	b. Have goals they try to achieve, and act as rationally as their knowledge, resources and the situation permit.
	c. Seek only enough information to reach a decision

.

The powers of Authoritarian leaders can most effectively be weakened by:

	a. Staged elections
	b. Trade embargoes
	c. International sanctions
	d. A credible threat of insurrection

.

Which of the following best describes Hitler’s leadership style?

	a. Strong and decisive
	b. Weak and ineffectual
	c. He delegated most of his authority other
	d. He sought to exercise total control

.

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes Nazism from generic fascism?

	a. Nationalism and super-patriotism
	b. Obsession with racial theories of superiority
	c. Aggressive militarism
	d. Charismatic leaders

.

Which of the following contributed to the rise of the Nazi regime in Germany?

	a. The Geneva Convention
	b. The Yalta Conference
	c. The Treaty of Versailles
	d. The Hague Convention

.

Which of the following modern political theorists equated taxation with slavery, inasmuch as taking a portion of one’s earnings is a form of making them work for free?

	a. Robert Nozick
	b. John Rawls
	c. Tariq Ali
	d. John Maynard Keynes

.

Which of the following would one not expect to see in a fascist state?

	a. The use of enemies as a unifying cause for the people
	b. Invocation of religion by leaders
	c. Strong labor unions
	d. Promotion of capitalism

.

Fascism has been the controlling ideology of each of the following countries at some point in history, EXCEPT:

	a. Germany
	b. India
	c. Italy
	d. Indonesia

.

A libertarian would agree most strongly with which of the following theorists?

	a. Adam Smith
	b. John Stuart Mill
	c. Thomas Hobbes
	d. Karl Marx

.

A neo-conservative would agree most strongly with which of the following theorists?

	a. Adam Smith
	b. John Stuart Mill
	c. Thomas Hobbes
	d. Karl Marx

.

All of the following are criticisms of multiculturalism except:

	a. It works against the preservation of cultures
	b. Diverse cultures are not necessarily equal
	c. Toleration of others should not require active accommodation of their needs
	d. It necessitates economic restructuring

.

Mercantilism would most likely be promoted by _________.

	a. Neo-conservative theorists
	b. Libertarian theorists
	c. Neo-liberal theorists
	d. All of the above

.

Neo-conservatives and libertarians in the US today differ in their views on all of the following, EXCEPT:

	a. Free market economic principles
	b. Military and foreign policy objectives
	c. Social issues
	d. Civil liberties

.

Neo-conservatives view America’s military power as:

	a. Equal to that of Russia and China
	b. The result of unnecessary defense spending
	c. Uniquely powerful, and as such, responsible for security in most parts of the world
	d. Being overused abroad while underused domestically and along our nation’s borders

.

Neo-liberals and libertarians in the US today largely agree on all of the following issues, EXCEPT:

	a. Military engagement abroad
	b. Free trade
	c. Civil liberties
	d. All of the above

.

Neo-liberals are critical of globalization because they believe it:

	a. Weakens military alliances
	b. Increases taxes
	c. Restricts trade through tariffs and embargoes
	d. Increases poverty and levels of violence

.

Proponents of liberalism and liberal multiculturalism would agree on all the following except:

	a. All individuals deserve to be equally respected as persons
	b. Individual equality and individual difference are inextricably intertwined
	c. Cultural differences are more fundamental than individual differences
	d. Human beings differ in their conceptions of the good

.

The primary dispute between neo-conservatives and traditional conservatives in the US today concerns:

	a. Differences over free market economic principles
	b. Differences over military and foreign policy objectives
	c. Differences over social issues
	d. Differences over tax policies

.

The “clash of civilizations” theory posits that:

	a. Revolutions will become the primary factor in political regime change
	b. People's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world.
	c. Communism will once again vie with democracy as the world’s most prominent political ideology
	d. The most dangerous world conflicts will be between social classes, not countries

.

With respect to the issue of the US joining the International Criminal Court, a neo-conservative would:

	a. Support the joining, because it would set an example and put pressure on China and Russia to also join
	b. Support the joining, because it would lead to less responsibility for America to serve as “the world’s policeman”
	c. Oppose the joining, because forms of world government lead to tyranny
	d. Oppose the joining, because it would subject Americans to the risk of the death penalty

.

A neo-liberal would agree most strongly with which of the following theorists?

	a. Robert Nozick
	b. John Stuart Mill
	c. Thomas Hobbes
	d. Karl Marx

.