"Coercion" and "hearts and minds" are two competing schools of thought for what?

Choose one answer.

	a. Realism
	b. Asymmetric conflict
	c. Counterinsurgency strategy
	d. Asymmetric conflict
	e. Revolution in military affairs

Question 2

50. In his famous article on the "Clash of Civilizations", Samuel Huntington argued that basic cultural and religious differences among different civilizations would be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War era. Huntington's thesis has been subject to much criticism. Why does one critic, Peter Katzenstein, say that Huntington is wrong?

Choose one answer.

	a. Civilizational differences have never been and never will be a primary source of international conflict; instead, conflict derives from the anarchic international system.
	b. The problem is not with culture and religious differences per se, but with the lack of democracy in certain parts of the world.
	c. Civilizations are not actors nor are they units of analysis; thus, they cannot be used as a basis to predict international conflict.
	d. Civilizations are not monolithic or uniform entities, but instead are composed of many different and pluralistic elements.

Question 3

81. According to Ogden and Anderson ("US Foreign Policy Toward North Korea: A Way Ahead"), what are the primary interests of the North Korean leadership?

Choose one answer.

	a. Opposition to any war and support for peaceful reunification based on mutual recognition, trust and reciprocity.
	b. Maintaining regional stability and establishing fraternal relations with surrounding region through cooperation in maintaining regional security for all.
	c. Regime survival, security for the state -- which includes protecting the political ideology of the state against internal forces -- and reunification.
	d. Ensuring nonproliferation of nuclear weapons, halting terrorism, promoting regional stability, encouraging economic development, and promoting human dignity.

Question 4

A: Technology and Energy

Choose one answer.

	a. Trade and Economics
	b. Technology and Economics
	c. Transparency and Energy

Question 5

According to E.S. Herman, what role or roles do the mainstream media generally play with regard to the conduct of US foreign policy?

Choose one answer.

	a. Reporters and others in the mainstream media root about and expose abuses freely and without discrimination; they keep an eye on the government.
	b. The mainstream media informs the public on the major issues of the day with sufficient context, depth, and honesty.
	c. The mainstream media tend to follow a state agenda in reporting foreign policy.
	d. Reporters and other play an adversarial role: they challenge and prod government officials to ensure that the truth come out.

Question 6

According to James Fallows, there are some important and perhaps surprising similarities between the United States and China. What is one of these?

Choose one answer.

	a. People in China and the United States have similar entrepreneurial and individualistic spirit.
	b. People in China and the United States both have deeply held religious convictions.
	c. People in China and the United States both believe firmly in democracy and freedom of speech.
	d. All of the above

Question 7

According to Jeffrey Taliaferro, in which of the following ways can Offense-Defense Theory inform foreign policy makers?

Choose one answer.

	a. It provides a basis for bilateral and multilateral efforts to control weapons and make offense easier.
	b. It suggests that defensive weapons systems have a large advantage and states will likely conclude that war is unprofitable.
	c. It may suggest optimal military doctrines and force structures given available technology.
	d. All of the above
	e. None of the above

Question 8

According to John Mearsheimer, how would traditional realists like Hans Morgenthau critique the neoconservatives of the Bush Administration?

Choose one answer.

	a. Neoconservatives do not appreciate the role of international institutions in maintaining global peace and security.
	b. Neoconservatives discount the role that regime type plays in determining state behavior.
	c. Neoconservatives fail to appreciate the importance of bureaucratic politics.
	d. Neoconservatives inappropriately graft idealist democratic principles onto a realist focus on military power.
	e. None of the above

Question 9

According to Jonathan Clarke, what is a key difference between first and second generation neo-conservatives?

Choose one answer.

	a. Second generation neo-conservatives were more concerned with international issues, and adopted an interventionist position in world affairs; specifically, they believed in using military power to spread American ideas.
	b. Second generation neo-conservatives believed that the United States should return to a more isolationist position in world affairs, and concentrate on building American power from the inside.
	c. Second generation neo-conservatives argued that the United States should lead by example, and should refrain from using military force unless the United States was directly threatened by an outside power.
	d. This is a trick question, since there were essentially no disagreements, in principle or in practice, between first and second generation neo-conservatives; the distinction between generations is one based purely on the ages of the leading figures.

Question 10

According to Paletz, Owen, and Cook, what is one way in which the media interact with the military that tends to produce highly positive depictions of the US military and its actions?

Choose one answer.

	a. Reporters are encouraged to report independently, to go anywhere they want to find stories involving US military action, and then report on a strictly factual basis.
	b. Virtually any coverage of the military generates positive feeling within the American public.
	c. Hollywood films, in their depictions of the military, tend to denigrate the heroic exploits of US military power.
	d. Special briefings are often given to "military analysts," many of whom have ideological agreements with and allegiance to the Pentagon.

Question 11

According to Professor Jeffrey Taliaferro, which of the following is an element of U.S. unipolarity?

Choose one answer.

	a. The U.S. is not the sole superpower, but the most powerful state in the history of the international system.
	b. The U.S. has a preponderance of material power with regard to potential power.
	c. The U.S. has a preponderance of material power with regard to economic power .
	d. The U.S. has a preponderance of material power with regard to military power.
	e. All of the above

Question 12

According to Professor Jeffrey Taliaferro, which of the following is a component of grand strategy?

Choose one answer.

	a. Economic policy
	b. Diplomacy
	c. Military doctrine
	d. All of the above
	e. None of the above

Question 13

According to Steven van Evera, why did the President Truman decide to intervene in Korea in 1950?

Choose one answer.

	a. To preserve American credibility
	b. Out of fear that other states would ally with the Soviet Union if it extended its influence to Korea
	c. Due to domestic political concerns
	d. All of the above
	e. None of the Above

Question 14

According to the Graham Allison's study of foreign policy making during the Cuban Missile Crisis, the foreign policy bureaucracy is dangerously prone to which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Indecision
	b. Exceeding its budgetary apportionments
	c. Groupthink
	d. Sending mixed signals
	e. War-like behavior

Question 15

According to this principle, nuclear weapons were too powerful and destructive to be used as instruments of warfare; instead, they were best suited to holding an opponent in check by threatening it with destruction should it engage in an act of nuclear aggression. What is this principle or theory?

Choose one answer.

	a. Containment
	b. Isolationism
	c. Deterrence
	d. Security Dilemma

Question 16

According to U.S. counterinsurgency strategy and policy, what concept is defined by "protracted politico-military directed towards controlling all or part of a state's resources through use of irregular military forces or illegal political organizations"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Civil war
	b. Insurgency
	c. The search for protection at a time of uncertainty
	d. Asymmetric conflict
	e. Guerrilla warfare

Question 17

After quickly defeating the Iraqi Republican Guard following the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, coalition forces faced a new problem: the threat of insurgency and asymmetric warfare in Iraq. According to the concept of he security dilemma, which of the factors below might account for the rise of the Iraqi insurgency following the defeat of the Iraqi army?

Choose one answer.

	a. There was no longer a monopoly on the legitimate use of force within Iraq's borders.
	b. There was no longer a central focus for identity formation among Iraqi civilians.
	c. Iraqis were searching for protection at a time of uncertainty.
	d. The Iraqi polity had become fractured and unpredictable.
	e. All of the above

Question 18

Among the reasons Huntington cites for future conflicts between and among civilizations, which of the following is not included:

Choose one answer.

	a. The world is becoming a smaller place.
	b. The processes of economic modernization and social change throughout the world are separating people from longstanding local identities.
	c. Cultures continue to change and adapt to new conditions all the time.
	d. Differences among civilizations are not only real they are basic.

Question 19

Complete the following sentence. As an example of a contemporary vision of a grand strategy for the United States, the Bush Doctrine emphasized all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Unilateral disarmament.
	b. Preemptive military action abroad when necessary.
	c. The spread of democracy abroad.
	d. Aggressive action against states and groups that aid and harbor terrorists.
	e. Encouragement of global economic prosperity through capitalism.

Question 20

Complete the sentence. President Bush's 2001 speech at West Point made all of the following arguments EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. The United States must turn its attention to weak and failed states that may become havens for terrorist organizations.
	b. The present threat must be met with a renewed emphasis on conventional military power.
	c. The United States must be willing to take unilateral action when necessary to protect its interests.
	d. The United States must work with its allies and international institutions to address common threats.
	e. The United States faces a novel threat in shadowy international networks not aligned with any one state.

Question 21

Fill in the blank. Constructivists agree with realists that power is an important part of international relations, but they also argue that ________ are equally important, because they shape actors' identities, define their interests, and consequently, help determine what actors do.

Choose one answer.

	a. Ideas
	b. States
	c. Issues
	d. People

Question 22

Fill in the blank. _________ was a response to European attempts to control or intervene in North and South America. It read, in part, "It is impossible that the allied powers should extend their political system to any portion of either continent, without endangering our peace and happiness...".

Choose one answer.

	a. Eminent Domain
	b. The Monroe Doctrine
	c. The Mayflower Compact
	d. Expansionism

Question 23

For students of foreign policy and international relations, what is the primary significance of the Bretton Woods system, according to Benjamin Cohen?

Choose one answer.

	a. It demonstrated the growing importance of international regimes, which act as a sort of governance mechanism among sovereign states.
	b. It provided evidence of the key role of power in shaping the design and evolution of international regimes, giving rise to so-called hegemonic stability theory.
	c. It showed that, even after shits in the distribution of inter-state power, international regimes could survive and continue to thrive.
	d. All of the above
	e. None of the above

Question 24

How is it that the United States has been able to claim an exceptional role in world affairs -- the notion that America's national interest is more or less synonymous with that of the international community as a whole?

Choose one answer.

	a. The US, unlike European countries and other major powers in history, has only used its military power in limited and non-aggressive ways.
	b. The US has, by far, the greatest and longest-lived democracy in the world.
	c. US expansion was defined as anti-colonial rather than colonial, republican rather than monarchical, and, unlike the European countries, the US became a major power without a forma empire.
	d. All of the above

Question 25

How was the Cuban Missile crisis finally resolved?

Choose one answer.

	a. The United States, in classic realist fashion, threatened to annihilate Cuba and launch a first strike against the Soviet homeland, which forced the Soviets to remove all missiles.
	b. In exchange for the Soviets removing all their missiles from Cuba, the United States agreed to secretly remove all US missiles set in southern Italy and Turkey.
	c. The United States carried out a successful, but secret, raid against the missile installations in Cuba, and destroyed all the missiles on the ground.
	d. The Soviets threatened an all-out war, which forced the United States to back down.

Question 26

In 1949, amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 established which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Department of Homeland Security
	b. The National Security Council
	c. The War Powers Act
	d. The Central Intelligence Agency
	e. Department of Defense and Joint Chiefs of Staff

Question 27

In addressing oil and gas energy policy, what type of policy or policies does John Deutch recommend as the most realistic?

Choose one answer.

	a. The United States should use military power to ensure that any threats to the disruption of international supplies of oil and gas are dealt with immediately and effectively.
	b. The United States should develop strong relations with major energy exporters as the preferred option, but be willing to use military force as a secondary option.
	c. The United States should attempt to encourage greater efficiency in the use of oil and gas not just in the US, but around the world; the US should also organize consumer countries to adopt common energy policies.
	d. The United States should attempt to reduce its reliance on foreign oil and gas to around 20% of total consumption; while difficult, this will ensure that access to oil and gas cannot be used as a lever by exporting counties.

Question 28

In her discussion of the decision-making process among US policy makers during the Rwandan Genocide, Power points out that "American actors dealing with Rwanda brought particular institutional interests and biases to his or her handling of the crisis", which implies that institutional interests and biases played a role in the US decision. What theoretical perspective does this statement reflect?

Choose one answer.

	a. Realism
	b. Marxism
	c. Liberalism
	d. Bureaucratic Politics

Question 29

In his analysis of World War II, what does Nick Beams assert is the basic cause of the war?

Choose one answer.

	a. British appeasement of Hitler
	b. German national character
	c. The harshness of the Versailles Treaty
	d. The contradictions of capitalism

Question 30

In his first articulation of the "falling domino" principle, Eisenhower argued that the US must intervene in Indochina (i.e., Vietnam) to prevent a sequence of events in which the fall of Indochina would lead to the fall of Burma, of Thailand, of the Malay Peninsula, and of Indonesia. To Eisenhower, the problem was not geostrategic, but economic: he clearly stated that these countries must be protected so that Japan would have a "trading area." In short, the US fought in Vietnam to protect Japan's economy. Which theoretical view seems to be reflected in Eisenhower's logic?

Choose one answer.

	a. Marxism, because it focuses on the importance of economic factors in world politics.
	b. Constructivism, because it shows how an idea was important in US foreign policy.
	c. Realism, because it emphasizes the power of the United States.
	d. Bureaucratic Politics, because it focuses on the role of the president.

Question 31

In his lecture, R. Nicholas Burns ("President Obama and the Future of American Foreign Policy") argues that the world for foreign policy has changed in profound ways, such that the issues of today and the ways of dealing with them require a fundamentally new approach. What is the nature of these changes and the general means of dealing with them according to Burns?

Choose one answer.

	a. Threats now come primarily from highly mobile, non-state actors, such as al Qaeda, which means the US needs to develop a new type of military force and new methods of intelligence gathering.
	b. The most serious problems and threats facing countries today, including the United States, are global and transnational; addressing and resolving such problems requires broad-based international cooperation.
	c. The world has become profoundly more dangerous than in the past with more and different types of enemies; to deal with this, the United States must create a stronger, denser network of alliances that can effectively marginalize and isolate all potential enemies.
	d. Information and other technology has vastly increased the vulnerability of the United States to indirect, non-military threats -- threats that are every bit as dangerous as a nuclear strike; dealing with these new threats requires the US to invest more in technology and to become a techno-power, not just a military power.

Question 32

In some ways, the military and nuclear tensions between India and Pakistan can be explained by which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The security dilemma
	b. A lack of cultural understanding
	c. Poor knowledge of history between the two countries
	d. The relatively small influence of Pakistan's military in government decision-making
	e. The strict pressures of the nuclear nonproliferation treaty

Question 33

In the article "Behind the War on Iraq", the authors apply a Marxist argument to explain the reasoning and motives behind the attack. In this Marxist argument, what facts are emphasized?

Choose one answer.

	a. The US invasion of Iraq was based on the threat that the Iraqi regime under Saddam Hussein was close to developing nuclear weapons.
	b. The Bush administration was motivated by a strong desire to rid Iraq of Saddam Hussein, a violent and repressive despot, and to replace him with a democratic government that would turn Iraq in a solid ally and base of cooperation in the Middle East.
	c. The Bush Administration was ultimately motivated by the desire to control Iraq's vast oil reserves, an interest that was being threatened by other states -- France, Russia, China, and Italy -- who had started making efforts to remove UN restrictions on foreign investments in the Iraqi oil industry.
	d. The US invasion was a direct product of the 9-11 terrorists attacks, which US intelligence had linked to Iraq (although this connection was later proved to be false).

Question 34

In what sense, according to Mearscheimer, was US foreign policy under George W. Bush "radical"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Bush pursued a policy that attempted to preserve US dominance in the world.
	b. Bush proposed implanting democracy in the Middle East forcefully, without explaining how democracy would take root.
	c. Bush attempted to create a dense network of alliances and treaties, pulling together countries with very different interests.
	d. All of the above

Question 35

In what ways does President Obama's speech in Cairo differ from the thesis put forward by Samuel Huntington in the "Clash of Civilizations"?

Choose one answer.

	a. President Obama believes that all people, regardless of differing cultural backgrounds, ultimately embrace the same basic values and rights.
	b. President Obama believes that, despite irreconcilable differences between and among cultures and civilizations, it is possible to build a basis for cooperation rather than conflict.
	c. President Obama believes that there are no cultural distinctions between civilizations; to the extent that conflict exists between civilizations, it is based national self-interest only.
	d. President Obama is a constructivist; he believes that cultural differences can be overcome through a conscious process of constructing a global culture to which all people subscribe.

Question 36

John Lewis Gaddis identifies three types of causes for the Cold War: long-term, intermediate, and immediate. What are some of the intermediate causes he identifies?

Choose one answer.

	a. Ideological factors in the US and Soviet Union that led to very different and contradictory visions of the postwar world.
	b. The rise of great nation states, which inherently create the basis for conflict.
	c. The nature of the Soviet system, which was totalitarian and unable to compromise with other states.
	d. A US leadership that did not understand fully understand Soviet intentions and aims in the postwar era.

Question 37

Joseph Cirincione's recommendation for how the United States can resolve the nuclear weapons program with Iran is to employ a strategy of "contain and engage". This strategy acknowledges that a nuclear armed Iran represents an objective threat, but also recognizes that the distrust and animosity between Iran and the US is largely subjective, and can be overcome through talks and engagement wherein the US offers Iran the "prestige and respect it deserves". What theoretical perspective is best reflected in this position?

Choose one answer.

	a. Realism
	b. Marxism
	c. Constructivism
	d. Liberalism

Question 38

Lebow writes that he and his colleagues came to two primary conclusions regarding lessons to be learned from the end of the Cold War. First, the Cold War should be understood as a non-linear process. Second, it was amazing how badly leaders miscalculated during "the end of the end of the Cold War." What theoretical perspective do these two conclusions best reflect?

Choose one answer.

	a. Realism
	b. Marxism
	c. Liberalism
	d. Bureaucratic Politics
	e. Cognitive Approach

Question 39

Many scholars believe that China-US relations will become more dangerous and prone to conflict in the future for the following reasons: China's military and economic power is catching up with the US; China's ambitions are grand; and the security dilemma between the two countries is becoming intense. Which of the following theoretical positions do these factors best reflect?

Choose one answer.

	a. Liberal Pessimists
	b. Realist Optimists
	c. Realist Pessimists
	d. Constructivist Pessimists

Question 40

One of the ways in which US presidents make foreign policy is through policy statements. Which of the following is an example of a policy statement?

Choose one answer.

	a. In 1992, President George H.W. Bush called for strengthening the peacekeeping capabilities of the United Nations.
	b. The approval of the SALT I Interim agreement of 1992, which set forth goals, guidelines, and criteria in the authorizing legislation.
	c. In January 1994, President Clinton attended the NATO summit meeting.
	d. President Reagan's decision to invade Grenada on October 24, 1983.

Question 41

President Wilson's Speech asking Congress to declare war on Germany and his 14 points are examples of which IR theory?

Choose one answer.

	a. Offense-defense theory
	b. Realism
	c. Liberalism
	d. The Democratic Peace Thesis
	e. Both C and D

Question 42

Robert Jervis discusses a major foreign policy stance by the Bush administration, which basically asserted that the US had the right to wage a war based on what might happen sometime in the future; that is, wars fought to preserve the status quo are a right the United States enjoys. What type of war is this?

Choose one answer.

	a. Preventive war
	b. Preemptive war
	c. Just war
	d. Hegemonic war

Question 43

Should the United States be worried about the European debt? Why? Choose the best response below based on the assigned readings.

Choose one answer.

	a. Yes, crisis could lead to renewed military conflict between and among European states, which would necessarily draw in the United States.
	b. Yes, the US has important trade and investment links with Europe, so economic problems there will have an unavoidable impact on the US economy.
	c. No, Europe's economic problems are largely disconnected from the United States economy: what happens in Europe stays in Europe.
	d. No, the economic problems in Europe will not impact the EU's largest economies, which means that the negative spillovers will be easily contained.

Question 44

The belief among many policymakers that China's rapid economic growth will continue along a linear path and can lead to only one outcome -- i.e., to China becoming a world power and that will engage the US in a military and economic rivalry -- is an example of...?

Choose one answer.

	a. Rational thinking and realistic expectations
	b. Cognitive bias and linear reductionism
	c. Complementary nonlinear perspective
	d. Deterministic Marxist thinking

Question 45

The Bretton Woods Meeting laid the groundwork for which institution(s)?

Choose one answer.

	a. The International Monetary Fund
	b. The League of Nations
	c. The World Trade Organization
	d. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
	e. Both A and D

Question 46

The frequent use of covert military operations overseas to achieve U.S. foreign policy objectives might be the result of which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The size of the budget for the Defense Department relative to that of the State Department
	b. The president's free hand with regard to control over the military
	c. The prominent role of the Central Intelligence Agency in U.S. foreign policy
	d. A network of U.S. military bases strategically placed throughout the world
	e. All of the above

Question 47

The globalization or universalization of capitalism, which has created a more interconnected world, but also one subject to greater vulnerability through global economic crisis, reflects most closely reflects which theoretical view?

Choose one answer.

	a. Marxism
	b. Constructivism
	c. Realism
	d. Soft Power

Question 48

The initial success of the U.S.-led war in Afghanistan is novvw compromised by which factor?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Taliban and al Qaeda have found new sanctuaries in the Eastern provinces of Afghanistan and the western tribal areas of Pakistan.
	b. The Taliban has continued to attract recruits and money.
	c. There is anger over the civilian casualties that result from U.S. airstrikes on al Qaeda and Taliban targets.
	d. All of the above
	e. None of the above

Question 49

The NSC (National Security Council) has a number of purposes. Which of the following is not included among the purposes of the NSC?

Choose one answer.

	a. To advise the President with respect to the integration of domestic, foreign, and military policies relating to national security.
	b. To collect, evaluate, and disseminate foreign intelligence to assist the President and senior US Government policymakers in making decisions related to national security.
	c. To assess and appraise the objectives, commitments, and risks of the US in relation to the country's actual and potential military power, in the interest of national security, for the purpose of making recommendations to the President.
	d. To consider policies on matters of common interest to the departments and agencies of the government concerned with national security and to make recommendations to the president.

Question 50

The U.S. Army Counterinsurgency Field Manual, developed by David Petraeus, embraces which strategy?

Choose one answer.

	a. "Clear, hold, and build"
	b. Revolution in military affairs
	c. Counterinsurgency strategy
	d. The use of overwhelming force (approximately 5:1 ratio)
	e. None of the above

Question 51

This statement by allied powers in 1941 defined their goals for the post-war period. Among the eight pronouncements, the statement asserted that "all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of the use of force."

Choose one answer.

	a. The Four Freedoms
	b. The Potsdam Conference
	c. The Atlantic Charter
	d. The Pacific Standard

Question 52

Though the executive branch exerts a great deal of influence on U.S. foreign policy, the Congress primarily exerts influence through which means?

Choose one answer.

	a. Control over the federal budget
	b. The power to appoint members of the national security bureaucracy
	c. Management of the department of defense
	d. Veto power concerning military strategy
	e. The ability to promote or remove generals

Question 53

Today, the United States is deeply and actively involved in issues and problems around the world. But this was not always the case. Dating back to the time of George Washington and as late as the US entry into World War II, the US tended to steer clear of "foreign entanglements". What is the word used to describe US foreign policy in these early years?

Choose one answer.

	a. Internationalism
	b. Realism
	c. Isolationism
	d. Liberalism

Question 54

US Policymakers, such as George W. Bush, who believe that the promotion of democracy will create stronger and more peaceful relations in the world, are advocating principles from which theoretical view?

Choose one answer.

	a. Liberalism
	b. Realism
	c. Marxism
	d. Bureaucratic Politics

Question 55

What approach has U.S. foreign policy taken with regard to Russia under the leadership of President Obama and Secretary Clinton?

Choose one answer.

	a. A strategy of containment, in which U.S. foreign policy makers seek to reduce Russian influence in neighboring countries
	b. A strategy appeasement, in which U.S. policy makers seek to diffuse tensions with Russian leaders in order to placate Russian complaints
	c. A strategy of brinksmanship, in which U.S. policy makers openly challenge Russia through increased military spending and the threat of force
	d. A "reset" strategy, in which US policy-makers seek to reestablish a positive relationship with Russian leaders to address issues of mutual concern
	e. None of the above

Question 56

What are John Mearsheimer and Steven Walt's criticisms of the Israel Lobby?

Choose one answer.

	a. The lobby's influence on U.S. foreign policy violates the U.S. constitutional separation of powers.
	b. The lobby advocates for policies that may not be in the strategic interests of the United States and may even be detrimental to Israel's long-term security.
	c. The lobby is not effective in influencing U.S. foreign policy.
	d. The lobby behaves differently from other interest groups that seek to influence the government.
	e. All of the above

Question 57

What are the "Four Freedoms" as articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6, 1941?

Choose one answer.

	a. Freedom from poverty, from danger, from fear, and from evil
	b. Freedom of speech and of worship, and freedom from want and fear
	c. Freedom of religion and place of residence, and from hate and anger
	d. Freedom of speech and place of residence, and from want and evil

Question 58

What cognitive factors might have influenced Wilson's effort to get the US Senate to approve the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations?

Choose one answer.

	a. Wilson was ill at the time, which had an affect on his personality: he was more self-righteous, uncompromising, and sensitive.
	b. Wilson was an inherent optimist, which made it difficult for him to deal with those who failed to share his optimistic view of the world.
	c. Wilson was ill at time, making him very weak-willed and easy to bully; he was unable to stand up to his detractors.
	d. Wilson never had the negotiating skills to deal with others who disagreed with his views.

Question 59

What did the release of the Pentagon Papers demonstrate to the American people?

Choose one answer.

	a. Congress voted to adopt a wait-and-see attitude toward the administration with regard to the use of military force in the Vietnam war.
	b. Congress would oppose any effort by the president and his administration to further expand the use of military force in Southeast Asia.
	c. Congress would approve and support the determination of the president to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression in Southeast Asia.
	d. None of the above
	e. The military and civilian leadership in the United States had lied about important aspects of the war in Vietnam, including the fact the US was carrying out attacks in Laos and Cambodia.
	f. The war in Vietnam was known to be unwinnable from the very beginning.
	g. The US military and civilian leadership did not want to wage a war in Vietnam, but was forced to because of previous commitments made to the French.
	h. American military personnel were implicated a large number of atrocities, especially the My Lai massacre.

Question 60

What is a general issue concerning the European Union that has lead to debt crises in countries like Greece, Portugal, and Italy?

Choose one answer.

	a. Common monetary policy but no common fiscal policy
	b. Common fiscal policy but no common monetary policy
	c. Lack of common monetary or fiscal policy
	d. All of the above
	e. None of the above

Question 61

What is one of two key areas of tension in US relations with other liberal powers that the Obama administration faces? (Note: This is from the reading, "Foreign Policy under Obama")

Choose one answer.

	a. A set of disagreements around the future of the NATO alliance
	b. The issue of how much the EU should be expanded
	c. The proposal to create a EU-North American free trade zone
	d. The stance the US and Europe should take vis-a-vis China's rise

Question 62

What is the basic position of liberal optimists in assessing the US-China relationship today?

Choose one answer.

	a. China is still a relatively weak county with limited geopolitical ambitions; for these reasons, the United States will remain in a dominant position for the foreseeable future.
	b. China's increasing participation in international institutions of various kinds will lead to shifts in its strategic culture, in the norms of international behavior accepted by its leaders, and ultimately in their conceptions of national identity; all of this will lead to a more peaceful and cooperative relationship with the US.
	c. The Chinese leadership have forged strong interpersonal ties with American leaders and business people, which is creating the basis for a more positive relationship between the two countries.
	d. Increasing bilateral economic exchanges are creating shared interests in good relations between the US and China, and China's growing participation in international institutions is improving communication between the two countries and reducing uncertainty.

Question 63

What is the main concept that President Obama articulated in his Nobel Prize Acceptance speech?

Choose one answer.

	a. The security dilemma
	b. The Democratic Peace thesis
	c. Just war theory
	d. All of the above
	e. None of the above

Question 64

What is the most important source of Russia's geopolitical strength with regard to energy?

Choose one answer.

	a. Russia's influence over oil-rich nations in the Middle East
	b. Russia's vast supply of natural gas, much of which is imported by European nations
	c. Russia's nuclear energy capacity
	d. Russia's self-sufficiency with regard to energy
	e. None of the above

Question 65

What is the principle assumption that informs realist theories of international relations?

Choose one answer.

	a. Regime types play an important role in state behavior.
	b. Democracies do not fight one another.
	c. It is possible for states to know the intentions of other states.
	d. International institutions play an important role in determining outcomes in the international system.
	e. International relations is a struggle for power among self-interested states.

Question 66

What previous event might explain the reluctance of the Clinton Administration to intervene in the Rwandan genocide?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Holocaust
	b. The failed marine intervention in Somalia
	c. The Gulf War
	d. The Korean War
	e. All of the above

Question 67

What was an outcome of the Yalta Conference of 1945?

Choose one answer.

	a. Negotiators confirmed the status of a demilitarized and disarmed Germany under four zones of Allied occuptions.
	b. The Allied power agreed to give Poland a large swath of German territory and to begin to deport the Germany residents of the territory in question.
	c. The Soviet Union was denied any power over Poland after the war.
	d. All parties agree to an American plan concerning voting procedures in the Security Council of the future United Nations.
	e. The Allied Control Commission was created.

Question 68

What was Henry Cabot Lodge's main criticism of the League of Nations?

Choose one answer.

	a. The League of Nations was not strong enough to be successful; it needed more widespread participation and an army of its own.
	b. The League of Nations contradicted the basic principle of nationalism, of always putting the interests of the United States first.
	c. The League of Nations was dominated by Bolsheviks and enemies of the United States.
	d. The League of Nations was undemocratic.

Question 69

What, according to Andrew Bacevich, was a key message in Eisenhower's farewell address, which included his statement about the "military-industrial complex"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Only a combining of the military with American industry could ensure US security in the future; for this reason, it was necessary to build a military-industrial complex.
	b. The military-industrial complex was a necessary evil; that is, while it was sometimes wasteful and inefficient, it had proven to be the best protection against powerful enemies.
	c. The military-industrial complex proved that Americans could have "both guns and butter."
	d. The military-industrial complex posed a threat to democracy itself.

Question 70

What, according to Banchoff, is a prominent difference in values between the US and the EU?

Choose one answer.

	a. The EU has a strong commitment to socialism, while the US is more strongly committed to individualism.
	b. The EU has a strong commitment to multilateralism, while the US, especially under Bush, values unilateralism.
	c. The EU believes that military force should only be used to defend against direct attacks; the US believes that military forces can be used proactively.
	d. The EU is more committed to diversity and multiculturalism than the United States.

Question 71

Which approach to foreign policy might be described as "Wilsonianism with teeth"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Liberalism
	b. Neo-conservatism
	c. Realism
	d. All of the above
	e. None of the above

Question 72

Which concept is best captured by the Melian Dialogue?

Choose one answer.

	a. Power is the most important determinant of outcomes in the international system.
	b. Democracies do not fight one another.
	c. International disputes can be mediated by international institutions.
	d. Multipolar systems are unstable.
	e. Bureaucratic politics lead to sub-par decision outcomes.

Question 73

Which description accurately characterizes Afghanistan?

Choose one answer.

	a. Weak governing institutions
	b. Physically devastated after 30 years of war and civil war
	c. Rampant corruption in provincial governments
	d. Weak central government that is unable to control provincial and tribal governments
	e. All of the above

Question 74

Which factors concerned U.S. policy makers prior to the launch of the US-led ground attack of Iraq that brought an end to the Gulf War?

Choose one answer.

	a. General scars that remained from the legacy of the Vietnam War
	b. Fears of a possible chemical attack
	c. Vocal disagreements between different military commanders
	d. Concerns of potentially large U.S. casualties
	e. All of the above

Question 75

Which of the following accurately describes an issue with regard to Russia's role in the international system?

Choose one answer.

	a. Fear of the resurrection of the Soviet Union
	b. Russia's significant energy resources
	c. The lack of Russian language experts in the U.S. foreign policymaking bureaucracy
	d. Russia's bellicose approach to dealing with Iran
	e. None of the above

Question 76

Which of the following best describes why it is difficult for the United States to more aggressively support the democratic reform movement in Iran?

Choose one answer.

	a. The movement is part of a disinformation campaign designed by Iran's ruling clerics.
	b. The reform movement in Iran, though hostile to the ruling clerics, is also militarily anti-American.
	c. There is concern that such support would delegitimize the movement by making it susceptible to claims that it is the result of American influence.
	d. The U.S. embassy in Iran cautions against such support.
	e. All of the above

Question 77

Which of the following characterizes the concept of Mutually Assured Destruction?

Choose one answer.

	a. This was a predicament that the U.S. and USSR found themselves in beginning in the 1950s.
	b. This concept only pertains to superpower countries with second-strike nuclear capabilities.
	c. This concept existed even before the USSR achieved parity with the U.S. regarding nuclear warheads
	d. This concept meant that any first nuclear strike would be tantamount to suicide.
	e. All of the above

Question 78

Which of the following countries purchased materials from the Khan network?

Choose one answer.

	a. North Korea
	b. Libya
	c. Iran
	d. Iraq
	e. All of the above

Question 79

Which of the following describes how U.S. policy makers should effectively respond to the economic rise of China?

Choose one answer.

	a. "Pivoting" military from a focus on Europe and the Middle East to Southeast Asia
	b. Continuously working to integrate China into the current international economic system
	c. Working to spread norms of freedom and democracy throughout the world
	d. Continuing to engage China diplomatically
	e. All of the above

Question 80

Which of the following is a constraint on the United States since the end of the Cold War?

Choose one answer.

	a. The existence of other peer great power competitors
	b. The high likelihood of great power war
	c. The high likelihood of the possibility that regional crises might escalate to great power war similar to the period before World War II
	d. Given the age of mass terrorism, the low physical security of the U.S. homeland
	e. None of the above

Question 81

Which of the following is a seminal historical even in US-Iranian relations?

Choose one answer.

	a. In the 1970s, the United States helped to dispose of the Shah or Iran, an autocratic and highly repressive leader.
	b. The United States initially was supportive of the revolutionary movement led by Ayatollah Khomeni, but eventually turned against it when revolutionary forces seized control of the American embassy.
	c. After Mossadegh began to nationalize the Iran oil industry, the United States joined Britain in a plot that eventually overthrew a properly elected and very popular prime minister.
	d. The United States support of Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war helped turned warming relations between the two countries into a very hostile relationship.

Question 82

Which of the following is an element of the Counterinsurgency Field Manual, authored by General David Petreus?

Choose one answer.

	a. U.S. forces support host government by clearing area of insurgents.
	b. U.S. troops transition to law enforcement role to hold cleared areas.
	c. U.S. forces use political, military, and social programs to reduce the appeal of insurgency and build government legitimacy in the eyes of the populations.
	d. All of the above
	e. None of the above

Question 83

Which of the following is an informal source of presidential power with regard to foreign policy making?

Choose one answer.

	a. Veto power
	b. The status of the president's office as the head of state
	c. Power to make treaties
	d. Role as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces
	e. Control of the defense budget

Question 84

Which of the following is an issue of concern to contemporary U.S. policy makers that was not considered a priority for policy makers during the Cold War?

Choose one answer.

	a. Nuclear proliferation
	b. The strategic importance of China
	c. Problems associated with weak or failed states
	d. Great power politics
	e. Anti-capitalist ideology

Question 85

Which of the following is not a way that Congress is able to make foreign policy?

Choose one answer.

	a. Resolutions and policy statements
	b. Independent action
	c. Informal advice
	d. Legislative restrictions/funding denials
	e. Oversight

Question 86

Which of the following policies do Ogden and Anderson ("US Foreign Policy Toward North Korea: A Way Ahead") not recommend in US policy toward North Korea?

Choose one answer.

	a. The United States should give South Korea the lead in negotiating with North Korea, since South Korea is in the best position to negotiated with North Korea and can be regarded as a trusted and reliable ally.
	b. The United States should cease pushing for an improvement of human rights in North Korea as a condition for better relations; pressing for human rights is counterproductive.
	c. The United States should adopt a hard-line stance toward North Korea, insisting that important benchmarks be met by North Korea before engaging in substantive negotiations.
	d. The issue of WMD proliferation should be put on the back-burner, as it is more important to basic trust in other areas first.

Question 87

Which of the following was an important conclusion of NSC 68?

Choose one answer.

	a. Nuclear weapons posed a grave danger to world order during the Cold War.
	b. The United States should employ a strategy of containment against the Soviet Union.
	c. The Soviet Union was less of a threat than previously feared.
	d. The Soviet Union could be mollified through skillful diplomacy.
	e. The United States' defense budget was spiraling out of control.

Question 88

Which of the following was not a recommendation of the 9/11 Commission?

Choose one answer.

	a. Improved intelligence sharing among the various agencies responsible for intelligence gathering and national security
	b. Greater unity with regard to domestic and foreign policy priorities
	c. A decreased reliance on covert operations
	d. More imagination and creativity with regard to foreign policy
	e. Preventing the international spread of Islamic extremism

Question 89

Which of the following were not part of the Bush Doctrine?

Choose one answer.

	a. Predominance is the necessary foundation of American military strategy.
	b. Rather than containment or deterrence, the United States will act first to remove threats before they fully materialize.
	c. Multilateralism and international cooperation are the preferred choices of the United States.
	d. Regime change, to further the interests of the United States, is necessary.

Question 90

Which statement best captures the approach that the United States took with regard to nuclear deterrence during the Cold War?

Choose one answer.

	a. The United States adopted a second strike capability, or the ability to deter an attack by possessing the capability to absorb an enemy's nuclear attack and retaliate with so much force that it could inflict an unacceptable level of damage on its society.
	b. The United States sought to build as many nuclear weapons as the defense budget could accommodate.
	c. The United States vowed to respond to any Soviet nuclear attack with a nuclear attack of its own.
	d. The United States aggressively pressured other states to sign the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.
	e. The United States urged its NATO allies to also develop nuclear weapons.

Question 91

Which theoretical model does Scott Sagan recommend the US adopt as a basis for its nonproliferation policy?

Choose one answer.

	a. The security or realist model
	b. The domestic politics model
	c. The norms model
	d. No one model, by itself, provides a basis for dealing with all cases

Question 92

Who is Abdul Qadeer Khan?

Choose one answer.

	a. A Nobel laureate who worked for global nuclear disarmament
	b. A now-deceased leader of an al Qaeda cell in Iraq
	c. An assistant to Saddam Hussein who managed Iraq's chemical weapons program
	d. The father of the Pakistani nuclear weapons program
	e. None of the above

Question 93

Why was World War I such a "big story" -- a dark scar across human history?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was the first time in human history that a specific ethnic-religious population, the Jews, were targeted by a state for extermination.
	b. It was the bloodiest war in human history to that point, causing the deaths of almost 30 million people.
	c. It was the first time that the major European powers had ever engaged in conflict with one another.
	d. It was the first war in which nuclear weapons were used.

Question 94

Wohlforth disagrees with many scholars of international relations about the implications of unipolarity. What are some of the basic points that he makes?

Choose one answer.

	a. Unipolarity is inherently unstable and prone to conflict as other states seek to create a counterpoise to the overweening power of the leading states.
	b. Unipolarity has never existed; instead it is, at best, a highly transitory phenomenon.
	c. Unipolarity is essentially an ideological construct created by the United States as a way to legitimize its dominance and power.
	d. Unipolarity is unambiguously descriptive of the international system today; it is also highly stable and prone to peace, rather than conflict.

Question 95

According to Professor Jeffrey Taliaferro, although United States' policy makers strive for continuity, what accounts for the change in U.S. grand strategy since the end of World War II?

Choose one answer.

	a. Changes in the international system such as the creation of a bipolar world order that persisted throughout the Cold War and the emergence of the U.S. as the world's sole superpower following the Cold War's collapse
	b. Changes in the calculations and perceptions of different generations of U.S. foreign policymakers
	c. Fluctuation in state power regarding extraction and mobilization capacity
	d. All of the above
	e. None of the above

Question 96

Concerning the end of the Cold War, realist theory would draw our attention to which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The transition from a bipolar world order to a unipolar world order
	b. The increase in states with democratic governments
	c. The importance of the domestic influences within Russia that led to the peaceful collapse of the Soviet Union
	d. The increased prominence of the United Nations
	e. The decreased importance of nuclear weapons

Question 97

The policy-making and monetary network that connects Congress, the national armed forces, and defense contractors is known as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The National Security Council
	b. The Department of Homeland Security
	c. The Joint Chiefs of Staff
	d. The Military Industrial Complex
	e. The Pentagon

Question 98

What does Michael Klare say about the role of oil in US security policy?

Choose one answer.

	a. The pursuit and protection of Middle Eastern oil has always been an important part of US security policy, but it has never served as a reason to use military force on a large scale such as the invasion of Iraq.
	b. The pursuit and protection of Middle Eastern oil has always been an important part of US security policy, and this was likely a major reason the Bush administration invaded Iraq.
	c. The invasion of Iraq likely had very little to do with American oil interests in that country; instead, the reasons were primarily strategic and political given Saddam Hussein's purported desire to build nuclear weapons.
	d. The idea that the United States government would invade another country in order to ensure access to that country's oil reserves is put forward by Marxists and others who are critical of US foreign policy.

Question 99

Which of the following theories of international politics assumes an anarchic world system but contends that states can mitigate this condition by creating institutions to facilitate cooperation?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Democratic Peace Thesis
	b. Liberalism
	c. Constructivism
	d. Realism
	e. Soft Power