All of the following countries have substantial Shi'ite populations EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Iraq.
	b. Iran.
	c. Egypt.
	d. Lebanon.

Question 2

Iran borders all of the following countries EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Lebanon.
	b. Afghanistan.
	c. Pakistan.
	d. Iraq.

Question 3

Israel borders all of the following countries EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Lebanon.
	b. Saudi Arabia.
	c. Jordan.
	d. Egypt.

Question 4

According to Craig Charney, which of the following was a factor that contributed to the likelihood of revolt in 2011?

Choose one answer.

	a. A low percentage of the population that was thriving
	b. The experience of a sharp increase in well-being in the two years prior to the revolt
	c. The intensity of religious belief
	d. The freedom to demonstrate against the government

Question 5

Complete the following sentence. The Obama administration supported stiffer sanctions against Iran:

Choose one answer.

	a. early and eagerly before any allies were involved.
	b. after Congress and U.S. allies took the lead.
	c. as a reprisal for the Iran hostage crisis.
	d. in order to prevent Iran from holding elections.

Question 6

Complete the following statement. The ripple effects of the sanctions on Iran include all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. a decline in the value of the Iranian currency.
	b. favorable leverage for China in the negotiation of oil contracts.
	c. increased political power for Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
	d. a decline in Iran's ability to pay for imported food.

Question 7

Complete the following statement. The U.S. withdrew its armed forces from Iraq for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. the Iraqi government requested that it do so.
	b. the U.S. hoped that a withdrawal would pressure domestic Iraqi forces to reconcile.
	c. the U.S. had negotiated to maintain a substantial presence in Iraq post-withdrawal.
	d. Iran was ready and able to provide a security guarantees for Iraq.

Question 8

Gareth Porter and Barack Obama disagree about which of the following in terms of U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan?

Choose one answer.

	a. Whether U.S. forces are eroding Taliban capabilities
	b. Whether Obama will end the war in Afghanistan
	c. Both A and B
	d. None of the above

Question 9

Observers worry that the U.S. departure from Iraq could result in which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Saddam Hussein's return to power
	b. An Israeli invasion of Iraq
	c. A renewal of violence between Shias and Sunnis
	d. Another Iraqi attack on Kuwait

Question 10

U.S. policy toward Iran's nuclear program includes all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. appeasement.
	b. UN sanctions.
	c. the promotion of a democratic uprising in Iran.
	d. the threat of unilateral airstrikes.

Question 11

Which of the following describes the perspective of the filmmakers in "Iran (Is Not the Problem)"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Their perspective on U.S. policy toward Iran is influenced by their critique of the U.S. invasion of Iraq.
	b. Their perspective does not influence the conclusions they draw about military intervention in Iran.
	c. Their perspective causes them to take for granted the truth of statements made by U.S. government.
	d. Their perspective causes them to take for granted the truth of statements made by the Iranian government.

Question 12

Complete the following statement. In 2011, there were uprisings in all of the following Arab states EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Tunisia.
	b. Saudi Arabia.
	c. Egypt.
	d. Libya.

Question 13

According to "Orientalism-in-Reverse," the Occident is described as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Atheistic
	b. Materialistic
	c. Both A and B
	d. None of the above

Question 14

According to Edward Said, which of the following statements about scholarship on the Middle East is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. It is only reliable when produced by Middle Easterners themselves.
	b. It can understand Arabs only through the study of ancient texts.
	c. It has been historically motivated by the Western political agenda of imperialism and colonialism.
	d. It has generally emphasized the differences among Middle Eastern peoples at the expense of their commonalities.

Question 15

Complete the following statement. According to Edward Said, the Western conception of the "Oriental":

Choose one answer.

	a. facilitates and justifies Western colonialism and imperialism.
	b. closely resembles Arabs' conception of themselves.
	c. fails to acknowledge the similarities among Arab peoples.
	d. fails to acknowledge the importance of culture and history to the Arab identity.

Question 16

Complete the following statement. Edward Said argues that terrorism:

Choose one answer.

	a. does not exist in the Middle East.
	b. has not been sufficiently emphasized in the Western media.
	c. is a primarily Christian phenomenon.
	d. has been over-emphasized in the Western media to discredit Arabs.

Question 17

Complete the following statement. The historical relationship between the "Orient" and the "Occident" has been characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. the economic exploitation of the Occident by the Orient.
	b. the spread of disease from the Occident to the Orient.
	c. the political domination of the Occident by the Orient.
	d. the Occident's attempt to understand itself in opposition to an "other."

Question 18

In the discourse of Orientalism, the Orient is depicted as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. As defined by the West
	b. As the "other" through which the West defines itself
	c. Both A and B
	d. None of the above

Question 19

Jack Shaheen argues which of the following about the depiction of Arabs in Western film?

Choose one answer.

	a. The depiction of Arabs in Western film is driven by a political view of threats posed to America by Arabs.
	b. The depiction of Arabs in Western film is inspired by a racist tradition in America that goes back centuries.
	c. The depiction of Arabs in Western film mirrors the depiction of blacks in early Hollywood films.
	d. The depiction of Arabs in Western film, while unfortunate, has very limited political implications.

Question 20

John Bunzl criticizes Samuel Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations" for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Huntington's notion of civilizational identity is vague.
	b. Huntington presupposes that civilizations speak or act monolithically with one voice.
	c. Huntington treats civilizations as sealed off entities, purged to the influences that animate history.
	d. Huntington's claim that all political conflict is motivated by economics.

Question 21

The most common stereotypes applied to Muslims and Arabs include all of the following, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. that they are violent.
	b. that they cannot be defeated.
	c. that they are religious zealots.
	d. that they are traditional rather than progressive.

Question 22

What is the central argument of Orientalism?

Choose one answer.

	a. Only those who live in the Middle East can understand it.
	b. The Orient can only be understood through the study of texts written in the native language.
	c. The way the West understands the Middle East is highly influenced by its political agenda.
	d. Islam is something to be stamped out.

Question 23

Which of the following statements about "Orientalism-in-Reverse" is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. "Orientalism-in-Reverse" refers to the tendency among some Arabs to internalize the assumptions of Orientalism.
	b. "Orientalism-in-Reverse" refers to the tendency among some Arabs to posit the inherent superiority of the Orient over the Occident.
	c. Both A and B
	d. None of the above

Question 24

According to Jack Shaheen, which of the following statements about the depiction of Arabs in Western film is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. The depiction of Arabs in Western film accurately captures a subset of the Arab world.
	b. The depiction of Arabs in Western film portrays Arabs as uniformly wealthy.
	c. The depiction of Arabs in Western film creates a false image of Arabs as one-dimensional caricature.
	d. The depiction of Arabs in Western film ignores the centrality of the desert and oases to Arab culture.

Question 25

"Jihad" refers to which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The struggle against one's own sinful inclinations
	b. The struggle to spread Islam to the non-Islamic world
	c. Warfare
	d. All of the above

Question 26

The five pillars of the Islamic faith include all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. pilgrimage to Mecca.
	b. jihad.
	c. prayer.
	d. fasting.

Question 27

Under the dhimmi system, which of the following is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Nonbelievers are to be converted to Islam.
	b. Nonbelievers are to be granted equal rights regardless of their religious beliefs.
	c. Christians and Jews are permitted to retain their religious identity.
	d. Christians are to be tolerated but Jews are not.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about Islam is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Islam has 1.2 billion followers around the world.
	b. Islam was founded by the prophet Muhammad.
	c. Islam means submission.
	d. All of the above

Question 29

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes Shia Muslims?

Choose one answer.

	a. Shia Muslims split with Sunnis over a disagreement about who would succeed Muhammad.
	b. Shia Muslims regard Istanbul as the holiest city in Islam.
	c. Shia Muslims constitute a majority of Muslims.
	d. All of the above

Question 30

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes how Islamic law has affected women?

Choose one answer.

	a. Islamic law introduced restrictions on polygamy.
	b. Islamic law empowered husbands to acquire possession over the property of their wives.
	c. Islamic law precluded divorce under any circumstance.
	d. All of the above

Question 31

Which of the following statements about Islam is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Islam is unlike Christianity and Judaism in that its adherents are relatively monolithic in their beliefs.
	b. Islam is unlike Christianity in that its holy book is not subject to a diversity of interpretations.
	c. Islam is almost always the motivating force of Muslims' political activity.
	d. Islam includes a diversity of schools of jurisprudence.

Question 32

Complete the following statement. The Ottoman expulsion of the Anatolian Armenians:

Choose one answer.

	a. directly or indirectly resulted in the deaths of between approximately one million Armenians.
	b. resulted in equal numbers of deaths on both the Turkish and the Armenian side.
	c. was precipitated by the growing strength of the Ottoman Empire.
	d. had no negative impact on the Armenians.

Question 33

During WWI, how did the Ottoman and British attitudes and policies toward Arabism compare and contrast?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Ottomans encouraged Arabism as a way of encouraging resistance to the European powers.
	b. The English encouraged Arabism as a way of encouraging an internal revolt against the Ottomans.
	c. Both the Ottomans and the English opposed Arabism, because they believed it to be a racist ideology.
	d. Arabism was too undeveloped to be a relevant factor in the policies of the Ottoman and British.

Question 34

The legacy of WWI continues to influence politics in the Middle East in all of the following ways, EXCEPT with respect to:

Choose one answer.

	a. the conflict between Sunnis and Shias.
	b. the nationalist and Islamist movements that were born shortly after the War.
	c. the regime of European colonialism established shortly after the War.
	d. the state boundaries established in the aftermath of WWI.

Question 35

Which of the following statements about mandates is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mandates were created by the United Nations.
	b. Mandates were designed to last in perpetuity.
	c. Mandates were designed for nations not yet prepared to make it on their own in the modern world.
	d. All of the above

Question 36

Which of the following statements about the mandate system is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. The mandate system was conceived as a way of perpetuating colonialism.
	b. The mandate system was conceived as a way of guiding Middle Eastern states to independence.
	c. The mandate system drew state boundaries on the basis of European interests.
	d. All of the above

Question 37

Which of the following statements about the Sykes-Picot agreement is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Sykes-Picot agreement made good on the promises of the Husayn-McMahon correspondence.
	b. The Sykes-Picot agreement was conceived of as recompense to the Russians for the losses they had suffered in WWI.
	c. The Sykes-Picot agreement divided the former territories of the Ottoman Empire between the British and the Turks.
	d. The Sykes-Picot agreement contradicted previous commitments to Arab independence made by the British.

Question 38

Why did the British support a Jewish homeland in Palestine in 1917?

Choose one answer.

	a. To establish a reliable ally in the Middle East
	b. To satisfy requests being made by Zionists in Russia and Britain
	c. To help ensure their continued influence over the Suez Canal
	d. All of the above

Question 39

Which of the following statements accurately defines Arabism?

Choose one answer.

	a. Arabism was the predominant ideology of the Ottoman Empire.
	b. Arabism is the notion that the Islamic religion is suited primarily for Arabs.
	c. Arabism emerged as an ideology at the time of the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire.
	d. All of the above

Question 40

Atatürk could be considered a dictator for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. his opposition to popular elections.
	b. his suppression of dissent.
	c. his insertion of his party's principles into the national constitution.
	d. his consolidation of power in his own hands.

Question 41

Complete the following statement. Atatürk's policy toward the Kurds:

Choose one answer.

	a. included their expulsion from southeastern Anatolia.
	b. allowed for some political autonomy.
	c. demanded total integration into the Turkish state.
	d. permitted the use of the Kurdish language in schools.

Question 42

Which of the following accurately describes the origins of the Majlis?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Majlis was first formed under the Reza Shah.
	b. The Majlis was established in response to popular demand for a Parliament.
	c. The Majlis was created by the British.
	d. All of the above

Question 43

Which of the following best describes how Mohammed Mossadeq came into power in Iran?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mohammed Mossadeq led a military coup against Mohammed Reza Shah.
	b. Mohammed Mossadeq was supported by the British and the U.S.
	c. Mohammed Mossadeq argued that Iran should nationalize its oil.
	d. All of the above

Question 44

Which of the following best describes how Reza Shah came into power in Iran?

Choose one answer.

	a. Reza Shah was the leader of a nationalist movement in Iran.
	b. Reza Shah used the army to create a sense of national identity.
	c. Reza Shah deposed the Qajar shahs.
	d. All of the above

Question 45

Which of the following best describes Mohammed Mossadeq's removal from power in Iran?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mohammed Mossadeq was toppled in an American-sponsored coup.
	b. Mohammed Mossadeq was removed by the Majles, because he was perceived as a threat to Reza Shah.
	c. Mohammed Mossadeq was removed, because he was perceived as a threat to British interests in Iran.
	d. Both A and C

Question 46

Which of the following is not a principle of Kemalism?

Choose one answer.

	a. Secularism
	b. Republicanism
	c. Traditionalism
	d. Nationalism

Question 47

Which of the following is true of the Treaty of Sèvres?

Choose one answer.

	a. The treaty divided the Ottoman Empire.
	b. The treaty internationalized the Dardenelles Straits.
	c. The treaty was superseded by the Turkish National Pact.
	d. All of the above

Question 48

Which of the following statements accurately compares the systems of government established in modern Iran and modern Turkey?

Choose one answer.

	a. Modern Iran and Turkey both emerged from the ruins of great Empires.
	b. Modern Iran and Turkey both were founded by great jurists.
	c. Modern Iran and Turkey both created new dynasties.
	d. All of the above

Question 49

Why was the Iranian Revolution of 1979 successful?

Choose one answer.

	a. The revolution was a military coup.
	b. The revolution was coordinated by the Britain and the United States.
	c. The revolution deposed Mohammed Reza Shah.
	d. The revolution instated Atatürk.

Question 50

What was Atatürk's primary goal?

Choose one answer.

	a. To restore the Ottoman Empire
	b. To create an independent Turkish republic
	c. To restore the Caliphate
	d. To rule over Iran

Question 51

All of the following contributed to the Iran-Iraq War, EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. border clashes between Iran and Iraq.
	b. the Shah's repression of human rights in Iran.
	c. Iraq's aspirations to become a regional hegemon.
	d. Iran's desire to avenge the repression of Shias in Iraq.

Question 52

Complete the following statement. Saddam Hussein justified the concentration of power in his hands:

Choose one answer.

	a. as necessary for defeating Israel.
	b. as necessary for the restoration of the Caliphate.
	c. as necessary to unify a diverse country.
	d. as necessary for defeating Syria.

Question 53

Complete the following statement. The French maximized their control over Lebanon by drawing boundaries that created:

Choose one answer.

	a. a bare Christian majority that would be dependent on foreign support.
	b. a Muslim majority that could not control the substantial Alawite population without external support.
	c. a Jewish majority that would check the Muslim and Christian minorities.
	d. a Druze majority that could check the Muslim and Christian minorities.

Question 54

The causes of the Lebanese Civil War include all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Muslims' resentment at Maronite control of the government.
	b. Shias' resentment at their lack of representation in the government.
	c. the overrepresentation of Druze in the government.
	d. the presence of the PLO in the south of Lebanon.

Question 55

What was the purpose of al-infitah?

Choose one answer.

	a. To attract foreign investment
	b. To reassure the American government
	c. To consolidate the support of Egypt's business class
	d. All of the above

Question 56

Which of the following accurately describes how Hafiz al-Asad came to power in Syria?

Choose one answer.

	a. He came from the minority Alawite sect.
	b. He rose up through the military.
	c. He came to power as a member of the Ba'ath party.
	d. All of the above

Question 57

Which of the following statements about Confessionalism is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Confessionalism is a system of government that requires candidates to declare an affiliation when they run for office.
	b. Confessionalism was installed by the British as a system of government for Lebanon.
	c. Confessionalism ensured that the Lebanese people felt they were fairly represented.
	d. All of the above

Question 58

Which of the following statements about the Ba'ath party in Syria under Hafiz al-Asad is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Ba'ath party was allied with the United States.
	b. The Ba'ath party tried to incorporate Islamists into the government.
	c. The Ba'ath party brutally repressed Islamist opposition.
	d. All of the above

Question 59

The United Arab Republic was an attempt to implement Arabism by doing which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Using Islam as the basis for uniting diverse Arab peoples
	b. Breaking down boundaries dividing different Arab societies
	c. Expelling all non-Arab citizens
	d. All of the above

Question 60

Complete the following statement. In Saudi Arabia, revenues from the sale of oil:

Choose one answer.

	a. are less than half of Saudi Arabia's economy.
	b. provide the vast majority of funds for the Saudi government.
	c. have contributed to the overthrow of the Saudi royal family.
	d. create great internal opposition against the Saudi government.

Question 61

Complete the following statement. Robert Lacey argues that the House of Saud remains in power:

Choose one answer.

	a. by incorporating possible dissidents into the government.
	b. in spite of their failed relationship with the U.S.
	c. by opening up the political system to democratic participation.
	d. by avoiding any instances of nepotism.

Question 62

How has the "oil weapon" been used to gain political influence?

Choose one answer.

	a. The "oil weapon" was used to coerce the Palestinians into actively resisting Israeli occupation.
	b. The "oil weapon" has been undermined by Russia's emergence as a major oil producer.
	c. The "oil weapon" has been undermined by Venezuela's emergences as a major oil producer.
	d. The "oil weapon" has been undermined by the widespread use of alternate energy.

Question 63

The Saudi royal family has used its oil wealth for what purpose?

Choose one answer.

	a. To pacify any resistance
	b. To provide citizens with free education and housing
	c. To fund the government
	d. All of the above

Question 64

Which of the following statements about Saudi Arabia intervening in the civil war in Yemen is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Saudi Arabia intervened in the civil war in Yemen by sending aid to the royalists.
	b. Saudi Arabia intervened in the civil war in Yemen in order to counter the influence of Egypt.
	c. Saudi Arabia intervened in the civil war in Yemen in order to prevent a revolutionary upsurge on their border.
	d. All of the above

Question 65

Which of the following statements accurately describes the purpose of OPEC?

Choose one answer.

	a. OPEC regulates the production of oil in order to keep prices low.
	b. OPEC was formed to make policy regarding oil that benefits its member states.
	c. OPEC was founded by the United States to secure its oil interests in the Middle East.
	d. All of the above

Question 66

Who rules Saudi Arabia, and what strategy of governance is used?

Choose one answer.

	a. A dictator currently rules and faces substantial internal opposition.
	b. The Saudi royal family rules in authoritarian fashion.
	c. The Saudi royal family rules and has worked to secularize the government.
	d. Saudi Arabia is ruled by a democracy with free, open elections.

Question 67

The primary principles of Wahhabism include all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. strict application of sharia.
	b. emphasis on the puritanical aspects of Islam.
	c. the belief that the caliphate resides in the House of Saud.
	d. the belief that Muhammad was the prophet of God.

Question 68

According to Zachary Lockman, which of the following is true of Palestinian resistance to Zionism in the 1920s and 30s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Palestinian resistance to Zionism was supported by the British.
	b. Palestinian resistance to Zionism was the inevitable outgrowth of the Zionist project.
	c. Palestinian resistance to Zionism was fueled by the development of Arab nationalism.
	d. All of the above

Question 69

Complete the following statement. After the arrival of Zionists, Arabs living in Palestine:

Choose one answer.

	a. began to identify more explicitly as Arabs than as Palestinians.
	b. decided to relocate outside of Palestine.
	c. began to identify explicitly as Palestinians.
	d. tried to spread Arabism.

Question 70

Complete the following statement. During the mandate period in Palestine, the British:

Choose one answer.

	a. consistently supported Jewish interests against Palestinian interests.
	b. consistently supported Palestinian interests over Jewish interests.
	c. generally supported Jewish interests but frequently tried to balance their support for Zionism with support for Palestinians.
	d. did nothing to advance the interest of either Jews or Palestinians.

Question 71

Palestinian claims to Palestine are based on which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Multiple references to Jerusalem in the Koran
	b. The Koran's mention of Muhammad's beginning his ascent to heaven from Jerusalem
	c. The fact that Muslims consider Jerusalem to be their holiest site
	d. All of the above

Question 72

The Balfour Declaration did which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Changed the Zionist movement by giving it its first endorsement from a major power
	b. Pledged British support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine
	c. Pledged British support for the accommodation of the indigenous Arab population of Palestine
	d. All of the above

Question 73

The birth of the state of Israel required Zionists to defeat all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. the British colonial power.
	b. Nazi Germany.
	c. the indigenous Palestinian population.
	d. the surrounding Arab states.

Question 74

Which of the following statements accurately describes the origins and purpose of Zionism?

Choose one answer.

	a. Zionism is the doctrine that the Jewish people should have a national home secured by public law.
	b. Zionism originated in response to nineteenth century Russian pogroms in which Jews were massacred.
	c. Zionism was heavily influenced by socialism in its early decades.
	d. All of the above

Question 75

Jewish claims to Palestine are based on which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Biblical references to Jerusalem as the center of Jewish life
	b. The fact that Judaism cannot be practiced outside of Palestine
	c. The fact that Jews have comprised a majority of the population of Palestine since Biblical times
	d. All of the above

Question 76

How did the surrounding Arab states respond to their defeat in 1967?

Choose one answer.

	a. By changing to a strategy of negotiations
	b. By delegating opposition to Israel to the PLO
	c. By relying on the United States and Soviet Union to broker a peace treaty
	d. By mobilizing for another military attack on Israel

Question 77

The June 1967 war in Israel was precipitated by which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. An Egyptian naval blockade of Israel
	b. The mobilization of Syrian and Egyptian troops along Israel's borders
	c. Unresolved tensions from the war of 1948
	d. All of the above

Question 78

What are the primary provisions of UN Resolution 242?

Choose one answer.

	a. UN Resolution 242 calls for Israel to withdraw from all territories occupied in 1967.
	b. UN Resolution 242 calls for Israeli withdrawal from territories occupied in 1967 in exchange for recognition by the Palestinians and surrounding Arab states.
	c. UN Resolution 242 calls for Israel to pay reparations to the surrounding Arab states as compensation for their losses.
	d. None of the above

Question 79

Which location was not occupied by Israel in the June 1967 War?

Choose one answer.

	a. Saudi Arabia
	b. Syria
	c. Egypt
	d. The West Bank

Question 80

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)?

Choose one answer.

	a. The PLO was founded in 1987 to fight the intifada.
	b. The PLO was established for Israel to recognize the organization as a legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.
	c. The PLO allowed Palestinians to speak for themselves rather than rely on the leaders of Arab states.
	d. All of the above

Question 81

Which of the following statements about the Camp David Accords of 1979 is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Camp David Accords of 1979 were fully implemented.
	b. The Camp David Accords of 1979 produced an enduring peace between Israel and Egypt.
	c. The Camp David Accords of 1979 were precipitated by Nasser's willingness to visit Jerusalem.
	d. All of the above

Question 82

Why did the attack on Israel by the surrounding Arab states in 1948 fail?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because the Arab states invaded less to defeat Israel than to prevent one another from gaining an advantage
	b. Because the Arab states could not convince Egypt to participate in the attack
	c. Because Israel had more soldiers than did the surrounding Arab states
	d. All of the above

Question 83

At Camp David II and Taba, what were Ehud Barak's goals in his negotiations with Yasser Arafat?

Choose one answer.

	a. Ehud Barak offered a far more extensive withdrawal than anything Israel had offered previously.
	b. Ehud Barak broke the Israeli taboo on discussing the future of Jerusalem.
	c. Ehud Barak enhanced his stature domestically, because he was perceived to have stood up to America.
	d. All of the above

Question 84

The primary sticking points in the Arab-Israeli peace negotiations include all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. water rights.
	b. mutual recognition.
	c. the refugee crisis.
	d. the status of Jerusalem.

Question 85

What was the George W. Bush administration's policy toward Israel/Palestine?

Choose one answer.

	a. The George W. Bush administration pressured Israel to withdraw from the occupied territories.
	b. The George W. Bush administration opposed the construction of a "security fence" in the West Bank.
	c. The George W. Bush administration endorsed the idea that Palestinian refugees be settled in a future Palestinian state.
	d. All of the above

Question 86

What were the primary terms of the Oslo Accords?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Oslo Accords included a provision for mutual recognition by the PLO and the Israeli government.
	b. The Oslo Accords committed Israel to grant autonomy to Palestinians in the West Bank.
	c. The Oslo Accords outlined consequences for Hamas' attacks and Israel's reluctance to withdraw from the West Bank.
	d. Both A and B

Question 87

Which of the following accurately describes the Israeli Disengagement Plan?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Israeli Disengagement Plan was a proposal for unilateral Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories.
	b. The Israeli Disengagement Plan could not be implemented, because the Palestinians did not agree to it.
	c. The Israeli Disengagement Plan did not have the support of George W. Bush.
	d. None of the above

Question 88

Why did the Oslo Accords fail?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Israelis did not stop building settlements.
	b. Yasser Arafat was unable to prevent violent attacks against Israelis.
	c. Both Rabin and Arafat could not overcome domestic resistance to the Accords.
	d. All of the above

Question 89

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the first intifada?

Choose one answer.

	a. The first intifada was a popular mobilization of people in the occupied territories.
	b. The first intifada was a non-violent movement.
	c. The first intifada was ignored by the Israeli authorities.
	d. The first intifada was led by the PLO.

Question 90

According to Ellen Lust-Okar, the persistence of authoritarianism in the Middle East is best explained by which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cultural resistance to democratization
	b. Division among the opposition to existing authoritarian regimes
	c. The absence of civic associations in Middle Eastern civil society
	d. All of the above

Question 91

Economic liberalization in Egypt led to all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. the privatization of state-run industries.
	b. increased foreign investment.
	c. dramatic economic growth.
	d. the scaling back of state-run social programs.

Question 92

Neoliberalism in Egypt has consisted of all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. the privatization of publicly owned companies.
	b. the weakening of trade unions.
	c. high wages.
	d. dramatic increases in foreign investment.

Question 93

Which of the following statements about the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt was restricted from running for office under Mubarak.
	b. The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt won the most seats of any minority party under Hosni Mubarak.
	c. The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt has committed to preserving the institutions of Egyptian democracy.
	d. All of the above

Question 94

With the exception of Turkey, how does Vali Nasr characterize the economies of the Middle East?

Choose one answer.

	a. As lacking a middle class
	b. As lacking entrepreneurs
	c. As dominated by government-run, closed economies
	d. All of the above

Question 95

In what ways have women been able to mobilize politically in the Middle East?

Choose one answer.

	a. Women have not been particularly active in the Arab uprising.
	b. Women have had a number of seats reserved for them in the Tunisian legislature.
	c. Women have had a number of seats reserved for them in the Egyptian legislature.
	d. All of the above

Question 96

Why do some women in the Middle East choose to veil themselves?

Choose one answer.

	a. Feminists wear the veil to take charge of how they are judged.
	b. Women do not have a choice; wearing the veil is required by law in all Muslim countries.
	c. Some women wear the veil to emulate the practice of early Muslims.
	d. None of the above

Question 97

Which of the following statements accurately reflects nineteenth century European imperialists' views on feminism?

Choose one answer.

	a. European imperialists usually opposed feminism at home.
	b. European imperialists frequently invoked feminism to justify the colonial project.
	c. European imperialists made many Middle Eastern women skeptical of feminism.
	d. All of the above

Question 98

All of the following have contributed to the rise of Islamism EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. the defeat of the Arab armies in the war of 1967.
	b. subjugation at the hands of European imperialists.
	c. attempts by Iran to export Islamist principles.
	d. Saddam Hussein's support for Islamist movements.

Question 99

Complete the following statement. The policy of Islamization in Iran entailed:

Choose one answer.

	a. removing Muslim clerics from the government.
	b. replacing secular judges with those trained in Islamic law.
	c. replacing the majles with a body of leaders trained in Islam.
	d. punishing anyone who supported Islam.

Question 100

Which of the following accurately characterizes Samuel Huntington's argument about the "clash of civilizations?"

Choose one answer.

	a. Huntington's argument is used by Bernard Lewis to help explain why the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001 occurred.
	b. Huntington's argument is criticized by Edward Said for the assumptions it makes about the unity of civilizations.
	c. Huntington's argument is intended to explain the types of conflict that Huntington believed would occur in the aftermath of the Cold War.
	d. All of the above

Question 101

Why did Osama bin Laden turn against the Saudi government?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because the Saudi government was too friendly to the American government
	b. Because the Saudi government allowed American soldiers to tread on Muslim holy ground in the first Gulf War
	c. Because the Saudi government refused his offer to raise an army to fight against Saddam Hussein
	d. All of the above

Question 102

What are the primary tenets of the movement of Islamism?

Choose one answer.

	a. Islamism argues that Islam should be the basis of politics as well as a religion.
	b. Islamism generally claims to be a revival of early Islam.
	c. Islamism maintains that the superiority of Islam gives it a right to political dominance and conquest.
	d. All of the above

Question 103

Consequences of the first Gulf War include all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. a resolution of the tensions between the U.S. and Iraq.
	b. a refugee crisis.
	c. Kurdish uprisings.
	d. the burning of Kuwaiti oil fields.

Question 104

What were the consequences of the 2003 Gulf War?

Choose one answer.

	a. The 2003 Gulf War led to a civil war in Iraq between Kurds and Shias.
	b. The 2003 Gulf War led to increased Iranian influence in Iraq.
	c. The 2003 Gulf War was sanctioned by the UN Security Council.
	d. All of the above

Question 105

Which of the following accurately describes Desert Storm?

Choose one answer.

	a. In Desert Storm, U.S. forces conquered Baghdad.
	b. In Desert Storm, the United States attacked Iraq with a broad coalition that included many Arab states.
	c. In Desert Storm, the primary purpose of U.S. intervention was to repel Iraqi forces from Iran.
	d. All of the above

Question 106

Which of the following accurately describes the motivation of the United States' intervention in Afghanistan?

Choose one answer.

	a. The United States' intervention in Afghanistan was precipitated by the Taliban takeover of the country.
	b. The United States' intervention in Afghanistan was driven by the strategy of "clear, hold, and build."
	c. The United States' intervention in Afghanistan was an exclusively military operation.
	d. None of the above

Question 107

Which of the following accurately predicts the outcome of U.S withdrawal from Afghanistan?

Choose one answer.

	a. The U.S. withdrawal will result in the destruction of the Taliban.
	b. The U.S. withdrawal will mean that the Pakistani military will have to fight the Taliban.
	c. The U.S. withdrawal will likely require either the U.S. or the Afghan government to negotiate with the Taliban.
	d. All of the above

Question 108

Why did Iraq invade Kuwait in 1990?

Choose one answer.

	a. Kuwait had historically been a part of Iraq's southern province.
	b. Iraq believed the U.S. would allow the invasion to go forward.
	c. Iraq wanted access to a sea port.
	d. All of the above

Question 109

Which of the following statements about dual containment is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Dual containment describes U.S. policy toward the Soviet Union and the Middle East.
	b. Dual containment describes U.S. policy toward Iran and Iraq.
	c. Dual containment was largely successful, according to Barbara Conry.
	d. Dual containment was employed as an alternative to active intervention in the Middle East.

Question 110

Complete the following statement. The Arab uprisings of 2011 have been less successful in:

Choose one answer.

	a. Sunni states.
	b. states allied with America.
	c. states divided along ethnic lines.
	d. states with authoritarian leaders.

Question 111

Which of the following accurately describes the origins and/or consequences of the Arab uprisings of 2011?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Arab uprisings of 2011 began in Tunisia and cascaded across the region.
	b. The Arab uprisings of 2011 were initiated primarily by secular groups.
	c. The Arab uprisings of 2011 became avenues for Islamist resistance.
	d. All of the above