Complete the following sentence. The development of civil and political rights and economic, social, and cultural rights as two distinct areas of international human rights law occurred because:

Choose one answer.

	a. the enumerated human rights were too plentiful to be encompassed by one single human rights document.
	b. the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was not legally binding.
	c. economic, social, and cultural rights needed to be prioritized over civil and political rights.
	d. of the conflicting political ideologies that characterized the Cold War.

Question 2

Complete the following statement. As currently understood, protected and promoted in the global context, human rights:

Choose one answer.

	a. are valued for their inherently "western" orientation.
	b. are derived solely from the practices and norms of the "non-western" majority of the world.
	c. have evolved to reflect the increasing diversity of global decision-makers and the peoples they represent.
	d. have resolved the tensions between "western" and "non-western" conceptualizations of human rights.

Question 3

Complete the following statement. Individual and collective human rights can best be understood as:

Choose one answer.

	a. mutually exclusive.
	b. intrinsically interdependent.
	c. irrelevant for global justice.
	d. manifestations of the universal-relative tension of human rights thought.

Question 4

Protecting and promoting human rights, and therefore furthering justice, is more challenging in the existing state system because of which of the following political concepts?

Choose one answer.

	a. Self-determination
	b. Interdependence
	c. Sovereignty
	d. Global governance

Question 5

The historical development of human rights in the post-World War II era included which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Human rights law transitioned from codified to customary law as its principal foundation.
	b. There was a gradual transition from narrowly defined rights attached to the individual to more broadly conceived rights for groups and communities as well as individuals.
	c. There was a progression from local practices and norms to national laws and eventually the development of internationally agreed upon human rights law.
	d. There was an initial disregard for broad concepts of human rights such as genocide and torture.

Question 6

Which of the following describes one way in which the human rights framework contributes to the advancement of global justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. Human rights serve as a policy instrument used by actors such as states, IGOs, and NGOs to effect policy and behavior changes of other actors.
	b. The topic of human rights is so delicate that world leaders shy away from the subject in diplomatic meetings, ensuring non-interference in the domestic affairs of other states.
	c. The general global acceptance of the notion of human rights accords significant authority to the United Nations to enforce human rights law, advancing the ideals of global justice.
	d. The human rights framework publicly criticizes the actions of foreign governments, demanding compliance with international human rights law.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about universal human rights is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. As a conceptual construct, universal human rights are contested because of the existence of different societal norms and practices on a global scale.
	b. Universal human rights are only embodied and enumerated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
	c. Universal human rights emerged from the coalescence of various societal norms and practices as juxtaposed to relative human rights that remain attached to local communities.
	d. Universal human rights cannot be realized without the existence of relative human rights.

Question 8

Which of the following statements best captures the apparent tensions between individual and collective human rights?

Choose one answer.

	a. Collective human rights serve no distinct purpose in the human rights discourse, because individual human rights ensure that the human rights of individual group members are guaranteed.
	b. The possibility of a specific collective right violating an individual's right calls into question the merit of collective human rights.
	c. When a specific human right applies to both a group and an individual, it is difficult for the state to promote and protect that human right.
	d. The tensions between individual and collective human rights only exist with respect to human rights of indigenous peoples and indigenous individuals.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is an argument advanced by advocates of relative human rights with respect to the relationship between human rights and justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. Relative human rights must be the foundation for each society to foster its understanding of justice; such a system of justice will then be beneficial to all individuals and groups within that society.
	b. Global justice can only exist when "non-western" societies fully espouse the notion of universal human rights.
	c. The protection and promotion of human rights has no bearing on justice in local and global contexts.
	d. Justice is only served when human rights emerge directly from the norms and values of local communities; the idea of universal human rights undermines global justice as it enables "western" societies to impose their values onto "non-western" societies.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true with respect to the relationship between civil and political rights and economic, social, and cultural rights?

Choose one answer.

	a. Civil and political rights take precedence over economic, social, and cultural rights, because rights such as voting and freedom of speech are indispensable for guaranteeing rights such as health care and education.
	b. Economic, social, and cultural rights are more easily equated to human needs and therefore must take precedence over civil and political rights.
	c. Economic, social, and cultural rights are secondary to civil and political rights, because a society must achieve a certain level of affluence before such rights might be enjoyed.
	d. Civil and political rights as well as economic, social, and cultural rights are intrinsically interconnected and therefore need to be simultaneously protected and promoted.

Question 11

Which of the following statements most adequately describes the intricate nature of the human rights-global justice relationship?

Choose one answer.

	a. Engaging the human rights framework has limited implications for global justice in the present or near future because of the aspirational nature of human rights.
	b. Persistent violations of human rights by a broad range of actors at local, national, and global levels indicate that global justice is not attainable.
	c. Global justice is most likely achieved when civil and political rights are prioritized over economic, social, and cultural rights.
	d. The human rights framework is well-suited for furthering global justice on a conceptual level; however, in practical terms, the human rights approach is hampered by questions of legitimacy and authority to intervene.

Question 12

Which of the following statements most aptly reflects the relationship between justice and human rights?

Choose one answer.

	a. Human rights provide the conceptual and practical framework within which to operationalize justice based on various societies' codes of morality.
	b. Human rights and justice are only related to each other if human rights are equated with human needs.
	c. Human rights and justice are inherently incompatible in a global context because of the lack of a universal understanding of human rights.
	d. The protection and promotion of human rights depends upon the development of a single worldwide system of justice.

Question 13

According to Immanuel Kant, which of the following is NOT a necessary step that states need to undertake to guarantee perpetual peace?

Choose one answer.

	a. Perpetual peace is dependent upon states being ruled through a republican civil constitution.
	b. Perpetual peace emerges, in part, when states participate in a union of states.
	c. Universal hospitality is one requirement for perpetual peace to take hold.
	d. Perpetual peace depends upon a just redistribution of financial and material resources among all states.

Question 14

Complete the following statement. Current principles of international law, grounded in an understanding of promoting peaceful relations between political communities, are based on:

Choose one answer.

	a. the constant re-visioning of the modern state system to reflect changing political realities.
	b. the customary acceptance of the concepts of state sovereignty and non-intervention.
	c. the interpretation of the Treaty of Westphalia by the United Nations.
	d. the prohibition of the use of force as an accepted means for conflict resolution.

Question 15

Complete the following statement. Immanuel Kant's "perpetual peace among states" refers to:

Choose one answer.

	a. the absence of open hostilities between states for a period lasting a minimum of one hundred years.
	b. the permanent end of all hostilities between states, which is operationalized through an increased emphasis on the rule of law in relations between states.
	c. an utopian ideal of peace that is impossible to achieve given the human propensity for warfare.
	d. the absence of open hostilities, which is operationalized through the balance of power.

Question 16

In what way does Hugo Grotius' understanding of natural law contribute to international law?

Choose one answer.

	a. Natural law, grounded in the human need for self-preservation and sociability, extends into all spheres of human interactions; hence, interpersonal as well as interstate relations are regulated by natural law.
	b. Natural law is the source of international law, because natural law can be modified as needed to conform to cultural variations within the myriad societies of the world.
	c. Natural law gives rise to international law, because God regulates all interactions.
	d. Natural law, grounded in the rational nature of human beings, undermines the role of the state in regulating interpersonal relations and therefore positions international law at an individual level.

Question 17

In which of the following ways does the International Criminal Court contribute to peace and justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. The International Criminal Court, in existence since 1948, has the authority to prosecute individuals and states accused of violating human rights; its high conviction rate serves as a deterrent for future abuses.
	b. The International Criminal Court contributes to peace and justice by creating international law that compels states to seek peaceful solutions to conflict situations.
	c. The International Criminal Court, charged with prosecuting the worst violators of the crimes of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, contributes to justice through the removal of impunity.
	d. The International Criminal Court has no bearing on justice, because the vast majority of states refuse to abide by the Rome Statute and do not recognize the authority of the International Criminal Court.

Question 18

What is the primary source of justice for any society according to David Hume?

Choose one answer.

	a. Hume argues that justice stems from divine interventions into human society.
	b. According to Hume, the notion of justice springs from the chaos societies find themselves in in times of war.
	c. According to Hume, the source of justice is its utility for interpersonal relations.
	d. Hume contends that human nature and the natural environment necessitate societies to adhere to certain rules; it is the utility of these rules to the public good that gives rise to justice.

Question 19

Which of the following is a central tenet advanced by Hugo Grotius in "On the Law of War and Peace?"

Choose one answer.

	a. The theory of just war contends that the causes and conduct of war determine whether or not a war is just even if a judicial settlement can be reached.
	b. War, if fought for just causes, is compatible with natural law and by extension with the law of nations. War is necessary for the pursuit of justice.
	c. The absence of an international legal court implies that all wars between states or nations are just as warfare, and war is the only available mechanism to settle disputes.
	d. Divine law is the basis for warfare; hence, it is the sovereign bestowed by the divine right who has the sole authority to declare a war just.

Question 20

Which of the following statements best captures the changing nature of international law?

Choose one answer.

	a. While non-state actors play a growing role in the formulation of international law, international law continues to pertain exclusively to interstate relations.
	b. While the codification of international law is no longer the exclusive domain of states, international law continues to pertain exclusively to interstate relations.
	c. The sources of international law have broadened to include processes that involve non-state actors and international law and pertains to both interstate and intrastate relations.
	d. While international law has evolved to regulate the lives of individuals in addition to interstate relations, international law continues to be formulated by states.

Question 21

Which of the following statements best reflects the significance of David Hume's writings on justice for contemporary global political discourse?

Choose one answer.

	a. An understanding of justice that is grounded in the mutual usefulness of its merits should serve as a guiding principle for political interactions at the global level.
	b. Hume's conceptualization of justice has no bearing on contemporary global political discourse, because the societal need for self-preservation has overcome the utility of justice.
	c. During times of war, the utility of justice ceases to exist; hence, global justice is impossible given the temporal pervasiveness of warfare.
	d. The diversity of societal conceptualizations of justice renders Hume's musings on this topic meaningless for today's world.

Question 22

Which of the following statements most adequately describes the relationship between Hedley Bull's international order and global justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. The modern state system is characterized by peace as the shared values of states give rise to an international order that eschews the use of force.
	b. International order, arguably, contributes to global justice as it is based on a code of conduct between states, grounded in shared interests, that serve to maintain peace.
	c. The anarchical concept of international order stresses the necessity of international law to peaceful interstate relations.
	d. International order advances the notion of global justice through its emphasis on safeguarding state sovereignty.

Question 23

A cosmopolitan approach to global distributive justice most likely supports which of the following scenarios?

Choose one answer.

	a. Country X simultaneously provides aid to the victims of natural disasters in its own borders and those in a neighboring country.
	b. Country X refuses to provide aid to the victims of a famine caused by drought.
	c. Country X agrees to provide aid to the victims of a natural disaster if other states also provide such aid.
	d. Country X agrees to provide aid to the victims of natural disasters but not those caused by human-made disasters.

Question 24

In what way does the contractarian approach to global justice differ from the human development approach?

Choose one answer.

	a. The contractarian approach places emphasis on international cooperation with mutual advantage for all parties, while the human development approach begins with a focus on a set of basic entitlements for all people, which gives rise to collective responsibility for meeting these entitlements.
	b. The only difference between the contractarian and the human development approach to global justice exists in the conflicting understanding of international cooperation's ability to benefit all parties.
	c. The human development approach is process-oriented, while the contractarian approach is outcome-oriented.
	d. The contractarian approach is inherently cosmopolitan in that it seeks the greater good for all, while the human development approach is nationalist in that it stresses national identity for the distribution of resources.

Question 25

What does global distributive justice refer to?

Choose one answer.

	a. The equally shared decision-making by all affected groups and individuals to achieve justice
	b. The equitable distribution of scarce resources throughout the world
	c. The equitable distribution of industrial by-products such as toxic waste throughout the world
	d. The promotion and protection of human rights in countries affected by war.

Question 26

Which of the following arguments might a nationalist make with respect to material aid?

Choose one answer.

	a. Material aid should only be given to the neediest in countries with extremely weak governments.
	b. Material aid should be given primarily to those in need within our state borders.
	c. Material aid should only be considered in cases of extreme calamity and should be distributed based on national quotas.
	d. Material aid does not contribute to global justice; therefore, material aid should not be considered.

Question 27

Which of the following scenarios DOES NOT fall under the heading "global distributive justice?"

Choose one answer.

	a. Country X sends food aid to country Y due to drought conditions in country Y.
	b. Country X shares its industrial expertise with neighboring country Y so that country Y can benefit from its hydroelectric power potential.
	c. Countries X, Y, and Z push the other countries in their regional IGO to accept a fair-trade agreement with less-developed countries.
	d. Country X demands that country Y matches country X's arguably better approach to higher education.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about patriotism is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Patriotism is inherently detrimental to global justice.
	b. Patriotism has no bearing on issues of global justice.
	c. Patriotism must be understood in its varied forms to assess its impact on issues of global justice.
	d. Patriotism is a valuable instrument to further the goals of global justice.

Question 29

Which of the following statements best characterizes the nexus between human rights and economics according to Sen?

Choose one answer.

	a. The protection and promotion of human rights essentially contributes to economic inefficiency.
	b. Human rights considerations undermine economic decision-making in national and global frameworks.
	c. Human rights and economics are not inherently at odds with each other; rather, holistic policy planning and implementation could benefit both.
	d. While human rights considerations should be at the center of economic decision-making, at times such considerations need to be deferred to guarantee economic growth.

Question 30

Which of the following statements best represents one basis for some scholars' cautionary stance on patriotism?

Choose one answer.

	a. Patriotism potentially undermines the goals of global justice, because its emphasis on national identity and pride may lead to a subversion of moral ideals such as justice and equality.
	b. Patriotism is a narrow-minded orientation to identity that encourages emphasis on matters of national well-being to the exclusion of global concerns.
	c. Patriotism does not allow for a conceptualization of global justice due to its inward-looking orientation.
	d. Patriotism instills a sense of superiority that is valuable for the pursuit of justice on the national level.

Question 31

Which of the following statements is most compatible with the cosmopolitan stance on global justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. Global justice is achieved when all available resources are equally distributed among all people worldwide.
	b. There is no global consensus on why people should be equally well off; hence, such a pursuit is futile.
	c. While global justice is a commendable objective, its pursuit is disadvantageous to social justice within a state.
	d. While global justice is dependent on a principle of equality, it does not repudiate the role of responsibility based on choices.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true with respect to nationalist and cosmopolitan orientations to global justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. Nationalists contend that global justice, based on full equality, is not possible, while cosmopolitans hold that global justice depends on full equality of opportunity.
	b. Nationalists and cosmopolitans place different values on the sense of responsibility to co-nationals and non-nationals, but this differentiation has no bearing on their understanding of global justice.
	c. Nationalists argue that nationality inherently plays a role in the pursuit of justice, and cosmopolitans argue that the patriotic sentiment is conducive to global justice.
	d. Nationalists hold that global justice should be conceived not along lines of equality but of sufficiency, while cosmopolitans contend that some form of the equality principle is essential for global justice.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true with respect to global distributive justice and sovereignty?

Choose one answer.

	a. Sovereignty is inherently detrimental to global distributive justice, because it does not permit states to intervene in the affairs of another state for any reason.
	b. Sovereignty has the capacity to both facilitate and complicate the goals of global distributive justice.
	c. Sovereignty encourages communal ties beyond state boundaries and thereby contributes to global distributive justice.
	d. Sovereignty consistently undermines the efforts of international institutions to ease abject poverty.

Question 34

Which of the following theories is most closely aligned with a universalist's understanding of human rights?

Choose one answer.

	a. Patriotism
	b. Cosmopolitanism
	c. Nationalism
	d. Self-Determination

Question 35

In what way do international human rights instruments, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child, contribute to the efforts of bringing the practice of early marriages to an end?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Convention on the Rights of the Child, ratified by all states except the US and Somalia, allows for perpetrators of children's human rights violations to be prosecuted by the International Criminal Court, thus maintaining an effective enforcement mechanism.
	b. International human rights instruments create firm guidelines agreed upon by the international community and provide the impetus for national governments to bring national laws into compliance with international law.
	c. International human rights instruments, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child, have no bearing on early marriages as there is no enforcement mechanism on the global level.
	d. The Convention on the Rights of the Child sets the minimum age for marriage at 21, which is binding to all ratifying states.

Question 36

What does "globalization of environmental injustice" mean?

Choose one answer.

	a. Multinational mining corporations, operating in various parts of the developing world, ensure that the burdens of mineral extraction are shared equally throughout the world.
	b. Enhanced communication and transportation links have enabled multinational corporations to divest their primary consumer bases from the negative environmental consequences of their activities.
	c. In the early twentieth century, indigenous peoples-whose territories were appropriated for economic gain-experienced environmental justice; the expansion of economic globalization witnessed a growth in affected communities to include racial and ethnic minorities.
	d. Increased transnational practices of resource depletion and manufacturing as well as transboundary pollution and waste disposal have resulted in a mounting number of local communities having to suffer the consequences of such economic activity.

Question 37

What is the link between e-waste and global justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. Shipments of e-waste to developing countries place concrete environmental and human rights burdens onto local communities and underscore global spatial inequalities.
	b. Shipments of e-waste to developing countries further the goals of global justice as they provide jobs and resources to local communities.
	c. E-waste highlights the consumerism in the western world.
	d. Efforts to regulate e-waste, such as those by the Basel Action Network, demonstrate the ease with which the international community can work towards global justice.

Question 38

What is the relationship between child soldiers and the universal/relative human rights dichotomy?

Choose one answer.

	a. The use of child soldiers is limited to specific regions; therefore, it is a relative and not a universal human rights issue.
	b. The use of child soldiers undermines the universal conceptualization of human rights and justice because of the divergent views on the acceptability of its practice.
	c. The use of child soldiers supports the relative conceptualization of human rights and justice, because child soldiers are engaged in warfare to achieve justice on a local level.
	d. The issue of age for defining child soldiers underscores regional differences in defining childhood and, consequently, encumbers the establishment of international norms to protect children.

Question 39

Which of the following constraints conceptually and simultaneously undermine as well as support the objectives of global distributive justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. Spatial distance between perpetrator and victim of injustice and lack of international enforcement mechanism
	b. International law and the UN
	c. National borders and citizenship
	d. Subsistence needs and state sovereignty

Question 40

Which of the following DOES NOT represent an objection to the equitable redistribution of natural resources on a global scale?

Choose one answer.

	a. There is no worldwide agreement on what constitutes a natural resource.
	b. Natural resources are valued differently, making it impossible to determine equal shares.
	c. A redistribution of natural resources undermines the living standard of affluent societies.
	d. Polities make use of natural resources in different ways, making it impossible to maintain resource equality over time.

Question 41

Which of the following DOES NOT serve as a justification for early marriages?

Choose one answer.

	a. Early marriages foster communal cohesion and familial ties.
	b. Early marriages protect young girls from unwanted sexual advances.
	c. Early marriages prevent boys from becoming promiscuous in their adolescence.
	d. Early marriages ensure economic stability.

Question 42

Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between resource scarcity and global justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. Resource scarcity contributes to global justice, because it obligates an equal sharing of available resource for the mutual benefit of all states and peoples.
	b. Resource scarcity arises from the interplay of natural facts and human actions, and resource scarcity challenges decision-makers to pursue policies that meet the basic needs of all regardless of social, political, or economic boundaries.
	c. Resource scarcity is the reason why global justice is an unattainable objective.
	d. Resource scarcity inevitably results in the prioritization of human rights; therefore it undermines global justice.

Question 43

Which of the following statements best describes the apparent link between luck egalitarianism and age?

Choose one answer.

	a. Luck egalitarianism holds that age, along with additional criteria such as race and education level, is an essential element for determining the allocation of resources.
	b. According to luck egalitarianism, children are inherently "lucky" as others typically prioritize meeting their needs.
	c. By virtue of their age, children are disadvantaged in many situations through no fault of their own, which is considered unfair by luck egalitarianism.
	d. Luck egalitarianism contends that the very young and the elderly should not be considered in the overall pursuit of global justice as local communities are better suited to ensure their needs.

Question 44

Which of the following statements describes one challenge associated with reintegrating child soldiers into society?

Choose one answer.

	a. Most child soldiers have no interest in becoming members of local communities upon the end of violent hostilities.
	b. The relativist perspective of recognizing the potential for child agency and responsibility undermines the local communities' willingness to reconcile with and assist the children.
	c. The universalist's position of viewing child soldiers as victims at times clashes with the local community's perspective when the local community seeks accountability for the child soldiers' actions during the armed conflict.
	d. Reintegration programs are too rigid in their design and cannot be adapted to local needs.

Question 45

Which of the following statements is a meaningful differentiation between soldiers and child soldiers in the pursuit of justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. International law generally does not allow for the prosecution of child soldiers (anyone under 18) for war crimes.
	b. International law, in an attempt to curb the practice of child soldiering, generally offers leniency to child soldiers for their crimes.
	c. International organizations provide reintegration programs to child soldiers but not soldiers.
	d. Child soldiers are always considered victims, while soldiers are never considered victims.

Question 46

Why is early marriage a concern from a global justice perspective?

Choose one answer.

	a. The practice of early marriage violates children's human rights, and due to the interplay between early marriage and education, it has profound ramifications for the individuals' and societies' socio-economic well-being.
	b. The practice of early marriage is pervasive in all parts of the world; therefore, it represents a challenge for the international community as a whole.
	c. Global justice cannot be achieved as long as individuals are not free to enter into marriages through their consent as this undermines their capacity for global citizenship.
	d. The practice of early marriage obfuscates the objectives of global justice, because it compromises familial decision-making structures.

Question 47

Complete the following sentence. The drafting and adoption process of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples:

Choose one answer.

	a. encapsulates the tensions between states' claim to territorial integrity under state sovereignty and indigenous peoples' claim to cultural and political self-determination.
	b. demonstrates that competing claims to rights claimed by groups, in this case states and indigenous peoples, can be reconciled to mutual satisfaction.
	c. undermines the international human rights community's advocacy for civil and political rights.
	d. validates the inherent claims for collective self-determination espoused by indigenous peoples.

Question 48

Complete the following statement. International efforts to eradicate the practice of female genital cutting:

Choose one answer.

	a. inherently interfere with the principle of self-determination.
	b. inherently interfere with the principle of state sovereignty.
	c. must tread a fine line between cultural sensitivity and human rights advocacy.
	d. must tread a fine line between advocating for the rights of girls/women and respecting the norms and values perpetuated by male members of local communities.

Question 49

Complete the following statement. The denial of group rights to national minorities:

Choose one answer.

	a. occurs when dominant societies feel threatened by the interests of minorities to maintain cultural integrity.
	b. is an exclusive manifestation of western imperialism as demonstrated by European subjugation of colonized peoples.
	c. is a popular tactic employed by state governments to ensure territorial integrity given the penchant for secession of minority groups.
	d. occurs when individualism is valued over collectivism.

Question 50

From a legal perspective, why is it difficult to ascertain whether or not genocide took place?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Genocide Convention is intentionally vague in defining the crime of genocide to prevent any prosecution for such a crime, because at one time or another, most states have engaged in a genocidal crime.
	b. The international community has resolved that the term genocide should be reserved for the crimes of the Holocaust; therefore, the community obfuscated the definition of the crime of genocide contained in the Genocide Convention.
	c. The description of the crime of genocide, contained in the Genocide Convention, contains several definitional dilemmas; for example, the terms "group" and "intent" are imprecise and leave room for conjecture.
	d. The definition of the crime of genocide contained in the Genocide Convention is clear; the difficulty of determining whether or not a specific crime amounts to genocide rests with the lack of political will to intervene when such a determination has been made.

Question 51

In what way may the individual's and the community's claims for justice be reconciled with respect to female circumcision or female genital cutting?

Choose one answer.

	a. Legislation banning the practice of female genital cutting ultimately provides justice to both the individual and the community, because the legal approach is recognized as having the best interest of all at heart.
	b. The individual's right to health and the community's right to culture is best reconciled when local communities are educated about the harmful effects of female genital cutting by members of their communities.
	c. An appeal to human rights is the most effective way to reconcile these competing claims to justice, because no community wishes to be seen as a violator of human rights.
	d. Such competing claims to justice are not reconcilable; the practice of female genital cutting ultimately violates the rights of the individual, while its eradication results in the violation of the rights of the group.

Question 52

What does "cultural genocide" mean?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cultural genocide refers to the gradual cultural assimilation of a minority group into dominant society.
	b. Cultural genocide denotes the violent, socio-cultural destruction of a group that does not involve the physical killing of members of the group.
	c. Cultural genocide insinuates the gradual demise of a group's unique cultural attributes due to the influence of dominant society's popular culture such as music, film, and literature.
	d. Cultural genocide applies solely to the experiences of indigenous peoples during the era of colonialism when their forceful removal from their ancestral lands resulted in a tremendous loss of culture.

Question 53

What is the link between global justice and sexual orientation?

Choose one answer.

	a. The majority of human beings worldwide identify as heterosexual; therefore, sexual minorities fall outside of the scope of global justice considerations.
	b. Sexual orientation is a private matter that has no bearing on societal relations; hence, global justice is served when sexual orientation remains unnoticed.
	c. International human rights law only indirectly protects the rights of sexual minorities; therefore, the international community has determined that the protection, or lack thereof, of sexual minorities is an internal state matter.
	d. Most international and domestic legal documents fail to provide equal protection and non-discrimination for sexual minorities, thus contributing to the unethical treatment of sexual minorities.

Question 54

Which of the following best describes the relationship between individual rights and the protection of minority groups?

Choose one answer.

	a. Individual rights protect all individuals, which by extension provides indirect protection to minority groups.
	b. By definition, human rights accrue to the individual; by promoting and protecting human rights, the rights of minority groups are simultaneously protected as these groups are made up of individuals.
	c. An exclusive emphasis on individual rights fails to adequately protect minorities' claims to justice.
	d. The protection and promotion of minority group rights inherently violates the human rights of individuals.

Question 55

Which of the following concepts seem to be at odds with each other when states pursue "nation-building" policies in territories with multiple ethnic minorities?

Choose one answer.

	a. State sovereignty and human rights
	b. Self-determination and nationalism
	c. Nationalism and cosmopolitanism
	d. State sovereignty and self-determination

Question 56

Which of the following human rights are NOT generally violated in the life experiences of gays and lesbians throughout the world?

Choose one answer.

	a. The right to freedom of movement
	b. The right to language
	c. The right to work
	d. The right to free association

Question 57

Which of the following scenarios best encapsulates the tension between individuals' and collectives' claims for justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. A person's private property rights are at odds with a community's demands for a clean environment.
	b. The public health policy of a polity to quarantine violates the right to freedom of movement of individuals who have contracted a highly contagious disease.
	c. The language of instruction in a polity's schools violates the cultural rights of a number of minority language speakers.
	d. The policy of providing material and financial aid to victims of famine in country X is deemed unfair to the unemployed in the country providing the aid.

Question 58

Which of the following statements best describes the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples?

Choose one answer.

	a. The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples recognizes the communal orientation of indigenous peoples; therefore, the declaration includes only collective human rights.
	b. The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples explicitly refers to a number of collective rights, including the right to self-determination, but continues to privilege individual civil and political rights.
	c. The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is unique in its approach to protecting the rights of minorities in that it obligates states to seek mutually beneficial solutions to situations that affect the cultural integrity of indigenous peoples.
	d. The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is the first legally binding international human rights document that espouses the principle of self-determination for indigenous peoples.

Question 59

Complete the following statement. Institutions such as the International Criminal Court:

Choose one answer.

	a. attempt to overcome the lack of a global agent for global justice and provide effective mechanisms for redress of grievances for victims of human rights abuse.
	b. ensure that victims of human rights abuse are fairly compensated for their experiences.
	c. guarantee full participatory rights for individuals and groups seeking justice for genocidal crimes.
	d. fulfill the role of human rights arbiter and are equally respected as such by all states and local communities.

Question 60

Complete the following statement. International human rights law clearly prohibits slavery:

Choose one answer.

	a. but most countries' national laws fail to include provisions against slavery.
	b. but there continues to be disagreement with respect to the definition of slavery.
	c. but the international community has yet to provide strong enforcement mechanisms to ensure that slavery stops.
	d. but little attention is given to slaveholders, because the problem is seen as peripheral to global justice.

Question 61

In what way does slavery challenge the "needs supersede rights" perspective?

Choose one answer.

	a. A slave, by definition, has needs but no rights.
	b. Meeting a person's needs (food, clothing, shelter, etc.) shields him or her from possible enslavement in ways that human rights cannot.
	c. Slavery undermines a human being's claim to justice by ensuring that the person perpetually struggles to meet his or her needs.
	d. A person may have all basic needs met (food, clothing, shelter, etc.) but still finds himself or herself in a state of enslavement, which violates human rights.

Question 62

What is the difference between positive duties and negative duties with respect to alleviating world poverty?

Choose one answer.

	a. Positive duties connote the responsibility to provide aid to the poor, while negative duties refer to the responsibility to not do harm by seeking change to the structural arrangements that perpetuate global poverty.
	b. Negative duties connote the responsibility to provide aid to the poor, while positive duties refer to the responsibility to not do harm by seeking change to the structural arrangements that perpetuate global poverty.
	c. Both terms, positive duties and negative duties, refer to the same moral responsibility to provide aid to the poor.
	d. Positive duties refer to the direct involvement of affluent countries to better the lives of the poor, while negative duties refer to the abstention of involvement to allow poor countries to lift themselves out of poverty.

Question 63

What is the link between slavery and global justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. The abolition of slavery throughout the world in the nineteenth century has greatly contributed to global justice.
	b. The persistence of slavery in virtually all parts of the world reflects the personal vulnerabilities created by poverty and simultaneously undermines global justice objectives.
	c. Modern slavery is a localized phenomenon that persists in countries with cultural traditions of slavery; therefore, slavery should not be considered a global justice issue.
	d. Global justice is not attainable as long as multinational corporations rely on slavery for their production models.

Question 64

Which of the following best captures the contributions of the Global Justice Movement for the pursuit of global justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Global Justice Movement's contributions are tangential as it merely presents an outlet for the collective expression of discontent.
	b. The Global Justice Movement's contributions raise awareness of the plight of the poor through concerted protest actions at high-level meetings such as those of the G20 and the WTO.
	c. The Global Justice Movement's contributions raise awareness about the intrinsic shortcomings of neoliberal policies for economic and human development.
	d. The Global Justice Movement's contributions center on the empowerment of local groups through collective action and exchange of ideas as well as the consistent questioning of prevailing economic practices that failed to reduce poverty.

Question 65

Which of the following DOES NOT support the argument that the world's affluent are obligated to aid the world's poor?

Choose one answer.

	a. The affluent have benefitted from colonial exploitation, which has created the economic system and uneven power structures that remain in place today.
	b. The consumerism of the affluent directly contributes to resource depletion and its environmental consequences, which is a factor in sustaining poverty.
	c. The moral responsibility to provide relief for the global poor is strengthened by the lack of geographic proximity between the world's affluent and poor.
	d. The global poor have a moral claim to justice against the affluent, because the affluent benefit from the global economic system.

Question 66

Which of the following global dynamics most directly affects justice in a local context?

Choose one answer.

	a. The high murder rate in large urban areas
	b. The prosecution of individuals leaking classified government information
	c. The drafting and adoption of a new international human rights agreement
	d. The practice of commodity speculation by farmers, the food industry, investment banks, and hedge funds affecting global food prices

Question 67

Which of the following measures is essential for judicial processes at the International Criminal Court and ad hoc tribunals to be meaningful for victims of human rights abuse?

Choose one answer.

	a. Victims need to be involved in the judicial processes as witnesses to seek conviction of the accused.
	b. Victims need to be kept informed of the proceedings through extensive local outreach programs as well as to be afforded greater opportunity to participate in the investigation and criminal proceedings.
	c. Victims need to be allowed to tell their stories and have their grievances form part of the actual court cases.
	d. Victims need to receive reparation payments for their grievances once the court decides to hear a specific case.

Question 68

Which of the following scenarios best depicts the potential clash between the right to property and the use thereof, an individual human right, and the human need for food?

Choose one answer.

	a. A farmer grows corn for ethanol for greater profits.
	b. A farmer grows genetically modified corn for greater yields.
	c. A drought severely reduces the harvest.
	d. A store owner refuses to stock canned vegetables.

Question 69

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the relationship between human rights litigation and justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. Litigation is a valid and straightforward approach to obtaining justice for victims of human rights abuse; both domestic and international courts are amenable to human rights cases and tend to rule in favor of the victims.
	b. While litigation is a valid approach to obtaining justice for victims of human rights abuse, the process of seeking justice through the legal system is complex and complicated by questions of representation and interests of external actors.
	c. While litigation is a valid approach to obtaining justice for victims of human rights abuse, litigation tends only to be successful when the number of interested parties is limited.
	d. International human rights law discourages litigation as a form of redress for human rights grievances.

Question 70

Which of the following statements most aptly summarizes divergent views on responsibility for world poverty?

Choose one answer.

	a. Some argue that world poverty constitutes a human rights violation on the part of the industrialized states, while others argue that world poverty is solely a consequence of poor policy planning and implementation within individual states.
	b. Responsibility for world poverty is placed with multinational corporations who engage in the ruthless exploitation of workers in far-flung places or, alternatively, is placed with global economic structures that inherently disadvantage developing states.
	c. Some contend that responsibility for world poverty rests primarily with the affluent and the global economic structures perpetuated by them, while others maintain that poverty is a domestic human rights violation that may or may not have been shaped by global dynamics.
	d. Divergent views on responsibility for world poverty result from a fundamentally different understanding of historical dynamics that shaped the current global order.

Question 71

Complete the following statement. The forces of globalization:

Choose one answer.

	a. are responsible for the existence of global justice.
	b. undermine all efforts to address global injustices.
	c. simultaneously perpetuate global injustices and present unique opportunities to address such injustices in meaningful ways.
	d. allow global decision-makers to impose global norms on local communities.

Question 72

Does the principle of non-discrimination intrinsically further the goals of global justice? Why, or why not?

Choose one answer.

	a. Yes, the pursuit of policies on a non-discriminatory basis creates a level playing field for all actors.
	b. Yes, the principle of non-discrimination guarantees fairness, which is central to global justice.
	c. No, pursuing non-discriminatory policies might actually perpetuate global injustice, because these policies ignore relative strengths and weaknesses as well as the reasons for these differences.
	d. No, the principle of non-discrimination does not allow for developed states to provide disaster relief aid to developing states.

Question 73

In what way does the two-tier hierarchy of the UN undermine the objectives of global justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. The veto power accorded to the permanent members of the Security Council institutionalizes sovereign inequality and therefore weakens joint decision-making responsibility of the international community.
	b. The UN's two-tier hierarchy perpetuates the inherently unfair financial obligations of the permanent members of the Security Council.
	c. The veto power of the powerful members of the Security Council is problematic for global justice, because the rotating membership does not allow for consistency in policy objectives.
	d. The UN's two-tier hierarchy accords greater significance to the world's nuclear states, which is a direct recognition of the value of nuclear weaponry.

Question 74

Multinational corporations have the capacity to further global distributive justice by doing which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Relocating their production facilities to industrialized states
	b. Paying fair wages and offering health benefits to workers in developing states as well as complying with stringent environmental regulations even in states that have no such regulations
	c. Providing one quarter of their annual profits to local decision-makers as recompense for their support
	d. Lobbying the UN Security Council for the elimination of all barriers to trade worldwide

Question 75

What is the significance of global rectificatory justice for the pursuit of global justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. Global rectificatory justice, grounded in the historical injustices of colonialism, complements global distributive justice in that it provides an additional set of motivations for the redistribution of resources and offers further means for rectification.
	b. Global rectificatory justice is another term for global distributive justice, which emphasizes the redistribution of resources to address global inequalities.
	c. Global rectificatory justice allows states to make reparation payments to victims in exchange for criminal prosecution.
	d. Global rectificatory justice connotes the reconciliation between former colonizing states and colonized states.

Question 76

Which of the following best summarizes the implication of the tension between rights and power for global justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. States frequently leverage their power to force other states into compliance with international human rights law, which is valuable for global justice.
	b. While states are committed to pursuing a human rights agenda, they find themselves in a quandary over the expectation to reduce military power capabilities for the pursuit of global justice.
	c. The current geopolitical approach of dominant states to leverage their power for strategic interest at the expense of the guiding strength of human rights results in the relegation of global justice goals.
	d. Dominant states, in pursuing strategic interests, consistently violate human rights through the unfettered use of force.

Question 77

Which of the following is a strong viewpoint that expresses opposition to the notion of global justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. The notion of global justice is grounded in the indignation of the non-western world against the global economic order and fails to draw universal support.
	b. Acknowledging the value of global justice implies moral and legal responsibility for wrong-doing, which no actor is willing to concede.
	c. Global justice essentially depends on a social contract involving the entire world population to distribute resource equitably, which is unfeasible.
	d. The notion of global justice, hampered by the lack of universally accepted norms and practices, distracts from the pursuit of domestic justice and thereby undermines justice.

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT an example of global rectificatory justice?

Choose one answer.

	a. German reparation payments to the state of Israel
	b. European aid to the victims of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti
	c. The policy of affirmative action in favor of African-Americans in the US
	d. Japan's apology to South Korea for colonial rule

Question 79

Which of the following may contribute to global justice through the alleviation of poverty?

Choose one answer.

	a. Bed nets for the prevention of malaria
	b. Fair trade practices and agreements
	c. Budget increase of the United Nations Development Programme
	d. Elimination of income tax in all countries

Question 80

Which of the following statements best captures the divergent views on global justice by the western and non-western worlds?

Choose one answer.

	a. The western and non-western worlds have the same perspective on what constitutes global justice; they merely differ in assessing the severity of global injustices.
	b. The western world, by and large, places a higher emphasis on domestic factors in explaining injustices, while the non-western world tends to focus on global structural dynamics to explain injustices.
	c. According to the western world, global justice comes about with the elimination of barriers to trade; conversely, according to the non-western world, global justice is a consequence of fair trade practices.
	d. The non-western world points to the historical injustices of colonialism as the culprit for contemporary injustices, while the western world seeks to downplay the historical dimension of global injustices.