99. If you were conducting a study that compared the differences between three or more groups, which of the following statistical tests would be most appropriate to use?

	a. Correlation coefficient
	b. ANOVA
	c. Independent samples t-test
	d. Dependent samples t-test

.

99. If you were conducting a study that compared the differences between three or more groups, which of the following statistical tests would be most appropriate to use?

	a. Correlation coefficient
	b. ANOVA
	c. Independent samples t-test
	d. Dependent samples t-test

.

A correlation coefficient ranges from which of the following two values:

	a. 0 and 1
	b. -1 and 0
	c. 1 and 10
	d. -1 and 1

.

A correlation coefficient ranges from which of the following two values:

	a. 0 and 1
	b. -1 and 0
	c. 1 and 10
	d. -1 and 1

.

All of the following are probabilistic sampling methods except:

	a. simple random sampling.
	b. systematic sampling.
	c. cluster sampling.
	d. purposive sampling.

.

All of the following are types of generalizability except:

	a. multiple raters getting similar results when coding a certain behavior.
	b. a specific treatment producing the same results when measuring results with a different assessment tool.
	c. a specific treatment producing the same results in different people.
	d. a specific treatment producing the same results in the same people at a different time.

.

An example of a measure with good test-retest reliability is one in which:

	a. a participant’s answers on the first part of the test are consistent with his or her answers on a later part of the test.
	b. a participant’s responses on the measure at one time are consistent with his or her responses on the measure at another point in time.
	c. multiple raters looking at the measure score it the same way.
	d. different questions on the test are consistent with one another.

.

An example of social desirability influencing results would be:

	a. when a researcher has positive feelings toward a certain participant and this influences the way the researcher interacts with that participant.
	b. when participants behave in a way that they believe is the most desirable or proper.
	c. when participants are offended by certain questions in a survey.
	d. when participants are influenced by the likability of the experimenter.

.

An informed consent form should include all of the following information except:

	a. information about how the participant’s data will be used.
	b. the names and contact information of other participants in the study.
	c. the name and contact information of the researcher.
	d. the purpose of the study.

.

Applying the definition of science to psychology involves:

	a. doing science while understanding that we are all biased.
	b. thinking about our own experiences before doing research.
	c. searching for regularities in behavior.
	d. A and C.

.

Asking participants questions during debriefing about their experience over the course of the study can help:

	a. identify participants who may disclose the study hypothesis to other potential participants.
	b. identity participants who guessed the study hypothesis.
	c. identify participants who did appear to take the study seriously, so that you can remove their results.
	d. identify participants who did not sign the informed consent form.

.

Complete the following sentence: An observation of the way a group of children interact in their own school classroom would be considered a:

	a. naturalistic observation.
	b. systematic observation.
	c. clinical observation.
	d. standardized test.

.

If a research measure is reliable, it means that the measure:

	a. will produce a variety of values if tested multiple times.
	b. will produce consistent values if tested multiple times.
	c. will accurately measure the construct we are trying to measure.
	d. will not require testing.

.

If a researcher found a positive relationship between ice cream consumption and death by drowning, which of the following would be the most likely reason?

	a. A third variable, causing increases in both ice cream consumption and death by drowning
	b. A causal relationship, with ice cream consumptions causing death by drowning
	c. A causal relationship, with death by drowning causing ice cream consumption
	d. A curvilinear relationship

.

If a researcher found a positive relationship between ice cream consumption and death by drowning, which of the following would be the most likely reason?

	a. A third variable, causing increases in both ice cream consumption and death by drowning
	b. A causal relationship, with ice cream consumptions causing death by drowning
	c. A causal relationship, with death by drowning causing ice cream consumption
	d. A curvilinear relationship

.

If a researcher surveys a group of people and chooses the ones with the most extreme scores to be in the sample, the largest threat to internal validity would be:

	a. history.
	b. maturation.
	c. testing.
	d. regression to the mean.

.

If a set of data has a small standard deviation:

	a. the values in the data set tend to be relatively close to the mean.
	b. the values in the data set tend to be relatively close to the median.
	c. the values in the data set have a large range.
	d. the values in the data set are skewed.

.

If a set of data has a small standard deviation:

	a. the values in the data set tend to be relatively close to the mean.
	b. the values in the data set tend to be relatively close to the median.
	c. the values in the data set have a large range.
	d. the values in the data set are skewed.

.

If participants in an early morning math class performed significantly worse than participants in an afternoon math class, and the researchers interpreted this to mean that the students in the afternoon class were smarter, this would be a problem with what type of validity?

	a. Conclusion validity
	b. Internal validity
	c. Construct validity
	d. External validity

.

If some of the participants in a study you are running start to feel bored and this influences their behavior, boredom would be considered a/an:

	a. extraneous variable.
	b. confounding variable.
	c. intervening variable.
	d. B and C.

.

If there is a negative correlation between variable A and variable B:

	a. variable A increases as variable B decreases.
	b. variable A increases as variable B increases.
	c. variable A decreases as variable B increases.
	d. A and C.

.

If there is a negative correlation between variable A and variable B:

	a. variable A increases as variable B decreases.
	b. variable A increases as variable B increases.
	c. variable A decreases as variable B increases.
	d. A and C.

.

If you are reading the statement of the problem, you are likely in which section of a research paper?

	a. Introduction
	b. Method
	c. Discussion
	d. Results

.

If you determine that the results of your study are significant at the .05 level, you are essentially saying:

	a. there is a 5% difference between the groups you are studying.
	b. there is a 5% chance that you made a type II error.
	c. there is a 5% chance that you would have made a type I error if the null hypothesis were true.
	d. A and C.

.

If you wanted to test how a new treatment affects people with depression and people with anxiety, which of the following types of designs would you likely use?

	a. A pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups quasi experiment
	b. A posttest only randomized experiment
	c. A posttest only nonexperiment
	d. A pretest-posttest randomized experiment

.

If you were designing a study and wanted to make sure that you had an equal number of people from each of five age ranges, you could use:

	a. a random number table.
	b. systematic sampling.
	c. nonprobability sampling.
	d. stratified random sampling.

.

If you were designing a survey and wanted to ask whether the respondent was male or female, which type of survey question would you use?

	a. Filter
	b. Dichotomous
	c. Contingency
	d. Measurement

.

If you were testing the effect of a psychological treatment and you incorrectly concluded that the treatment had no effect, this would be an example of:

	a. a Type I Error.
	b. a Type II Error.
	c. incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis.
	d. B and C.

.

If you were testing the effects of therapy on depression, therapy would be the independent variable and depression would be the:

	a. dependent variable.
	b. other independent variable.
	c. confounding variable.
	d. participant variable.

.

In a 3 × 4 factorial design:

	a. there are three factors (independent variables) and four levels.
	b. there are two factors (independent variables); one has three levels and the other has four.
	c. there are three levels and four factors (independent variables).
	d. there are twelve factors (independent variables).

.

In a controlled (structured) observation, the researcher:

	a. just observes the participants without intervening.
	b. joins in the situation as a participant.
	c. sets up a situation and allows behavior to happen in that situation.
	d. leaves the observing up to the participants.

.

In a factorial design:

	a. more than one independent variable is manipulated.
	b. more than one dependent variable is measured.
	c. the researcher does not manipulate an independent variable.
	d. the researcher does not measure a dependent variable.

.

In a normal distribution, approximately 68% of the scores fall within:

	a. the interquartile range.
	b. two standard deviations of the mean.
	c. one standard deviation of the mean.
	d. one standard deviation of the interquartile range.

.

In a normal distribution, approximately 68% of the scores fall within:

	a. the interquartile range.
	b. two standard deviations of the mean.
	c. one standard deviation of the mean.
	d. one standard deviation of the interquartile range.

.

In a posttest design, the dependent variable is measured:

	a. only before the treatment.
	b. only after the treatment.
	c. before and after the treatment.
	d. during the treatment.

.

In a pretest-posttest design, the dependent variable is measured:

	a. only before the treatment.
	b. only after the treatment.
	c. before and after the treatment.
	d. during the treatment.

.

In a study that examines the relationship between studying and grades, which of the following is an example of a “null hypothesis”?

	a. Students who study will not receive different grades than students who do not study.
	b. Students who study will receive lower grades than students who do not study.
	c. Students who study will receive higher grades than students who do not study.
	d. Students who study will receive different grades than students who do not study.

.

In an experiment, researchers manipulate the independent variable and measure the:

	a. dependent variable.
	b. participant variable.
	c. confounding variable.
	d. error.

.

In an experiment, the dependent variable is defined as the variable that is:

	a. created by the experimenter.
	b. manipulated by the experimenter.
	c. known by the experimenter.
	d. measured by the experimenter.

.

In Dewey’s steps of the scientific method, what follows “collect and analyze data”?

	a. Apply a conclusion to the original hypotheses.
	b. Formulate conclusions.
	c. Determine a hypothesis or reason why the problem exists.
	d. Identify and define the problem.

.

In the Belmont Report, which principle includes the requirements that some participants (such as those who are mentally infirm or prisoners) may only be involved in research under certain conditions?

	a. Justice
	b. Beneficence
	c. Respect for persons
	d. Cause no harm

.

In which section of a research paper would the authors most likely attempt to persuade the reader of the importance of the problem they are investigating?

	a. Introduction
	b. Method
	c. Discussion
	d. Results

.

In which section of a research paper would you be looking to find out whether the results contradict past research findings?

	a. Results
	b. Discussion
	c. Method
	d. Introduction

.

Informed consent forms should be written:

	a. in first person, in order to establish a relatable tone.
	b. in technical terms, to make sure the information is as specific as possible.
	c. at the eighth-grade level, to make sure the maximum number of participants can understand the language.
	d. as though the participant is a fellow scientist.

.

Internal validity is most relevant to:

	a. experimental studies.
	b. observational studies.
	c. descriptive studies.
	d. all studies.

.

Laboratory studies are often criticized as having poor:

	a. experimental realism.
	b. mundane realism.
	c. internal validity.
	d. reliability.

.

Laboratory studies are often criticized as having poor:

	a. experimental realism.
	b. mundane realism.
	c. internal validity.
	d. reliability.

.

Making sure you are accurate when you determine that a relationship exists between two studied variables is most closely related to:

	a. conclusion validity.
	b. internal validity.
	c. construct validity.
	d. external validity.

.

On a scatter plot, what type of relationship would data points scattered randomly around a straight horizontal line in the middle of the graph indicate?

	a. A curvilinear relationship
	b. A negative relationship
	c. A positive relationship
	d. No relationship.

.

On a scatter plot, what type of relationship would data points scattered randomly around a straight horizontal line in the middle of the graph indicate?

	a. A curvilinear relationship
	b. A negative relationship
	c. A positive relationship
	d. No relationship.

.

One ethically acceptable way to prevent other potential participants from learning the true purpose of a study in which you used deception is to:

	a. avoid disclosing the deception in your debriefing.
	b. avoid debriefing until after the data collection is complete.
	c. ask participants not to disclose the purpose of the experiment.
	d. disclose that you used deception in your debriefing without explaining what the deception was.

.

One of the primary sources of confounding variables is:

	a. making sure the groups are alike at the beginning of the experiment.
	b. treating the groups the same during the experiment.
	c. exercising strong researcher control.
	d. failing to use random assignment.

.

Psychologists using animals in research are not required by the ethical codes to:

	a. minimize discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animal subjects.
	b. keep all animal subjects alive and healthy.
	c. perform surgical procedures under appropriate anesthesia.
	d. acquire, care for, use, and dispose of animals in compliance with current federal, state, and local laws and regulations and with professional standards.

.

PsycINFO:

	a. is primarily used to find articles that cited a resource.
	b. contains references and abstracts for the literature in psychology.
	c. is a medical-oriented database.
	d. only contains recent research.

.

Research papers tend to follow a pattern from general to specific to:

	a. general.
	b. specific.
	c. methodical.
	d. experimental.

.

Research reports can inspire new research by:

	a. containing many flaws that need to be corrected.
	b. refusing to report all of the data, forcing others to get it on their own.
	c. reporting incomplete results and discussions.
	d. providing implications in the discussion section that need to be tested.

.

The alternative hypothesis is the one in which:

	a. there is no difference between the groups in a study.
	b. there is a difference between the groups in a study.
	c. the groups in a study are unrelated.
	d. the study is best done as a qualitative design.

.

The basic feature of survey research is:

	a. manipulating an independent variable.
	b. joining in as a participant.
	c. holding all variables constant.
	d. asking participants questions.

.

The goal of science is:

	a. to confirm our preexisting beliefs.
	b. the discovery of regularities in the world.
	c. to develop the most complicated theories possible.
	d. the refutation of what we believe.

.

The materials section of a research paper would include all of the following information except:

	a. questionnaires used.
	b. reliability estimates.
	c. demographics estimates.
	d. sample items.

.

The primary difference between qualitative and quantitative research is best captured by which statement?

	a. Qualitative researchers feel that quantitative approaches limit the data and remove that data from its context.
	b. Qualitative researchers choose this approach because they want to quantify behavior.
	c. Quantitative researchers think narrowly as opposed to broadly.
	d. Quantitative researchers think people are best described as numbers and not individuals.

.

The primary way to tell if a study is a true experiment or a quasi experiment is:

	a. if random assignment is used.
	b. if there is a control group.
	c. if there are multiple measures.
	d. if there is a large sample size.

.

The procedure section:

	a. is the first part of the method section.
	b. contains a description of what happened in the experiment.
	c. describes the surveys used in the experiment.
	d. contains a description of the people who participated.

.

To increase statistical power in an experiment, you could:

	a. decrease sample size.
	b. increase experimental error.
	c. use a higher alpha level (e.g., .05 instead of .01).
	d. decrease the strength of the relationship.

.

To increase statistical power in an experiment, you could:

	a. decrease sample size.
	b. increase experimental error.
	c. use a higher alpha level (e.g., .05 instead of .01).
	d. decrease the strength of the relationship.

.

What is the best way a researcher can combat the possibility that his or her results are due to extraneous variables?

	a. Include at least 100 participants.
	b. Make sure the sample is as varied as possible.
	c. Make sure the sample is as homogenous as possible.
	d. Randomly assign participants to experimental groups.

.

What is the main problem with the research hypothesis, “90% of the brain’s power is unused”?

	a. It is already proven, so there is no need to test it.
	b. It would be difficult to test because people vary in intelligence.
	c. It would be difficult to test because it’s unclear how “the brain’s power” would be operationally defined.
	d. There are no problems with this research question.

.

What is the purpose of significance testing?

	a. To learn how large of a difference there is between the two groups you are testing
	b. To learn whether there is a difference between the two groups you are testing
	c. To determine how certain you can be that differences you find in your sample represent differences in the population
	d. A and C.

.

What is the reason the informed consent process would occur after a participant is involved in a study rather than before?

	a. When the researcher forgets to obtain consent
	b. When deception is used in a study
	c. When the purpose of the research changes during the experiment
	d. When there is more than one wave of data collection in a study

.

What is the term for the score that lies halfway between the highest and lowest scores in a set of values?

	a. Mean
	b. Median
	c. Mode
	d. Standard deviation

.

What is the term for the score that lies halfway between the highest and lowest scores in a set of values?

	a. Mean
	b. Median
	c. Mode
	d. Standard deviation

.

What is the term for the score with the highest frequency in a set of scores?

	a. Mean
	b. Median
	c. Mode
	d. Standard deviation

.

What is the term for the score with the highest frequency in a set of scores?

	a. Mean
	b. Median
	c. Mode
	d. Standard deviation

.

What kind of measurement scale would I be using if I measured a person’s weight?

	a. Nominal
	b. Ordinal
	c. Interval
	d. Ratio

.

What process is meant to ensure that participants are aware of any possible risks and benefits of participating in research?

	a. Recruitment
	b. Debriefing
	c. Informed consent
	d. Explanation

.

When is it considered ethical to use deception that may cause physical pain or severe emotional distress?

	a. When the benefits of the research outweigh the costs associated with this type of deception
	b. When there is no other way of answering a research question
	c. It would not be considered ethical in any circumstances to use deception that may cause physical pain or severe emotional distress.
	d. When the participant’s reward for participating in the study is commensurate with the pain he or she experiences

.

Which of the following best describes a relationship in which an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in another?

	a. A positive relationship
	b. A negative or inverse relationship
	c. A curvilinear relationship
	d. A causal relationship

.

Which of the following best describes a relationship in which an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in another?

	a. A positive relationship
	b. A negative or inverse relationship
	c. A curvilinear relationship
	d. A causal relationship

.

Which of the following best describes the primary difference between the results section and the discussion section of a research paper?

	a. The discussion section contains figures that help explain the data, whereas the results section does not.
	b. The results section includes limitations, whereas the discussion section does not.
	c. The results section presents what was found in the analyses, whereas the discussion section includes interpretations of the findings and conclusions that can be drawn from the data.
	d. The discussion section presents what was found in the analyses, whereas the results section includes interpretations of the findings and conclusions that can be drawn from the data.

.

Which of the following could be a problematic relationship for obtaining informed consent?

	a. Investigator-student
	b. Scientist-employee
	c. Researcher-participant
	d. Therapist-client

.

Which of the following could be considered coercion to participate in a study?

	a. Very low rewards for participation
	b. No preexisting relationship between participant and researcher
	c. Voluntary participation
	d. Participation as a class requirement

.

Which of the following ethical principles is related to psychologists’ goal of both helping and minimizing harm?

	a. Beneficence and nonmaleficence
	b. Fidelity and responsibility
	c. Integrity
	d. Justice

.

Which of the following ethical principles is related to sharing the burdens and benefits of research fairly?

	a. Beneficence and nonmaleficence
	b. Fidelity and responsibility
	c. Integrity
	d. Justice

.

Which of the following is a type of study that could be used to determine whether a certain treatment that has been found to work for one population also works for a different population?

	a. Modification study
	b. Replication study
	c. Generalizability study
	d. B and C

.

Which of the following is an example of a descriptive research question?

	a. What is the relationship between feeling hunger and eating?
	b. Is hunger associated with eating more?
	c. How much do people generally eat for breakfast?
	d. Does eating cause people to feel more hunger?

.

Which of the following is an example of an operationalization of a construct?

	a. The number of times a person rolls his or her eyes during a conversation
	b. How frustrated someone is
	c. How angry someone is
	d. How smart someone is

.

Which of the following is an example of inferential statistics?

	a. Mean
	b. t-test
	c. Mode
	d. Range

.

Which of the following is an example of inferential statistics?

	a. Mean
	b. t-test
	c. Mode
	d. Range

.

Which of the following is not a key feature of science:

	a. Self-correcting
	b. Favors simple models over complex models
	c. Objective
	d. Driven by authority

.

Which of the following is not one of the subparts of the introduction?

	a. Opening statement
	b. Literature review
	c. Discussion of results
	d. Study overview

.

Which of the following is not one of the three elements of informed consent described within the Belmont Report?

	a. Deception
	b. Information
	c. Comprehension
	d. Voluntariness

.

Which of the following is not part of the method section?

	a. Participants
	b. Materials
	c. Future research
	d. Procedure

.

Which of the following is not true about the way researchers present their results?

	a. Researchers are trying to convince you of something.
	b. Researchers are dispassionate, only aiming to inform.
	c. Researchers are trying to sell you something: ideas.
	d. Researchers are not invested in the presentation of their results.

.

Which of the following is the best description of what a research report ought to be?

	a. It tells a story.
	b. It is a boring recitation of facts.
	c. It has to be dry and uninteresting.
	d. It needs to be as long and detailed as possible.

.

Which of the following is the best example of a one-tailed hypothesis?

	a. There will be a significant difference in the number of doctor visits per year between people who eat an apple a day and people who do not eat an apple a day.
	b. People who do not eat an apple a day will have significantly more doctor visits per year than people who eat an apple a day.
	c. People who eat an apple a day will have significantly more doctor visits in a year than people who do not eat an apple a day.
	d. B and C.

.

Which of the following is the best example of a one-tailed hypothesis?

	a. There will be a significant difference in the number of doctor visits per year between people who eat an apple a day and people who do not eat an apple a day.
	b. People who do not eat an apple a day will have significantly more doctor visits per year than people who eat an apple a day.
	c. People who eat an apple a day will have significantly more doctor visits in a year than people who do not eat an apple a day.
	d. B and C.

.

Which of the following is the best example of “pure” or “basic” research?

	a. Investigating a new treatment for depression
	b. Comparing the effectiveness of medication and therapy for ADHD
	c. Applying findings from research on relationships to research in industrial/organizational settings
	d. Investigating an abstract theory related to how the brain processes information

.

Which of the following is the best way to read a research report?

	a. Start at the beginning and read to the end so that you see the author’s ideas.
	b. Read the results section first so that you know the data.
	c. Read the participants section first so that you know who participated.
	d. Read the first part of the discussion before anything else to get the main ideas.

.

Which of the following is the main feature that distinguishes questionnaire from interview survey methods?

	a. The types of questions used (open vs. closed)
	b. Whether the person completes the survey alone or in a group
	c. The amount of personal interaction between the researcher and the respondent
	d. Using the survey to ask questions of participants

.

Which of the following is true?

	a. Quantitative research is necessarily confirmatory and deductive in nature.
	b. Qualitative research is necessarily exploratory and inductive in nature.
	c. There is more overlap between qualitative and quantitative research than is often considered.
	d. Qualitative data cannot be coded quantitatively.

.

Which of the following represents the strongest correlation?

	a. .5
	b. -.8
	c. 2
	d. -.1

.

Which of the following represents the strongest correlation?

	a. .5
	b. -.8
	c. 2
	d. -.1

.

Which of the following studies ultimately led to the Belmont Report and federal regulations for human subject protection?

	a. The Stanford prison experiment
	b. Nazi medical experiments
	c. The Tuskegee syphilis experiment
	d. B and C

.

Which of the following would not be considered a population whose participation in research might be restricted?

	a. Minors
	b. College students
	c. Prisoners
	d. Pregnant women

.

Which of the following would you use if you wanted to test whether two groups were statistically different from each other?

	a. A t-test
	b. Standard deviation
	c. Correlation
	d. Regression

.

Which of the following would you use if you wanted to test whether two groups were statistically different from each other?

	a. A t-test
	b. Standard deviation
	c. Correlation
	d. Regression

.

With a nominal measure, numbers:

	a. are simply labels or names for attributes.
	b. are ordered (have the order property).
	c. have equal intervals (distance between the values is meaningful).
	d. have a true zero (allowing ratio comparisons).

.

With an interval measure, numbers:

	a. are simply labels or names for attributes.
	b. are ordered (have the order property).
	c. have equal intervals (distance between the values is meaningful).
	d. have a true zero (allowing ratio comparisons).

.

With face validity we assess:

	a. whether two measures converge on the same answer.
	b. whether a measure predicts other behavior.
	c. whether a measure appears to be assessing the underlying construct.
	d. whether a measure matches certain criteria for defining that construct.

.

With predictive validity, we assess whether:

	a. our measure converges with other measures.
	b. our measure looks valid “on its face.”
	c. our measure can predict what it ought to be able to predict.
	d. our measure can discriminate between things it ought to be able to discriminate between.

.

All of the following are key Internet resources for psychology research except:

	a. PsycINFO.
	b. Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI).
	c. ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center).
	d. Psycpapers.

.

If someone gets better when he or she takes a little bit of medicine but feels much worse if he or she has too much, the relationship between the amount of medicine and how good a person feels would be called a:

	a. positive relationship.
	b. negative relationship.
	c. curvilinear relationship.
	d. nonrelationship.

.

If someone gets better when he or she takes a little bit of medicine but feels much worse if he or she has too much, the relationship between the amount of medicine and how good a person feels would be called a:

	a. positive relationship.
	b. negative relationship.
	c. curvilinear relationship.
	d. nonrelationship.

.

In an ideal research sample:

	a. the participants will be those who are most likely to show the effects you are looking for in your study, so you know that your treatment works.
	b. the participants will be the ones who are least likely to show the effects you are looking for in your study, so you know that the greater population will be likely to show effects from your treatment.
	c. the participants will be representative of the greater population.
	d. there will be at least 100 participants.

.

In order to address the ethical dilemma presented by replicating Milgram’s famous experiment, Jerry Burger made which of the following modifications to Milgram’s original design in his replication study?

	a. In Burger’s study, the experimenter did not wear a lab coat.
	b. In Burger’s study, the participants did not receive a sample shock.
	c. In Burger’s study, the participants were not made to believe the confederate was receiving shocks.
	d. In Burger’s study, the participants were screened in order to exclude anyone that may have an especially negative reaction to participating.

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When using deductive reasoning, it is likely one will start with a theory and end with:

	a. a confirmation (or not) of that theory.
	b. development of that theory.
	c. a top-down approach.
	d. a tentative hypothesis.

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Which of the following refers to the degree to which the results of an experiment would hold true for other people and places?

	a. Internal validity
	b. External validity
	c. Reliability
	d. Quality

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