A study looking at how certain components of multi-faceted treatment programs work in a highly controlled laboratory environment is an example of which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. translational research
	b. applied research
	c. basic research
	d. generalizable research

Question 2

According to your readings, which of the following are included in the criteria for when one can contemplate a replication study?

Choose one answer.

	a. The original research question is significant and has the potential to contribute to the body of knowledge supporting the discipline.
	b. Replication has the potential to empirically support the findings of the original study, either by extending their generalizability or by clarifying issues raised by the original findings.
	c. The researcher has expertise in the subject area and has access to sufficient information relating to the original study to be able to design a replication.
	d. All of the above are included in the criteria.

Question 3

All of the following are possible operationalizations of success of people working in sales departments EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Achievement
	b. Salary
	c. Self-reported job satisfaction
	d. Sales figures

Question 4

How did the results of Jerry Burger's partial replication of Milgram's obedience studies compare with Milgram's original results?

Choose one answer.

	a. Obedience rates in the 2006 replication were slightly higher than they were 45 years earlier.
	b. Obedience rates in the 2006 replication were slightly lower than they were 45 years earlier.
	c. Obedience rates in the 2006 replication were the same as they were 45 years earlier.
	d. Obedience rates in the 2006 replication were significantly lower than they were 45 years earlier.

Question 5

If you were conducting an online study about sexual behavior, which of the following would be possible risks to participants?

Choose one answer.

	a. Physical harm, deception, and psychological harm
	b. Psychological harm, as well as social and/or economic harm
	c. Invasion of privacy and deception
	d. All of the above are possible risks in this study.

Question 6

Takano's and Sogon's replication study found that Japanese students conformed ___________.

Choose one answer.

	a. more than American students
	b. less than American students
	c. a similar amount as American students
	d. more than American students, but only in in-groups

Question 7

To the participant, a study involving covert observation has the potential risk for which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Invasion of privacy
	b. Breach of confidentiality
	c. Physical harm
	d. All of the above are possible potential risks to consider.

Question 8

What is the appropriate risk/benefit ratio you would hope to arrive at when conducting a risk assessment of your research project?

Choose one answer.

	a. 10:1
	b. 2:1
	c. There should be no risks involved in your research project.
	d. There is not a specific ratio; it is a specific ethical judgment made by individual review boards and researchers.

Question 9

What is wrong with the following hypothesis: "Good children are less likely to drop out of college when they get older"?

Choose one answer.

	a. It is too vague.
	b. It has already been answered.
	c. It is too specific.
	d. It is unclear how "good" is operationalized.

Question 10

What made Jerry Burger's study a partial replication rather than full replication of Milgram's obedience studies, which began in 1961?

Choose one answer.

	a. The highest voltage the participants gave was 150 volts rather than 450 volts.
	b. Participants were screened before partaking in the experiment.
	c. Participants were told three times that they could withdraw from the study and still be rewarded for their participation.
	d. All of the above are reasons why it was a partial replication.

Question 11

What type of research focuses on bringing findings from laboratory experiments to an applied setting?

Choose one answer.

	a. Translational research
	b. Useful research
	c. Basic research
	d. Clinical research

Question 12

What was the purpose of Takano's and Sogon's replication study?

Choose one answer.

	a. To find out if the results Asch obtained in 1956 would still hold true today
	b. To find out if Japanese participants would display the same behaviors in Asche's experiment as American participants
	c. To disprove Asch's original findings
	d. To support Asch's original findings

Question 13

Which of the following are possible potential risks to consider when conducting research involving human subjects?

Choose one answer.

	a. Social and Economic harms
	b. Breach of confidentiality
	c. Psychological harm
	d. All of the above are possible potential risks to consider.

Question 14

Which of the following describe a review article?

Choose one answer.

	a. An empirical article that specifically describes a study
	b. An empirical article that includes a literature review
	c. A published literature review that surveys key studies done in a certain area
	d. A published critique of a particular study

Question 15

Which of the following describes a "line of research"?

Choose one answer.

	a. All of the research on a particular topic
	b. Research on a particular topic done at a particular point in time
	c. A particularly well-researched area
	d. A series of studies done by the same individual or laboratory

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of translational research?

Choose one answer.

	a. An article in a popular magazine summarizing the contents of a scholarly journal article
	b. A study in which one concept or measure is tested using another language
	c. A study in which individual treatment components previously studied in laboratory settings are tested on a clinical population
	d. Both B and C are examples of translational research.

Question 17

Which of the following would be the best example of a characteristic of study that would be considered a "minimal risk" to the participant?

Choose one answer.

	a. Deceiving a participant by temporarily leading him to believe he was accepted into the graduate school of his choice
	b. Deceiving a participant by temporarily leading him to believe his spouse was cheating on him
	c. Deceiving a participant by temporarily leading him to believe he did poorly on a computer task
	d. Persuading a participant to partake in behaviors that are against his strongly held religious beliefs

Question 18

Why is it important to conduct a thorough literature review of your topic before conducting a study?

Choose one answer.

	a. So you do not accidentally repeat a study that has already been done
	b. To find scales and measures previous researchers have used
	c. To develop a thorough understanding of your topic
	d. All of the above are reasons why it is important to conduct a thorough literature review of your topic before conducting a study.

Question 19

Your readings described a replication of Kenneth Clark's study that looked at what "race" of dolls students preferred to play with. Which of the following would be a primary reason why a student would choose to replicate that experiment 40 years later?

Choose one answer.

	a. To see if the results would be the same in the current time
	b. To see if the results would apply to a different group of children
	c. To see if the results would apply using a different set of dolls
	d. None of the above

Question 20

Based on your readings, two important guidelines to follow when choosing a research topic are to make sure that you have adequate resources to complete the process and that your topic _______.

Choose one answer.

	a. is neither too broad nor too narrow.
	b. is as broad as possible.
	c. is as narrow and specific as possible.
	d. has never been researched before.

Question 21

A study comparing the effects of a treatment on one group with the effects of a different treatment on a comparison group could be called a ____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. within subjects design
	b. between subjects design
	c. longitudinal design
	d. comparable design

Question 22

According to what you have learned in this course, when doing research, which type of articles should you read first?

Choose one answer.

	a. Easier articles
	b. More difficult articles
	c. Empirical articles
	d. Recent articles

Question 23

After you have identified a couple articles from a particular line of research, what would be the best parameter to search by to find any other articles in that particular line of research?

Choose one answer.

	a. Keyword
	b. Author
	c. Title
	d. Year

Question 24

All of the following are key points that your readings suggest to look for when you first read an article EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. the research question.
	b. specific hypotheses.
	c. findings.
	d. participants.

Question 25

All of the following are limitations of observational studies EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships cannot be drawn.
	b. internal validity.
	c. external validity.
	d. difficulty in coding results.

Question 26

All of the following are search databases one could use to search for an article related to psychology EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. EBSCOhost.
	b. PsycINFO.
	c. ERIC.
	d. PsycREADINGS.

Question 27

Articles from PsycINFO are available ___________.

Choose one answer.

	a. only to full time university students
	b. only with a yearly membership
	c. to anyone free of cost
	d. to anyone for a daily, per-article, or yearly membership fee

Question 28

If you wanted to conduct a search of abstracts related to a particular topic in psychology, which of PsycNETs databases would be the best to use?

Choose one answer.

	a. PsycINFO
	b. PsycBOOKS
	c. PsycEXTRA
	d. PsycCRITIQUES

Question 29

If you were conducting an in-depth study of one individual's experiences or behaviors, this would be called a(an) ___________.

Choose one answer.

	a. experimental study
	b. case study
	c. correlational study
	d. survey study

Question 30

If you were performing a search for treatments for depression and you wanted to exclude studies that looked at the impact of medication, which search operator would you use to do this?

Choose one answer.

	a. Not
	b. Without
	c. Except
	d. Only

Question 31

In your literature review it is important to describe the articles, but it is also important to ___________.

Choose one answer.

	a. evaluate them
	b. compare them
	c. understand them
	d. All of the above tasks are important.

Question 32

Published review articles may cite __________.

Choose one answer.

	a. up to 5 articles
	b. up to 15 articles
	c. up to 50 articles
	d. over 100 articles

Question 33

What can you conclude from a (fictional) correlational study that finds that girls are more likely to drop out of high school than boys?

Choose one answer.

	a. Girls struggle in school more than boys.
	b. Being female leads to dropping out of school.
	c. Boys are smarter than girls.
	d. None of the above can be concluded from this study.

Question 34

What would be the best PsycNET search resource to use to find a psychology book review?

Choose one answer.

	a. PsycINFO
	b. PsycCRITIQUES
	c. PsycMETRICS
	d. PsycARTICLES

Question 35

When conducting an online literature search, all of the following are ways of narrowing the search results EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. using the "AND" operator.
	b. specifying the years you are interested in.
	c. using the "OR" operator.
	d. None of the above would narrow the search results.

Question 36

When initially scanning a research article for a literature review, which of the following is the suggested order to read?

Choose one answer.

	a. Abstract, Introduction, Discussion, Methods
	b. Abstract, Introduction, Tables & Figures, Discussion
	c. Discussion, Abstract, Results, Methods
	d. Tables & Figures, Abstract, Introduction, Discussion

Question 37

When relaying information from another article, it is best to do which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Use direct quotes.
	b. Paraphrase the author's ideas.
	c. Cite the article in which you found the information.
	d. B and C

Question 38

Which of the following are useful in organizing your research papers? Choose the best answer.

Choose one answer.

	a. Titles
	b. Headings
	c. Summary paragraphs
	d. Conclusions

Question 39

Which of the following can NOT be described as a descriptive, non-experimental approach?

Choose one answer.

	a. Correlational studies
	b. Survey studies
	c. Naturalistic observation studies
	d. All of the above can be described as descriptive, non-experimental approaches.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT one of the search databases included in PsycNET?

Choose one answer.

	a. PsycINFO
	b. PsycBOOKS
	c. PsycMETRICS
	d. PsycARTICLES

Question 41

If you wanted to compare the effects of two different medications and wanted to test two different dosages of each medication, your design would be considered which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. 2X2 factorial design
	b. 1X4 factorial design
	c. 3X2 factorial design
	d. 4X4 factorial design

Question 42

In a study comparing two therapeutic interventions for anxiety and the effects of the length of each treatment, the types of treatment would be the ________ and the lengths of treatment would be the ________.

Choose one answer.

	a. factors; levels
	b. levels; factors
	c. independent variables; dependent variables
	d. dependent variables; independent variables

Question 43

In a study that tests the effects of a specific daily diet pill on weight loss, which of the following would be the best treatment and control conditions?

Choose one answer.

	a. A treatment group in which participants take a daily pill and a control group in which participants do nothing.
	b. A treatment group in which participants take a daily diet pill and a control group in which participants do not need to lose weight.
	c. A control group and a treatment group in which participants are unaware of whether they are taking a sugar pill or a diet pill.
	d. A control group in which participants knowingly took a sugar pill and a treatment group in which participants knowingly took a diet pill.

Question 44

What does it mean when a study is "double blind"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Experimenters deceive participants about the purpose of the study on two separate occasions.
	b. Participants are given two different treatments, neither of which are expected to work.
	c. Neither the person administering the treatment nor the participant receiving the treatment are aware of which condition they are in (i.e. whether they received the treatment or the control).
	d. None of the above describe a double-blind study.

Question 45

What is the best way to ensure that third variables are not responsible for differences found between groups in a study?

Choose one answer.

	a. Administer extensive surveys that ask participants for all possible differences so that these factors can be taken into account when assigning participants to groups.
	b. Use very large groups of participants.
	c. Use random assignment.
	d. Make sure all participants are as similar as possible; for example, use only studying middle-aged, Caucasian women.

Question 46

What is the main weakness of a crossover study (a type of repeated measures design)?

Choose one answer.

	a. The risk of carryover effects
	b. Low internal validity
	c. Low external validity
	d. Low reliability

Question 47

What limitation of a nonequivalent group, posttest only design is addressed by a nonequivalent group, pretest-posttest design?

Choose one answer.

	a. It helps rule out initial differences in the groups.
	b. It increases the motivation of both groups to improve.
	c. It helps rule out normal development as a possible reason for any improvement.
	d. Both A and C

Question 48

When a case study is done in order to study a unique situation with little or no interest in generalizability, the type of case study being done is called which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Illustrative case study
	b. Exploratory (or pilot) case study
	c. Cumulative case study
	d. Critical instance case study

Question 49

Which of the following are possible threats to true experimental designs?

Choose one answer.

	a. The control group can be accidentally exposed to the treatment.
	b. Participants may perceive one group as more desirable than other groups, and this may impact motivation.
	c. There are no possible threats to validity if it is actually a true experimental design.
	d. Both A and B

Question 50

Which of the following could not be considered a true independent variable?

Choose one answer.

	a. Dosage of medication
	b. Length of treatment
	c. Current level of hunger or thirst
	d. Race

Question 51

Which of the following examples is true random assignment?

Choose one answer.

	a. A situation in which there are no differences between participants in different conditions in a study
	b. A situation in which two conditions in a study have exactly equal numbers of men and women, as well as the conditions represent every race and ethnicity
	c. A situation in which each participant in the population had an equal chance of being assigned to each treatment group
	d. None of the above would represent true random assignment.

Question 52

Which of the following include all names of nonprobability sampling methods?

Choose one answer.

	a. Random sampling, systematic sampling, and stratified sampling
	b. Convenience sampling, judgment sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling
	c. Convenience sampling, stratified sampling, and systematic sampling
	d. Random sampling, judgment sampling, and snowball sampling

Question 53

Which of the following is an example of a placebo effect?

Choose one answer.

	a. Participants in a control group feel less depressed, even though they were only taking a sugar pill and not an antidepressant.
	b. Participants in a control group feel less depressed, even though they were only having brief weekly meetings with a doctor and not actually receiving drug therapy.
	c. Both A and B are examples of placebo effects.
	d. Neither A or B are examples of placebo effects.

Question 54

Which of the following is an example of simple random sampling?

Choose one answer.

	a. Standing in a mall and occasionally asking passersby to participate
	b. Using a random number generator on a calculator and selecting the participant from your sampling frame that corresponds with the number generated
	c. Choosing every participant in a sampling frame that has a certain characteristic unrelated to the study question, such as hair color
	d. None of the above

Question 55

Which of the following is true of a within-subjects design?

Choose one answer.

	a. Each participant experiences every condition.
	b. There is no control condition.
	c. There is a larger risk of the placebo effect.
	d. Deception is often used.

Question 56

Which of the following would be a good sampling method to use if you were attempting to access a population that is difficult to reach?

Choose one answer.

	a. Convenience sampling
	b. Random sampling
	c. Systematic sampling
	d. Snowball sampling

Question 57

Which type of question would be best to measure how strongly someone agrees with a certain statement?

Choose one answer.

	a. A dichotomous question
	b. A Likert response scale question
	c. An ordinal question
	d. A contingency question

Question 58

Which types of questions are best answered by case studies?

Choose one answer.

	a. Who, what, where, and how much?
	b. When, who, and where?
	c. How and why?
	d. Where and how much?

Question 59

________ designs look at causation, whereas ________ studies are descriptive. Fill in the blanks.

Choose one answer.

	a. Experimental, correlational
	b. Correlational, observational
	c. Observational, experimental
	d. Observational, correlational

Question 60

What effect might lead a control group to get better even though they did NOT receive a treatment?

Choose one answer.

	a. A placebo effect
	b. An experimental effect
	c. A correlational effect
	d. A dependent effect

Question 61

A(an) ________ scale has a meaningful zero point.

Choose one answer.

	a. interval
	b. ordinal
	c. ratio
	d. nominal

Question 62

According to your readings, what is the scale type most widely used by psychologists?

Choose one answer.

	a. Interval
	b. Ordinal
	c. Ratio
	d. Nominal

Question 63

If you have three or more groups in your design, which of the following would be the most appropriate test?

Choose one answer.

	a. ANOVA
	b. t test
	c. Pearson's r
	d. Chi-square test of independence

Question 64

In a normal distribution, where is the mean?

Choose one answer.

	a. At the far right
	b. At the far left
	c. In the center
	d. There is not a mean in a normal distribution.

Question 65

In a set of scores, the value of the score with the highest frequency would be called which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mode
	b. Median
	c. Mean
	d. Ratio

Question 66

In a study looking at the impact of the length of traffic lights on road-rage, what type of variable is road-rage?

Choose one answer.

	a. A conceptual independent variable
	b. A conceptual dependent variable
	c. An operationalized independent variable
	d. An operationalized dependent variable

Question 67

In order to find an actual test or measure in PsycINFO, when searching tests and measures you can use the term ______ in the tests and measures field.

Choose one answer.

	a. included
	b. appended
	c. attached
	d. complete

Question 68

What does the value 'r' represent?

Choose one answer.

	a. Whether or not a correlation is significant
	b. Direction of the correlation
	c. Strength of the correlation
	d. Whether or not a correlation is causal

Question 69

What is the relationship of the mean, median, and mode in a normal distribution?

Choose one answer.

	a. The mean is greater than the median, which is greater than the mode.
	b. The mean, median, and mode are equal.
	c. The median is greater than the mean, which is greater than the mode.
	d. The mode is greater than the median, which is greater than the mean.

Question 70

What is the value of a score that has 50% of the scores below and 50% of the scores above called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Median
	b. Mean
	c. Mode
	d. Standard deviation

Question 71

What type of measurement scale would you be using if you were asking a participant about their religious affiliation?

Choose one answer.

	a. Nominal
	b. Ordinal
	c. Ratio
	d. Interval

Question 72

When should nonparametric statistics be used?

Choose one answer.

	a. When data is measured on interval or ratio scales
	b. When data is measured on ratio or nominal scales
	c. When data is measured on ordinal or ratio scales
	d. When data is measured on nominal or ordinal scales

Question 73

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents a strong, inverse correlation?

Choose one answer.

	a. .2
	b. -.3
	c. -.8
	d. .8

Question 74

Which of the following is an example of a conceptual variable?

Choose one answer.

	a. Academic success
	b. Grades
	c. Test scores
	d. Teacher ratings of classroom achievements

Question 75

Which of the following is an example of a nonparametric test?

Choose one answer.

	a. t Test
	b. Z Test
	c. F Test
	d. Chi-Square Test

Question 76

Which of the following is an example of cluster sampling?

Choose one answer.

	a. Randomly selecting classrooms in a school and including every student in that classroom as a participant
	b. Randomly selecting classrooms in a school and randomly selecting students from those classrooms as participants
	c. Grouping participants by characteristics, such as gender, race, or some other variable and sampling from those groups
	d. None of the above

Question 77

Which of the following represents a perfect positive correlation?

Choose one answer.

	a. -1.0
	b. +1.0
	c. +100
	d. +10

Question 78

Which of the following sampling methods should you choose if you want to make sure you have sufficient data for analysis of smaller groups in the population and also to generalize to the population as a whole?

Choose one answer.

	a. Disproportionate stratified sampling
	b. Proportionate stratified sampling
	c. Multi-stage sampling
	d. Purposive sampling

Question 79

Which scale of measurement would be used when measuring weight?

Choose one answer.

	a. Interval
	b. Ordinal
	c. Ratio
	d. Nominal

Question 80

________ tends to push reported scores toward one extreme, whereas ________ tends to cause reported scores to be above or below actual scores.

Choose one answer.

	a. bias, variable error
	b. variable error, bias
	c. variance, bias
	d. prejudice, bias

Question 81

If you conduct a study in which you want to be able to generalize to certain subsets of the population as well as the population as a whole, what would be the best sampling method to use?

Choose one answer.

	a. Simple random sampling
	b. Convenience sampling
	c. Stratified random sampling
	d. Cluster sampling

Question 82

According to Leland Wilkinson and the APA task force on statistical inference, the case for the representativeness of a convenience sample can be strengthened by which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Its size
	b. Explicit comparison of its characteristics with a defined population
	c. Random assignment to conditions
	d. All of the above

Question 83

According to Leland Wilkinson and the APA task force on statistical inference, the methods section should include all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. whether an instrument is reliable or unreliable.
	b. reliability coefficients.
	c. whether the instrument does not correlate strongly with other key constructs.
	d. both A and C

Question 84

According to Leland Wilkinson and the APA task force on statistical inference, what common mistake do novice researchers often make?

Choose one answer.

	a. Over generalizing results
	b. Over particularizing results
	c. Both A and B
	d. Neither A nor B

Question 85

If you conducted a study in which participants needed to be screened before participation, who of the following should complete the screening?

Choose one answer.

	a. A trained research assistant who was familiar with all of the hypotheses of the study
	b. You (the researcher)
	c. A trained research assistant who was unfamiliar with all of the hypotheses of the study
	d. None of the above

Question 86

In Daryl J. Bem's "Writing the Empirical Journal Article," all of the following are recommended EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. avoiding examples of theoretical points or abstract material.
	b. trying to open with a statement about people, not psychologists or studies.
	c. using English prose as opposed to psychological jargon.
	d. taking the time and space needed to lead up to your formal or theoretical statement of the problem.

Question 87

In Daryl J. Bem's "Writing the Empirical Journal Article," what naming convention is recommended for labeling groups or variables?

Choose one answer.

	a. Name groups or variables in an orderly fashion (i.e. A, B, C) and consistently use these names throughout the methods section.
	b. Use theoretical terms to name groups or variables.
	c. Use operational terms to name groups or variables.
	d. Use abbreviations to name groups or variables.

Question 88

In Daryl J. Bem's "Writing the Empirical Journal Article," he recommends that any ethical issues that may have arisen as a result of the procedure should be addressed in which section of the article?

Choose one answer.

	a. Introduction
	b. Results
	c. Methods
	d. Discussion

Question 89

In Daryl J. Bem's "Writing the Empirical Journal Article," which of the following is NOT recommended for the results section?

Choose one answer.

	a. Include a reminder of the operations performed and behaviors measured.
	b. Include a reminder of the conceptual hypothesis.
	c. Speak primarily in numbers with as little prose as possible.
	d. Include the answer to your research question in plain English.

Question 90

In Daryl J. Bem's "Writing the Empirical Journal Article," the author recommends starting your discussion section discussing __________ and moving to ____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. specific matters, general concerns
	b. general concerns, specific matters
	c. limitations, specific findings
	d. implications, specific findings

Question 91

In Daryl J. Bem's "Writing the Empirical Journal Article," the author recommends that a title should be ____________ words long.

Choose one answer.

	a. 5-7
	b. 10-12
	c. 13-15
	d. 18-20

Question 92

Leland Wilkinson and the APA task force on statistical inference recommend thinking of all of the following when interpreting effects EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. credibility.
	b. generalizability.
	c. robustness.
	d. randomization.

Question 93

The APA task force recommends which of the following when choosing the method of analysis?

Choose one answer.

	a. Choose the most complex method.
	b. Choose the most recently developed method.
	c. Choose a minimally sufficient analysis.
	d. Use at least two different methods in order to confirm your results.

Question 94

The APA task force states all of the following regarding effect sizes EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. They should be presented for all primary outcomes.
	b. They should be interpreted in the context of previously reported effects.
	c. Nearly every empirical article now includes measures of effect sizes.
	d. If units are measured in a meaningful way (e.g. hours of sleep), then an unstandardized measure, such as the mean differences, is preferable to a standardized measure such as d or r.

Question 95

What basic, helpful information on statistical inference does Leland Wilkinson and the APA task force say is often missing in the figures of most graphics in psychological publications?

Choose one answer.

	a. The shape of the distribution of the data
	b. The mean of the data
	c. The range of the data
	d. The standard deviation of the data

Question 96

What do Leland Wilkinson and APA task force on statistical inference recommend before computing statistics using a computer program?

Choose one answer.

	a. Hand-writing all of your data in case of a computer crash.
	b. Looking at your data using a scatterplot or histogram.
	c. Printing out all of your data in case of a computer crash.
	d. Hand-calculate all the results.

Question 97

When using nonrandom assignment, which of the following does Leland Wilkinson and the APA task force on statistical inference recommend?

Choose one answer.

	a. Minimize effects of confounding variables.
	b. Describe methods used to attenuate sources of bias.
	c. Use the term "control group" cautiously.
	d. All of the above are recommended.

Question 98

Which of the following could bias findings of a study?

Choose one answer.

	a. The authors administer questionnaires themselves.
	b. The authors give instructions to participants themselves.
	c. The authors rate or code video data themselves.
	d. All of the above

Question 99

Which of the following does Leland Wilkinson and the APA task force say about study design?

Choose one answer.

	a. Experimental designs are the most informative.
	b. Quasi-Experimental designs are the most informative.
	c. Meta-analyses are the most informative.
	d. It is important to make explicitly clear what type of study you are doing.

Question 100

Which of the following does Leland Wilkinson and the APA task force recommend describing as anticipated sources of attrition?

Choose one answer.

	a. Death
	b. Dropout
	c. Noncompliance
	d. It is recommended that all of the above be described.

Question 101

Which of the following is recommended in Daryl J. Bem's "Writing the Empirical Journal Article" in regards to criticizing previous studies in your literature review?

Choose one answer.

	a. You should only criticize previous work with the permission of the author.
	b. You should always criticize at least one previous study in your literature review.
	c. You should avoid criticizing the investigators or authors of previous work.
	d. None of the above are recommended.

Question 102

What do Leland Wilkinson and the APA task force on statistical inference recommend regarding populations?

Choose one answer.

	a. Explicitly defining the population
	b. Having as large of a population as possible
	c. Narrowing the population as much as possible
	d. Both B and A