Behaviorism is mainly concerned with ____ , while cognitive psychology is mainly concerned with ____.

	a. Introspection, empirical methods
	b. Psychopathology, normal development
	c. Observables, mental states
	d. Development over time, mechanisms of thought

.

From a philosophical standpoint, which of the following statements most closely represents the explanatory pattern for connectionism?

	a. People have visual images of situations
	b. The brain has neurons organized by synaptic connections into populations and brain areas
	c. People have representations that involve simple processing units linked to each other by excitatory and inhibitory connections
	d. People have verbal and visual representations of situations that can be used as cases or analogs

.

Most individuals who work within the field of cognitive science believe that the mind is analogous to which of the following?

	a. A car
	b. A computer
	c. A radio
	d. A television

.

Noam Chomsky pointed to the phenomena of ____ to build evidence toward his thesis that behaviorism does not explain all phenomena.

	a. Psychopathology
	b. Language acquisition
	c. Memory
	d. Attention

.

Robert Burton advanced the understanding of cognitions in which of the following ways?

	a. He emphasized humans’ unique ability to understand
	b. He wrote about the important concepts of imagery and reflection
	c. He emphasized the notion that senses are the physiological mechanisms for bringing thoughts into the mind
	d. All of the above

.

The major change/advancement that has taken place in magnetic resonance imagery technology is that the new version of this traditional technique can reveal the ____ of the areas of the brain.

	a. Structure
	b. Function
	c. Temperature
	d. Interconnection

.

The “cognitive revolution” was borne out of a reaction to ______________, the predominant school of thought within psychology in the 1950s.

	a. Humanism
	b. Structuralism
	c. Functionalism
	d. Behaviorism

.

Three of the four terms listed are alike. Which of the following terms does not fit with the others?

	a. Concepts
	b. Schemas
	c. Scripts
	d. Mental states

.

Which famous cognitive psychologist was credited with determining that short-term memory can generally only hold seven items of information?

	a. J. B. Watson
	b. B. F. Skinner
	c. Noam Chomsky
	d. George Miller

.

Which of the following questions would most likely interest a cognitive psychologist?

	a. What environmental contingencies contribute to particular human action?
	b. What conditions of worth determine an individual’s ability to function well later in life?
	c. What rules do individuals generally use when making decisions?
	d. What conditions impact the decision-making process of a group?

.

You bring Sally outside and point to a tree and ask her to identify what it is. Sally says “brown, leaves, trunks.” Which brain-based problem does Sally have?

	a. Comprehensive aphasia
	b. Expressive aphasia
	c. Speech impediment
	d. None of the above

.

______ is a cognitive neuroscience technique that measures changes in specific patterns in response to specific external stimuli.

	a. Event-Related Potentials (ERP)
	b. Electroencephalography (EEG)
	c. Positron emission tomography (PET)
	d. Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (RCBF)

.

_______ is a subspecialty within the field of cognitive science that attempts to be biologically accurate by modeling the behavior of large numbers of realistic neurons organized into functionally significant brain areas.

	a. Theoretical neuroscience
	b. Connectionism
	c. Behaviorism
	d. Cognitive community psychology

.

__________ technology can identify the two areas of the brain associated with language production and comprehension.

	a. PET Scan
	b. EEG
	c. MRI
	d. XRAY

.

__________ was one of the first scientists to correlate brain activity with changes in behavior.

	a. Richard F. Thompson
	b. Hermann Ebbinghaus
	c. Jean Piaget
	d. Endel Tulving

.

Which statement is NOT true of cognitive psychology?

	a. It uses introspection as a method of investigation
	b. It is concerned with questions regarding mental states
	c. It characterizes people as dynamic information-processing systems
	d. It is concerned with perception

.

A mother looks at her baby and smiles, the baby responds by smiling, the mother grabs her hand and gets closer, the baby gurgles and continues to smile. This sequence of events exemplifies which social phenomenon?

	a. Triadic engagements
	b. Collaborative engagements
	c. Protoconversations
	d. None of the above

.

Deciding between two bags that you like when you can only afford to buy one is an example of what phenomenon?

	a. Avoidance-avoidance conflict
	b. Approach-approach conflict
	c. Approach-avoidance conflict
	d. Vacillation

.

Enkamn and Friesen studied facial expressions across people from a variety of different cultures and determined which of the following?

	a. Emotions differ across culture, which speaks to the notion that emotional experiences are culturally bound
	b. There are certain basic emotions which are independent of culture and language
	c. Disgust and fear are two basic emotions expressed across people from different cultures
	d. Happiness and joy are two basic emotions expressed across people from different cultures

.

Regarding the regulation of drives, which statement is NOT true?

	a. The purpose of having drives is to correct disturbances of homeostasis
	b. The hypothalamus is a part of the brain which functions to regulate drives
	c. Thirst and hunger are examples of drives
	d. None of the above—all statements are true

.

Research has shown that playing “tit for tat” in the prisoner’s dilemma game is the most effective strategy. This finding supports which theory of social interaction?

	a. Kin selection
	b. Group selection
	c. Reciprocal altruism
	d. Utility theory

.

The drive-reduction theory was conceived by _____.

	a. Clark Hull
	b. B. F. Skinner
	c. Abraham Maslow
	d. John B. Watson

.

This area of the brain is responsible for language processing, comprehension, and speech production.

	a. Broca’s area
	b. Wernicke’s area
	c. Visual cortex
	d. Auditory cortex

.

This neuroscience technique produces physiological images based on the detection of radiation.

	a. Event-Related Potentials (ERP)
	b. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
	c. Electroencephalography (EEG)
	d. Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

.

This technique modulates brain activity and is currently being researched for its potential clinical applications (e.g., as an alternative to antidepressant medication).

	a. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imagery (fMRI)
	b. Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT scan)
	c. Event-Related Potentials (ERP)
	d. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

.

Ulric Neisser is best known for his work on which topic?

	a. Iconic memory
	b. Ganglion cells
	c. Auditory sensory memory
	d. Long-term memory

.

We receive visual information that is ____ and auditory information that is____.

	a. In real time, 5 seconds old
	b. 1 second old, in real time
	c. 1 second old, 5 seconds old
	d. In real time, in real time

.

Which of the following items represents the one idea that remains current in psychology today?

	a. All motivation comes originally from biological imbalances or needs
	b. Animals will repeat any behaviors that reduce drives
	c. Biological motives like hunger and thirst do indeed operate as homeostatic systems
	d. Biological motives are not as important as psychological ones

.

Which statement best captures the main difference between drives and motives?

	a. Drives are biological in nature while motives are more psychological in nature
	b. Motives are biological in nature while drives are more psychological in nature
	c. Drives are harder to satisfy than motives
	d. There are no real differences—these two terms can be used interchangeably

.

Which statement best characterizes the relationship between emotions and moods?

	a. Emotions occur after a mood is established
	b. Moods are characterized by intense emotions
	c. Emotions occur as a result of particular drives, while moods occur as a result of particular motivations
	d. Mood refers to a situation where an emotion occurs frequently or continuously

.

____ appears to be a strictly human function. It requires an understanding of the goals and perceptions of other involved agents, as well as the ability to share and communicate these goals.

	a. Problem solving
	b. Share perception
	c. Joint intentionality
	d. None of the above

.

This type of memory allows us to store a snapshot of our environment for a very brief time.

	a. Environment memory
	b. Short-term memory
	c. Sensory memory
	d. Working memory

.

610-430-7692 is a North American telephone number. The hyphens here represent the phenomena of ____, which allows us to increase our _____ capacity.

	a. Gathering, short-term memory
	b. Chunking, short-term memory
	c. Working memory, neuronal
	d. Working memory, intellectual

.

According to Treisman’s Feature Integration Theory, the preattention stage in object perception is characterized by which of the following?

	a. The gestalt of the object is captured and identified
	b. Breakdown of the object into its elementary features
	c. Integration of features into a single, yet to be named/identified object
	d. Short but focused attention to a singular object

.

Although there are many similarities between the Signal Detection theory and the Similarity Choice theory, according to your reading, what is the one fundamental distinction between these two theories?

	a. One applies better to attention, the other to memory
	b. They differ in their level of automaticity
	c. One has underlying mathematical representations, one does not
	d. They differ in their assumptions about the presence of “noise”

.

Bob, an amnesic patient, cannot remember his name but he can remember how to brush his teeth. In this example, Bob has maintained his ____ memory but lost or damaged his ____ memory.

	a. Episodic, semantic
	b. Sensory, episodic
	c. Procedural, episodic
	d. Procedural, semantic

.

Many people have very specific memories of where they were when they heard/learned about the 9/11 tragedy. Which item best captures the type of memory highlighted in this example?

	a. Episodic
	b. Long-term memory
	c. Sensory memory
	d. Flashbulb memory

.

Sarah’s friend Jack gives her a telephone number to a pizza parlor but she does not have a pen. Sarah gets off the phone but continues to repeat the number until it is successfully dialed. In this example, Sarah is engaging in ____, which is considered the active part of the ____—a dimension of working memory.

	a. Repetition, central executive
	b. Chunking, visuospatial sketchpad
	c. Rehearsal, phonological loop
	d. Rehearsal, central executive

.

The experimenter gives Sally the following list of words to view for a short period of time: chirp, sparrow, bluejay, canary, feathers, nest, pigeon, and robin. When asked which words were in the original list, Sally indicates that bird was one of the words listed. This is an example of a ____.

	a. Egocentric bias
	b. Misinformation effect
	c. Consistency bias
	d. Lure error

.

The Stroop Effect demonstrates which of the following phenomena?

	a. Sequencing in attention
	b. Interference in attention
	c. Suppression of memories
	d. Errors in memory

.

The temporary buffer, proposed in the filter model of attention, is captured best by which term?

	a. Sensory store
	b. Short-term memory
	c. Long-term memory
	d. Filter

.

The “yes-no” discrimination task is associated with the ____ theory used primarily in the study of ____.

	a. Similarity Choice, social cognition
	b. Signal Detection, emotion
	c. Similarity Choice, attention
	d. Signal Detection, mental imagery

.

This theory of attention proposes that people’s intentions and the demands of the task determine the information processing stage at which information is selected.

	a. Bottleneck theory
	b. Capacity theory
	c. Stage of selection theory
	d. Multimode theory

.

This type of memory is lost rapidly unless it is preserved through rehearsal.

	a. Sensory memory
	b. Working memory
	c. Short-term memory
	d. Long-term memory

.

This type of memory is most correlated to intelligence or aptitude.

	a. Sensor memory
	b. Short-term memory
	c. Long-term memory
	d. Working memory

.

What is the “magic number” which refers to our limits on our capacity for information processing?

	a. Seven plus or minus 2
	b. Eight plus or minus 2
	c. Five plus or minus 1
	d. Nine plus or minus 1

.

Which is true of information in short-term-memory?

	a. It decays very rapidly
	b. It decays very slowly but predictably over time
	c. Its rate of decay depends on a host of factors
	d. The information does not decay over time as it is transmitted directly to long-term memory

.

Which word is most closely associated with the function of the central executive?

	a. Phonological loop
	b. Controlled attention
	c. Object perception
	d. Social cognition

.

You are at an important dinner party. To help you remember the names of the people you meet, you associate each name with an object/thing that you like (e.g., Annie Apple). Which item best captures the main concept of this example?

	a. Semantic network
	b. Mnemonic
	c. Cocktail party effect
	d. None of the above

.

Broadbent’s theory of attention focused on the presence of a ____, while Treisman focused on the presence of a _____.

	a. Spotlight, bottleneck
	b. Attenuator, filter
	c. Bottleneck, spotlight
	d. Filter, attenuator

.

About how many words are in a two-year-old’s vocabulary?

	a. 1,000
	b. 50
	c. Less than 5
	d. 50,000

.

According to your readings on knowledge representation/categorization, a lamp would be an example of what level of category of knowledge/information?

	a. Superordinate
	b. Basic
	c. Subordinate
	d. None of the above

.

In one experiment, participants were given pictures of two objects presented at different angles and asked to determine if the objects were the same. The results of this experiment revealed that the reaction times increase linearly with the rotation angle of the objects. This finding on mental rotation tasks lends support to which theory of mental imagery?

	a. Theory of semantics
	b. Theory of word imagery
	c. Theory of spatial representation
	d. Theory of propositional network

.

In one experiment, participants were shown a picture of a living room chair. When asked to identify the object, they said “chair” (as opposed to “furniture” or “living room chair.”) This experiment shows that subjects were fastest at identifying the ____ level of categorization, which lends support to the existence of ____.

	a. Basic, Prototypes
	b. Superordinate, Prototypes
	c. Basic, Exemplar
	d. Subordinate, Exemplar

.

In this study on mental imagery, participants were shown a picture. After a period of time, some individuals see that embedded in this nonsensical picture (i.e., unidentifiable object) is a picture of a Dalmatian. Findings revealed that those individuals who recognized the dog remembered the picture better. Which statement best describes the main conclusions of this study?

	a. The information was encoded as propositions, not symbols
	b. Spatial information is best remembered when there are familiar objects
	c. Individuals encode spatial images in a way that is analogous to the structure of real space
	d. None of the above

.

In this theory of mental imagery, a complex object like a car would be represented in the mind as a structure of nodes which represents the car’s properties (i.e., car = category: mode of transportation; materials: metal, glass; contains: wheel, seats; function: to transport; shape: box-like, etc.)

	a. Theory of semantics
	b. Theory of word imagery
	c. Theory of spatial representation
	d. Theory of propositional network

.

The controversial Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposed which of the following?

	a. The language of a culture affects the way people think and perceive
	b. There are four components of conversations which facilitate effective communication
	c. Cultural cognitions impact the language of the culture
	d. None of the above

.

The theory of propositional network proposes which of the following in regard to imagery?

	a. Images are exact replications of what humans see, if encoded properly
	b. Relationships between objects are represented by symbols and not by spatial mental images of the scene
	c. We organize spatial information in a general form that can be accessed by either perceptual or linguistic mechanisms.
	d. None of the above

.

The theory of ____ networks is a well-studied theory regarding the organization of knowledge. This theory represents a ____ approach, which parallels the dynamic relationships of neural networks in the brain.

	a. Prototype, Connectionist
	b. Exemplar, Integrationist
	c. Semantic, Connectionist
	d. Hierarchical, Integrationist

.

This part of the brain becomes active when participants are asked to create detailed images.

	a. Amygdala
	b. Cerebellum
	c. Prefrontal cortex
	d. Striate cortex

.

When we are asked to picture a bird, what do we see?

	a. A bird which averages the images of birds we have stored in our mind (i.e., a prototype)
	b. A bird which we are most familiar with—one that is typical or representative (i.e., an exemplar)
	c. A series of propositions which describes the bird in categories
	d. The last bird we have seen in nature

.

Which dimensions are NOT considered in situational models of comprehension?

	a. Intentionality
	b. Creativity
	c. Time
	d. Space

.

Which is true of the processing of syntax and semantics?

	a. They use the same mechanism
	b. They occur in similar parts of the brain
	c. They are separate processes that occur in different parts of the brain
	d. None of the above

.

Which of the following is NOT a factor that makes human language unique?

	a. Facial expressions
	b. Semanticity
	c. Creativity
	d. Structure dependency

.

While you were studying for this exam, you previewed the readings (i.e., table of contents, scanned images, major topic headings), created questions for each section, read the readings carefully, reflected on the content as you were reading, and after reading, tried to recall the information presented. You were employing which mnemonic method to help you retain the knowledge presented?

	a. Elaboration
	b. PQ4R
	c. Method of loci
	d. Association

.

“Because he always jogs, a mile seems a short distance to him.” This is an example of a garden path sentence which highlights the principle of ____ and the ____ approach of parsing.

	a. Closure, Interactionist
	b. Semantics, Interactionist
	c. Closure, Syntax-First
	d. Semantics, Syntax-First

.

This portion of the brain is linked with the transformation of information from short-term to long-term memories.

	a. Frontal lobes
	b. Medial lobes
	c. Hippocampus
	d. Amygdala

.

According to Biederman’s (1977) theory of object perception, an individual will classify the category of each subobject. This represents the ____ stage of object perception. In this stage, there are ____ geons in which the subobjects may be classified.

	a. First, 72
	b. Second, 36
	c. Third, 72
	d. Fourth, 36

.

According to your reading, the best predictor of flight performance out of a sample of pilots in training was which of the following?

	a. Selective listening/attention
	b. Object perception/recognition
	c. Comprehension
	d. Pattern recognition

.

In the article entitled, “Recognition of Natural Scenes from Global Properties: Seeing the Forest without Representing the Trees,” the authors found evidence that supported which conclusion?

	a. In some situations, we take a scene-centered approach to pattern recognition as opposed to an object centered approach
	b. In some situations, we do not see the individual parts of the scene and instead only see the edges of the scene
	c. In some situations, we take a bottom-up approach to processing, which allows us to first analyze the basic components fully and then make sense of the information on a larger scale
	d. In some situations, we make inaccurate conclusions as we only look to scene-centered information

.

One research study showed that if letters have many features in common, such as the letters C and G, then subjects are particularly prone to confuse them. This provides evidence for what theory of pattern recognition?

	a. Template matching model
	b. Feature analysis model
	c. Theory of propositional network
	d. Method of loci

.

Reicher and Wheeler (1970) conducted an experiment in which they very briefly presented either a letter (D) or a word (WORD) and later asked participants to recognize the letter/word presented. They found that participants did a ____ job at recognizing the WORD than recognizing the individual letter.

	a. Worse
	b. Better
	c. Same
	d. Not applicable—it depended on the actual letters/words presented as they varied in difficulty

.

The fact that we perceive 3 lines of asterisks close together rather than 14 vertical collections of 3 asterisks each is due to which of the following gestalt laws?

**************
**************
**************

	a. The law of symmetry
	b. The law of closure
	c. The law of continuity
	d. The law of proximity

.

The major assumption of Biederman’s object recognition theory is that it is mediated by recognition of the components of the object. This theory is most similar to which theory of pattern recognition?

	a. Template matching model
	b. Feature analysis model
	c. Theory of propositional network
	d. Method of loci

.

What is the most important component for object recognition?

	a. Texture
	b. Color
	c. Edges
	d. Motion

.

When performing two ____ tasks simultaneously, your task performance will be lowered.

	a. Automatic
	b. Effortful
	c. Affective
	d. None of the above

.

Which item does NOT represent a defining characteristic of an automatic task?

	a. Occurs without intention
	b. Does not give rise to conscious awareness
	c. Does not interfere with other mental activities
	d. Does not require cognitive processing

.

Which of the following is NOT one of the features of speech recognition?

	a. Place of articulation
	b. Voicing
	c. Bilabial
	d. Alveolar

.

Which of the following would occur if someone asked you not to think about something?

	a. You wouldn’t be able to stop thinking about it because thought suppression does not work
	b. You wouldn’t be able to stop thinking about it if the thing they asked you to suppress was personally relevant
	c. You would experience an increase in the amount of times you thought about it
	d. You would do better at suppressing the thought if you were in a familiar environment

.

Which represents the central idea of gestalt principles?

	a. The unified whole is different from the sum of its parts
	b. Pattern recognition is a complex and dynamic process
	c. Individuals of different cultures have somewhat different perceptions
	d. Slight changes in organization do not lead to different perceptions

.

You read an article entitled, “Gestalt Perception and Local-Global Processing in High-Functioning Autism.” In this article, they found that individuals with HFA processed gestalt stimuli ____ in accord with gestalt laws, particularly in regard to the principle of ____.

	a. Less, Closure
	b. More, Proximity
	c. More, Symmetry
	d. Less, Similarity

.

You talk to a friend who expresses that she is trying to just “stop” thinking about a particular upsetting topic/subject. Given the findings on the postsuppression rebound effect (Wegner et al. 1977), you might advise her to do which of the following?

	a. Tell her she is on the right track, that it is possible to simply decide to “stop” thinking about it
	b. Tell her that her method might actually backfire and increase the frequency of the unwanted thought; you advise her to keep trying to work through it and talk to others about it
	c. Tell her that stopping the thought is just as effective as talking about the upsetting event, so she can choose either method
	d. Tell her that it really depends on how much she is presently thinking about it in whether she will be able to just “stop” thinking about it

.

Which term is best associated with the experience of arriving at a destination by car and not remembering the drive?

	a. Object perception
	b. Pattern recognition
	c. Automaticity
	d. Comprehension

.

A person argues that cigarette smoking is not unhealthy because his grandfather smoked three packs of cigarettes a day and lived to be 100. The grandfather's health could simply be an unusual case that does not speak to the health of smokers in general. This is an example of which heuristic which can lead to incorrect conclusions?

	a. Representativeness heuristic
	b. Confirmation bias
	c. Anchoring heuristic
	d. Availability heuristic

.

According to your readings, the accuracy of diagnosis made by medical students might be improved by which of the following?

	a. Recruiting more intelligent, qualified medical students
	b. Exposing medical students to a wide variety of medical diagnoses
	c. Using instructional procedures which encourage medical students to use reflective reasoning
	d. Using negative reinforcement when incorrect diagnoses are made

.

If a problem is specified in terms of ____, people tend to use a risk-aversion strategy, while a problem description in terms of ____ leads to applying a risk-taking strategy.

	a. Losses, Gains
	b. Gains, Losses
	c. Induction, Deduction
	d. Deduction, Induction

.

Ill-defined problems are often best suited toward which type of strategy?

	a. Reproduction
	b. Algorithmic
	c. Fixation
	d. Trial and error

.

In one study, the researchers found that stockbrokers were guided more by past experience and existing beliefs than by logical thinking and rational decision making. The authors conclude which of the following?

	a. They had difficulties disengaging themselves from vastly anchored thinking patterns
	b. The greater degree of ego-enhancement of the stockbrokers, the more likely they were to be guided by past experience
	c. They had trouble changing their decisions once they were made
	d. Intelligence guided their ability to disengage from existing beliefs

.

Joe is irritated because he needs a paperweight and does not have one. Sitting next to his desk is a hammer; however, he is unable to see how the hammer can be used as a paperweight. This inability to see a hammer's use as anything other than pounding nails highlights which phenomena?

	a. Algorithms
	b. Word superiority effect
	c. Restructuring
	d. Functional fixedness

.

Most individuals diagnosed with ADHD have a problem retaining information in working memory due to inattentiveness or impairment in ____ environmental interference—both difficulties broadly indicate problems of ____.

	a. Organizing, creativity
	b. Inhibiting, executive functions
	c. Organizing, social intelligence
	d. Inhibiting, executive functions

.

The evolutionary explanation for why participants’ performance is significantly better in the case of the beer/drinking-age problem than in the abstract version of the Watson Selection Task points to which important/adaptive human ability?

	a. Permission schema
	b. Inductive reasoning
	c. Deductive reasoning
	d. Cheater-detection

.

There are several steps involved with getting a train connection, including determining where and when the first train arrives, looking for possible other trains in case you don’t get the right connection, determining departure and arrival times, and finding the correct platform. Lastly, you must put all of this information together to come up with a “plan.” This type of problem solving, which often occurs in everyday situations, is known as _____.

	a. Means-end analysis
	b. Trial and error
	c. Fixation
	d. Algorithmic

.

When error feedback was given to participants who got the wrong answer to a problem, approximately 1/3 of the cases subsequently got the problem right. This is likely due to the fact that 1/3 of the cases were due to which of the following?

	a. A quick shallow reading of the problem and/or weak monitoring of their efforts made to come to a solution
	b. A person’s tendency to respond to a given task in a manner based on past experience
	c. Inadequate monitoring
	d. Both A and C

.

Which is an example of a confirmation bias?

	a. People assume that tornadoes are more likely than car accidents even though this is not true, because they are exposed to more news stories about tornadoes
	b. Someone assumes that cigarette smoking is not unhealthy because his father smoked for years and is seemingly healthy.
	c. A man believes that going to visit his in-laws is always unpleasant and therefore attends to the more unpleasant aspects of his trip, but he will be inattentive to the unpleasant aspects of a trip to visit his parents
	d. None of the above

.

Which is NOT a difference between experts and novices in terms of problem solving?

	a. Experts know more about their field
	b. Experts use more trial and error methods
	c. Experts’ knowledge is organized differently
	d. Experts tend to spend more time analyzing the problem

.

Which portion of the brain is most clearly associated with decision making?

	a. Amygdala
	b. Prefrontal regions of the frontal lobes
	c. Hippocampus
	d. Lateral regions of the parietal lobes

.

Which statement represents a weak induction?

	a. Premise: Jerry always listens to music with his iPod. Conclusion: Therefore, Jerry reasons that all music is only listened to on iPods.
	b. Premise: All crows Jerry has seen have been black. Conclusion: Therefore, Jerry reasons that all crows must be black.
	c. Premise: Every life form we know of depends on liquid water to exist. Conclusion: All life depends on liquid water to exist.
	d. Premise: All men are mortal and Socrates is a man. Conclusion: Socrates is mortal

.

Your friend is buying a used car and focuses excessively on the odometer reading and model year of the car in evaluating the value of the car. However, she does not consider how well the engine or the transmission is maintained. This is an example of which of the following misleading effects present in decision-making processes?

	a. Focusing illusion
	b. Normative approach
	c. Framing effect
	d. Illusory correlation

.

____ reasoning is associated with the mental model theory, a theory based on the principle that ____.

	a. Inductive reasoning, a conclusion is valid if it fits a “good enough” criterion
	b. Deductive reasoning, a conclusion is valid only if it cannot be refuted by any mode of the premises
	c. Inductive reasoning, a conclusion is valid only if it cannot be refuted by any mode of the premises
	d. Deductive reasoning, a conclusion is valid only if it fits a “good enough” criterion

.

Insight problems involve ____, while noninsight problems involve ____.

	a. Step-by-step procedures, Restructuring
	b. Algorithms, Schema
	c. Restructuring, Step-by-Step procedures
	d. Schema, Fixation

.