A researcher randomly assigns senior citizens to spend an hour a day taking a ballroom dance class or working on word puzzles. After each class or puzzle session, participants complete a short series of cognitive assessments. What kind of study is the researcher conducting?

	a. A correlational study
	b. A quasi-experiment
	c. A nonexperiment
	d. A true experiment

.

For a research study, each individual in a group of first graders, a group of third graders, and a group of fifth graders is observed interacting with a preschool-aged sibling on a puzzle task. What type of data collection design is employed in this study?

	a. Cross-sectional
	b. Cross-sequential
	c. Case study
	d. Longitudinal

.

Seven-year-old Amelia is very excited that her new neighbor will be attending the same private school as her; none of the other children in the neighborhood attend that school. As a result of interacting at both home and school, Amelia and her neighbor develop a very close friendship. According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which system does this interaction represent?

	a. Chronosystem
	b. Exosystem
	c. Macrosystem
	d. Mesosystem

.

What is an important advantage of using the method of controlled observation?

	a. Participants typically behave as they do in their everyday lives.
	b. Every participant has the same opportunity to demonstrate the behavior of interest.
	c. Most participants respond in similar, predictable ways to the study situation.
	d. The interpretation of data is free from the bias of researchers' theoretical preferences.

.

Which of the following is a type of study commonly conducted by behavioral geneticists?

	a. Participant-observation study
	b. Quasi-experimental study
	c. Twin study
	d. Case study

.

Which of the following is NOT a reason that it is important to continue studying development throughout the course of the lifespan?

	a. Life experiences are cumulative; some of what happens earlier in life affects us later in life.
	b. Development does not stop until death.
	c. Adult development can shed light on early developmental processes.
	d. Adults experience a much greater variety of developmental changes than adolescents or children.

.

Which of the following is the main limit of correlational studies?

	a. They only offer insight into the strength of the relationship between two variables, not the direction.
	b. They only offer insight into the direction of the relationship between two variables, not the strength.
	c. They do not permit the researcher to make inferences about cause and effect.
	d. They require use of multiple control groups.

.

Which of the following statements is true according to the lifespan perspective on development forwarded by Paul Baltes?

	a. The study of development should include a focus on both the gains (growth) and losses (declines) that occur throughout the human lifespan.
	b. Adolescence is the developmental period in which there is the greatest plasticity.
	c. The historical period in which one is born has little impact on personality development in comparison to the unique, nonnormative influences on each individual's life.
	d. Cognitive development proceeds through four distinct stages, unless nonnormative events occur early in life.

.

Which system in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory includes the broad values, laws, and customs of one's culture?

	a. Chronosystem
	b. Exosystem
	c. Macrosystem
	d. Mesosystem

.

Scientists who conduct research on human development would define the field of development as the study of:

	a. the characteristics that make humans unique from other species.
	b. stability and change over time in individuals' abilities and personal characteristics.
	c. learning that results from direct instruction as well as everyday experiences.
	d. the specific, kaleidoscopic environmental influences on behavior and personality.

.

By 13-15 weeks gestation, a fetus can detect differences in which of the following amniotic fluid characteristics?

	a. Smell
	b. Taste
	c. Color
	d. Temperature

.

Doctors examine infant reflexes at different ages to obtain information on which of the following?

	a. Cognitive development
	b. Personality development
	c. Attachment
	d. Neurological development

.

Genetic disorders are caused by which of the following?

	a. Small mutations in a specific chromosome
	b. Small mutations in a specific gene
	c. Unpaired chromosomes
	d. The environment

.

We call environmental substances and processes that cause birth defects:

	a. Amnions
	b. Poisons
	c. Teratogens
	d. Mutations

.

We know that in many species, the prenatal environment can have a significant impact on the:

	a. phenotype.
	b. genotype.
	c. pleiotype.
	d. pattern of polygenic inheritance.

.

What is the earliest physical manifestation of the human brain, formed in the first weeks of gestation?

	a. Neural ball
	b. Temporal lobe
	c. Neural tube
	d. Spinal cord

.

What is the first sense to develop in the womb?

	a. Audition
	b. Vision
	c. Taste
	d. Touch

.

When are we likely to have the most neural connections in the visual cortex?

	a. At birth
	b. At one year of age
	c. During early adulthood
	d. During old age

.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the interaction between genes and experience in the development of the brain?

	a. Genes act to "fine tune" the results of experience.
	b. Genes provide the basic level of organization, which is then "fine-tuned" by experience.
	c. Experience plays a very small role.
	d. There is no interaction between genes and experience.

.

We use the term genotype to describe which of the following?

	a. The cumulative effects of many genes
	b. Cellular structures containing genes
	c. The internally coded, inheritable information carried by all living organisms
	d. The effects of the environment on development

.

According to Freud, the superego helps control the animal urges of the:

	a. id.
	b. ego.
	c. latency stage.
	d. conscience.

.

According to Piaget, what is the tendency to interpret objects and events from one's own perspective?

	a. Egocentrism
	b. Reversibility
	c. Seriation
	d. Animism

.

Early differences in language acquisition show a slight advantage for which demographic?

	a. Girls
	b. Boys
	c. Asians
	d. Bilingual infants

.

For Erikson, the focal point for each stage of human development was a:

	a. midstage crisis.
	b. traumatic event.
	c. pleasant experience.
	d. psychological conflict.

.

Fourteen-month-old Andy rarely acknowledges his mother when she returns to pick him up after a half-hour separation. Which attachment type most likely characterizes him?

	a. Insecure-avoidant
	b. Insecure-resistant
	c. Secure
	d. Disorganized/disoriented

.

Handedness, right or left, often appears around what age?

	a. Six months
	b. Twelve months
	c. Two years
	d. Five years

.

In expanding Piaget's ideas, the neo-Piagetians have drawn extensively from which of the following?

	a. Information processing theory and psychodynamic theory
	b. Linguistic theory and information processing theory
	c. Sociocultural theory and object relations theory
	d. Linguistic theory and object relations theory

.

In object relations theory, which is true of an object?

	a. It is that to which a subject relates.
	b. It is an important possession, such as a toy (for a child) or car (for an adult).
	c. It is the current focus of attention, which changes from moment to moment.
	d. It is a symbol used to represent an important person.

.

In the Strange Situation, which is used to study attachment behaviors, which of the following occurs?

	a. The child's primary caretaker pretends that he or she is going on a long trip.
	b. The child's primary caretaker serves as a secure base from which the child explores.
	c. A stranger to the child serves as a secure base from which the child explores.
	d. A stranger to the child pretends to experience anxiety when left alone with the child.

.

In which age range did Piaget suggest that children are in the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

	a. From birth to approximately two years
	b. Approximately two to seven years
	c. Approximately eight to ten years
	d. By age twelve years

.

Maya can multiply only single-digit numbers on her own, but with her big brother's close guidance, she can multiply three- and four-digit numbers together. What would Vygotsky call the difference between Maya's actual developmental level as determined by what she can multiply on her own and the level of potential development as determined by what she can multiply in collaboration with her brother?

	a. Zone of distal development
	b. Zone of proximal development
	c. Scaffolding zone
	d. Socio-cultural context

.

Piaget called the knowledge that objects have an existence in time and space independent of one's own perception or action on those objects:

	a. constructivism.
	b. object constancy.
	c. object permanence.
	d. conservation.

.

Research suggests that which of the following has a significant negative effect on cognitive ability in children?

	a. Malnourishment
	b. Very high socioeconomic status
	c. Late-occurring puberty
	d. Delayed physical growth

.

The behaviorist theory of language development proposes that we learn language through:

	a. classical conditioning.
	b. social interactions.
	c. brain circuits specialized for language.
	d. operant conditioning.

.

The British statistician, Spearman, divided intelligence into which two factors?

	a. Cognitive and performance
	b. Motor and cognitive
	c. Mature and immature
	d. General and specific

.

The definition of intelligence includes the ability to:

	a. communicate verbally.
	b. solve problems.
	c. learn from experience.
	d. recognize patterns quickly.

.

Twelve-year-old Xavier, who usually does well in school, brings home a report card with two Ds. How would parents who demonstrate Baumrind's authoritative parenting style react?

	a. They would yell at him for 15 minutes and throw out all his video games, which they assume are the cause of his poor grades.
	b. They would automatically blame his teacher and make an appointment to speak with her.
	c. They would kindly ask him why he thinks he did so poorly, firmly state their expectations for him to do better, and discuss things they could all do to help him improve his grades.
	d. They would state that he probably just did poorly on a few tough assignments and make him his favorite dinner to cheer him up.

.

What are the two dimensions according to which Baumrind categorizes parenting styles?

	a. Demandingness and responsiveness
	b. Demandingness and respectfulness
	c. Creativity and responsiveness
	d. Creativity and respectfulness

.

What do we call the smallest unit of language that has meaning?

	a. Phonemes
	b. Graphemes
	c. Morphemes
	d. Languemes

.

What is the order of memory processing in the stage models of information processing?

	a. Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
	b. Long-term memory, short-term memory, sensory memory
	c. Sensory memory, long-term memory, short-term memory
	d. Short-term memory, sensory memory, long-term memory.

.

What is the primary assumption of the information-processing theorists?

	a. Cognitive resources are unlimited.
	b. Short-term memory is 90% accurate.
	c. Cognitive processing involves a limited capacity for information.
	d. Sensory memory lasts indefinitely.

.

Which of the following is a milestone of language development around the age of three to four months?

	a. Smiles at the sound of a stranger's voice
	b. Begins to babble
	c. Shows clear understanding of common nouns
	d. Starts cooing

.

Which of the following is a primary difference between Vygotsky and Piaget's ideas?

	a. Piaget stressed the importance of the social context.
	b. Vygotsky believed that children learn primarily through their own experimentation.
	c. Piaget emphasized universal cognitive change whereas Vygotsky's theory leads us to expect highly variable development.
	d. Vygotsky focused on the errors children make while solving problems to identify their stage of development.

.

Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech?

	a. "Want milk"
	b. "Give me the ball"
	c. "I see two deers"
	d. "Up!"

.

Which of the following is NOT a reason that healthy play is important for human development?

	a. Play enhances language development.
	b. Play engages creativity.
	c. Play promotes centration during problem solving.
	d. Play helps children integrate their past experiences.

.

Which of the following statements about temperament is false?

	a. Children are temperamentally identical to at least one of their parents.
	b. At least some aspects of temperament appear to be linked to genetics.
	c. Some researchers believe that to be a temperamental trait, the trait must be inherited.
	d. Interviews, questionnaires, and observations are methods commonly used to measure temperament.

.

Which of the following statements about the stages of personality development identified by Freud and Erikson is true?

	a. Freud identified psychonomic stages while Erikson identified psychosexual stages.
	b. Freud identified psychosocial stages while Erikson identified psychodevelopmental stages.
	c. Freud identified psychosexual stages while Erikson identified psychosocial stages.
	d. Freud identified psychodevelopmental stages while Erikson identified psychosexual stages.

.

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between neo-Piagetian theorists and Piaget?

	a. In general, neo-Piagetian theorists place more emphasis on intelligence.
	b. In general, neo-Piagetian theorists place more emphasis on individual and cultural differences.
	c. In general, neo-Piagetian theorists place more emphasis on genetics.
	d. In general, neo-Piagetian theorists place more emphasis on the normal sequence of cognitive development.

.

Which of the following would be most likely demonstrated by an individual in the preoperational stage of Piaget's theory?

	a. Belief that actors on TV can see him or her
	b. Ability to order coins by size
	c. Understanding that a crumpled sheet of paper and a flat sheet of paper weigh the same amount
	d. Application of abstract, logical rules

.

Which one of the following milestones of cognitive development do children reach by the age of about one year?

	a. Make-believe play
	b. Finding hidden objects easily
	c. Beginning to sort by shapes and colors
	d. Completing simple jigsaw puzzles

.

Which theory of language development proposes that language is a unique human accomplishment, embodied in a Language Acquisition Device present in all children?

	a. Nativist theory
	b. Behaviorist theory
	c. Functionalist theory
	d. Learning stage theory

.

By what age do most babies begin to roll front to back and back to front?

	a. Three months
	b. Seven months
	c. Twelve months
	d. Fifteen months

.

According to Erikson's theory, the main task of adolescence is to answer which of the following questions?

	a. What are my strongest abilities?
	b. Who can I trust?
	c. Should I marry someday?
	d. Who am I?

.

Although thirteen-year-old Kayla enjoys diving, she will no longer practice at the community pool because she thinks everyone will notice any mistake she makes. Kayla is experiencing the common cognitive distortion of adolescence called:

	a. the imaginary audience.
	b. the personal fable.
	c. superegocentrism.
	d. abstract thought.

.

Fifteen-year-old Jessica is extremely focused on what she needs to do to become a surgeon, which is what her parents have encouraged her to focus on; she has not considered any other career options. According to Marcia's theory, which stage of identity development characterizes Jessica?

	a. Identity achievement
	b. Identity exploration
	c. Identity foreclosure
	d. Identity diffusion

.

Gilligan suggests that whereas men tend to see ethical issues as substantive moral matters of justice, rights, autonomy, and individuation, women tend to view them as which of the following?

	a. Insubstantial moral matters of justice, rights, autonomy, and individuation
	b. Substantive moral matters of care, personal relationships, and avoiding harm to others
	c. Insubstantial moral matters of care, personal relationships, and avoiding harm to others
	d. Focusing more on child rearing

.

In girls, early puberty is linked to which of the following?

	a. Depression, drug and alcohol use, and early sexual activity
	b. Aggressive behavior
	c. Physical abnormalities
	d. Emotional maturity

.

Kohlberg was interested in which of the following with respect to moral decisions?

	a. The reasoning behind moral decisions
	b. The personal relationships influencing moral decisions
	c. The behavior resulting from moral decisions
	d. The payoff of making moral versus immoral decisions

.

Parental conflict with adolescent children is often related to which of the following?

	a. The shift from unilateral parental authority to mutual authority in which adolescents share in the decision-making process
	b. An offshoot of sibling rivalry in which the parents get involved
	c. The new form of egocentrism that emerges in early adolescence
	d. The influence of teachers whose views differ from the parents

.

Puberty that arrives either earlier or later in boys can lead to which of the following?

	a. Aggressive behavior
	b. Physical abnormalities
	c. Depression
	d. Poor academic performance

.

Research suggests that the age of onset of puberty has decreased for which demographic?

	a. Girls only
	b. Boys only
	c. Both boys and girls
	d. African American boys only

.

The dynamics of teenage romantic relationships have been viewed as an extension of which theory?

	a. Psychodynamic theory
	b. Learning theory
	c. Object relations theory
	d. Attachment theory

.

What does contemporary research on adolescent brain development suggest?

	a. The brain's ability to control impulses is fully developed by puberty, so adolescents should be held fully responsible for the negative consequences of their actions.
	b. One reason that adolescents still need adult guidance is that the parts of their brain responsible for imagining consequences of their decisions are still in development.
	c. During adolescence, individuals show a peak in neuron production, thus explaining their reliance on reasoning abilities rather than gut feelings to make decisions.
	d. During adolescence, brain development stalls as energy is devoted to the tremendous physical changes of puberty in other parts of the body.

.

What is early onset puberty called?

	a. Abnormal puberty
	b. Hypochondriasis
	c. Precocious puberty
	d. Premenses

.

What is the hormone that triggers puberty?

	a. Estradiol
	b. Androgen
	c. Progesterone
	d. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

.

Which of the following best represents Gilligan's objections to Kohlberg and other theorists addressing ethical and moral issues?

	a. The absence of a feminist perspective
	b. The lack of distinction between moral thinking and moral behavior
	c. The perspective being primarily based on Western culture
	d. The focus on adolescents rather than children or adults

.

Which of the following is an important risk factor for engaging in sexual aggression in adolescence?

	a. Being male
	b. A self-perception of low romantic competence
	c. Late-onset puberty
	d. Low peer status

.

Which of the following statements about adolescent friendships is most accurate according to research on this topic?

	a. Although peer influence peaks from about seventh to ninth grades, adolescents are still more likely to turn to their parents than their friends for guidance on their long-term plans.
	b. Efforts for parents to get to know their adolescent children's friends often backfire, leading to children becoming less inclined to discuss their lives with their parents.
	c. Throughout high school, the positive aspects of peer influence steadily decline, while the negative aspects of peer influence steadily incline.
	d. Younger adolescents are more resistant to peer pressure to engage in risky activities than older adolescents, who care less and less about their parents' rules and values as they approach legal adulthood.

.

Which of the following statements is true about the development of romantic experiences?

	a. It tends to follow a common course across individuals and cultures.
	b. It tends to be slower among girls than boys.
	c. It tends to be faster in Western culture than in other cultures.
	d. It can never be predicted.

.

Which part of the brain, responsible for such skills as planning and allocating attention, matures substantially during adolescence?

	a. Temporal lobe
	b. Brain stem
	c. Corpus callosum
	d. Prefrontal cortex

.

Why are teenagers often clumsy during the growth spurt that occurs in puberty?

	a. They are preoccupied by thoughts of romantic relationships.
	b. Their feet grow faster than everything else.
	c. Their brains literally cannot keep up with their bodies.
	d. Their self-consciousness about their physical development interferes with their attention to their physical surroundings.

.

Kohlberg believed which of the following about moral development?

	a. Moral development is complete by the end of adolescence.
	b. Moral development is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan.
	c. Moral development is essentially the same as personality development.
	d. Moral development is complete by the start of puberty.

.

According to Erikson's theory, once individuals have established their identity, they are ready to:

	a. focus on raising children.
	b. establish reciprocal, long-term romantic partnerships or close friendships.
	c. resolve the conflict of initiative versus guilt.
	d. attempt to develop a sense of ego integrity.

.

As Americans have shown tremendous increases in life expectancy over the past century, the leading causes of death for older Americans have shifted to:

	a. chronic diseases.
	b. infectious diseases.
	c. accidents and suicide.
	d. sudden, acute illnesses.

.

As we age, our intellectual ability usually does not diminish. Rather, which of the following aspects of our cognitive processing tends to change?

	a. Depth
	b. Detail
	c. Focus
	d. Speed

.

In middle adulthood, many, if not most, individuals experience which of the following?

	a. An overwhelming midlife crisis
	b. Subtle but definite losses in physical functioning
	c. The lowest levels of marital satisfaction, if currently married
	d. Major declines in cognitive abilities, especially those related to memory capacity

.

In middle adulthood, women experience menopause as a result of:

	a. a sudden drop in the production of the hormone estrogen.
	b. a gradual decline in the production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
	c. a sudden increase in the production of testosterone.
	d. accumulation of genetic mutations in the chromosomes of their egg cells.

.

Levinson thought that middle and late adulthood were linked by an intermediate phase called:

	a. midlife.
	b. late middle adulthood.
	c. the late adulthood transition.
	d. andropause.

.

Over the course of the lifespan, most sensory systems do which of the following?

	a. Become less sensitive
	b. Do not change
	c. Become more sensitive
	d. Shut down

.

When 70-year-old Jim retires from a long career in banking, he decides to try two new hobbies: oil painting and sailing. He also takes on the job of picking up his grandchildren from school three days a week. Jim finds new forms of satisfaction in these activities. Which theory of aging does Jim's experience best represent?

	a. Selective optimization with compensation theory
	b. Activity theory
	c. Gerotranscendence theory
	d. Subculture of aging theory

.

Which of the following best states the primary question of adult attachment theory?

	a. Do adult romantic relationships serve purposes similar to child-caregiver attachments?
	b. Is attachment a necessary condition for adult happiness and life satisfaction?
	c. Do stable attachments result in stable personalities?
	d. Does adult attachment security predict positive relationships with one's children and grandchildren?

.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about dementia?

	a. Dementia is defined as severe memory impairment in an individual 65 years of age or older.
	b. The number of individuals diagnosed with dementia has steadily declined over the past three decades.
	c. Dementia is an umbrella term for cognitive disorders marked by memory impairment as well as by problems with language, motor activity, and executive function.
	d. Dementia is simply another term for Alzheimer's disease.

.

Which of the following is the idea that development proceeds as a period of relatively stable states connected by relatively unsettled transitional states?

	a. The high-low pattern
	b. Stable instability
	c. Connectionism
	d. Punctuated equilibrium

.

Which of the following statements about divorce and its impact on children is true?

	a. Children's age when the divorce occurred has little association with their ability to deal with the divorce.
	b. Physical proximity to the parent of the same sex generally improves children's well-being after their parents' divorce.
	c. Children of divorced parents are less likely to divorce than children of nondivorced parents.
	d. Surveys of adolescents indicate that a majority of them are pessimistic that they will have a lifelong marriage.

.

Which of the following statements about divorce in America is false?

	a. Rates of divorce tremendously increased for a period following the 1960s, in part due to the increased percentage of women entering the workforce.
	b. Age at marriage is positively correlated with the likelihood of divorce.
	c. Divorce rates vary by geographic region.
	d. Those with a college education have lower rates of divorce than those without a college education.

.

Which of the following statements about research on the effects of same-sex parenting is true?

	a. Children with same-sex parents show different levels of well-being than children of heterosexual parents.
	b. Researchers believe that comparing the effects of same-sex marriage, civil unions, and partnership benefit programs will do little to inform the national debate about same-sex marriage.
	c. There is no research evidence that children of same-sex parents are more likely to be homosexual.
	d. Heterosexual children with same-sex parents tend to take longer to resolve Erikson's conflict of identity versus role confusion than heterosexual children with heterosexual parents.

.

Which of the following statements about the poverty rate of those over the age of 65 in the United States is true?

	a. It is currently at its lowest point ever.
	b. It has remained steady for the past five decades.
	c. It has inclined over the past few years, after a large decline across several decades.
	d. It is currently at approximately 40%.

.

Which of the following theories of aging fall within the broader perspective that the elderly must compete for resources against other, more privileged groups within society?

	a. Modernization theory and exchange theory
	b. Selective optimization with compensation theory and disengagement theory
	c. Age stratification theory and activity theory
	d. Symbolic interaction theory and functionalist theory

.

Which of the following types of people are most likely to engage in elder abuse?

	a. Children who do not serve as primary caregivers
	b. Strangers
	c. Paid caregivers
	d. Spouses

.

Which theory of aging contends that withdrawing from society as a natural process as adults grow old reduces pressure to conform to societal norms?

	a. Continuity theory
	b. Disengagement theory
	c. Activity theory
	d. Age stratification theory

.

Why do older people often outperform younger people on tests of history and geography?

	a. They have greater fluid intelligence.
	b. They have more crystallized intelligence.
	c. They have superior recollection strategies.
	d. They have more accurate executive control.

.

During middle adulthood, we establish careers, settle down with a partner, and begin our own families. What is the central conflict of this stage of life according to Erikson?

	a. Initiative versus guilt
	b. Intimacy versus isolation
	c. Generativity versus stagnation
	d. Ego integrity versus despair

.

A child who thinks that someone who has died has just gone to sleep for a long time and will eventually wake up is most likely in which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

	a. Sensorimotor
	b. Preoperational
	c. Concrete operational
	d. Formal operational

.

Adults are generally able to accept the prospect of dying if they have successfully resolved Erikson's conflict of:

	a. trust versus mistrust.
	b. initiative versus guilt.
	c. generativity versus stagnation.
	d. ego integrity versus despair.

.

In the theory of Kübler-Ross, which of the following is not one of the phases of dealing with dying?

	a. Denial
	b. Transcendence
	c. Bargaining
	d. Acceptance

.

What is one major reason that Kübler-Ross' theory has been subject to criticism?

	a. Only older adults appear to go through each of the five phases included in the theory.
	b. There is greater variety, particularly across cultures, in how people approach death than the theory proposes.
	c. Studies indicate that the theory holds for men but not for women.
	d. Research suggests that people progress through the five phases in the reverse order of what Kübler-Ross indicated.

.

What is the main conclusion of George Bonanno's research on grief?

	a. Most people, when faced with the death of a close family member, are resilient and do not experience prolonged disruptions in their psychological functioning.
	b. Delayed grief -- or the sudden experience of great distress several months after a loved one dies -- is the most common pattern of grieving.
	c. When telling a young child that a family member has died, it lessens the child's grief in both the short and long term if you tell the child that the deceased person is on a journey or taking a long rest.
	d. The majority of older adults experience symptoms of clinical depression for four months to a year after losing a spouse or long-term romantic partner.

.

Which of the following is true based on research concerning the relation between personal factors and death anxiety?

	a. Women and men's self-reported levels of death anxiety are essentially equal.
	b. Increasing age is positively correlated with death anxiety.
	c. There is not a clear pattern of relations between religious belief and death anxiety.
	d. Death anxiety peaks in adolescence as individuals develop the cognitive ability to grasp the consequences of the physical risks they take.

.

Which theory or model proposes that a key to feeling less anxious about death is developing a clear sense of purpose for one's life and transforming one's beliefs, values, and behaviors to align with that purpose?

	a. Terror management model
	b. Freud's psychoanalytic theory
	c. Bowlby's theory of attachment
	d. Meaning management model

.

How is death defined from a biological point of view?

	a. The cessation of brain activity
	b. The cessation of brain activity and breathing
	c. The cessation of the heartbeat
	d. The cessation of brain activity, breathing, and the heartbeat

.