PSYCH305-FinalExam-Answers

B.F. Skinner is to ______________ conditioning as Ivan Pavlov is to _________________ conditioning.

Choose one answer.

	a. behavioral, operant
	b. classical, operant
	c. social, classical
	d. operant, classical
	e. behavioral, classical

Question 2

Functionalism can be defined as:

Choose one answer.

	a. belief that consciousnesss is a legitimate area of study.
	b. verbal exchange is the most important aspect of learning.
	c. direct observation of behavior is the most important.
	d. mental processes help humans adapt.

Question 3

In learning theory, learning is also a form of:

Choose one answer.

	a. Transfer.
	b. Insight.
	c. Change.
	d. Behavior.
	e. All of the above

Question 4

Structuralism can be defined as:

Choose one answer.

	a. belief that consciousness is a legitimate area of study.
	b. verbal exchange is the most important aspect of learning.
	c. direct observation of behavior is the most important.
	d. mental processes help humans adapt.

Question 5

The major theorist associated with behaviorist perspectives is:

Choose one answer.

	a. Skinner.
	b. Vygostsky.
	c. Piaget.
	d. Maslow.

Question 6

The major theorist associated with cognitivist perspectives is:

Choose one answer.

	a. Pavlov.
	b. Vygostsky.
	c. Piaget.
	d. Maslow.

Question 7

The major theorist associated with constructivist perspectives is:

Choose one answer.

	a. Pavlov.
	b. Vygostsky.
	c. Piaget.
	d. Maslow.

Question 8

The major theorist associated with humanistic perspectives is:

Choose one answer.

	a. Pavlov.
	b. Vygostsky.
	c. Piaget.
	d. Maslow.

Question 9

The major theorist associated with social constructivism is:

Choose one answer.

	a. Skinner.
	b. Vygostsky.
	c. Piaget.
	d. Maslow.

Question 10

Which of the following are critical issues associated with learning theory?

Choose one answer.

	a. Role of memory
	b. Transfer of knowledge
	c. motivation
	d. Self regulation
	e. All of the above

Question 11

Which of the following is not a critical issue associated with learning theory?

Choose one answer.

	a. Role of memory
	b. Transfer of knowledge
	c. Self regulation
	d. Role of neurochemicals in ADHD
	e. All of the above

Question 12

Which of the following theorists is most associated with structuralism?

Choose one answer.

	a. Freud
	b. Titchener
	c. Maybell
	d. Ebbinhaus
	e. None of the above

Question 13

Which of the following theorists is most associated with functionalism?

Choose one answer.

	a. Freud
	b. Titchener
	c. James
	d. Ebbinhaus
	e. None of the above

Question 14

“Survival of the fittest” proposes that genetic adaptions produce:

Choose one answer.

	a. Behaviors that aid in survival.
	b. Changes in thought processes related to religion.
	c. Digestive predispositions to flora.
	d. Secondary sources of knowledge.

Question 15

Single case designs are most helpful in determining:

Choose one answer.

	a. Unique circumstances based on the classroom group.
	b. Unique circumstances based on the individual.
	c. Group preferences.
	d. System processes.

Question 16

Which of the following is considered the first proponent of the “whole child” method of teaching?

Choose one answer.

	a. Dewey
	b. Skinner
	c. Pavlov
	d. Piaget

Question 17

Which of the following is least likely to incur strict scientific methods?

Choose one answer.

	a. Traditional experimental studies
	b. Ethnographic research
	c. Informal observations
	d. Case studies

Question 18

Which of the following is more likely to be associated with an individual subject?

Choose one answer.

	a. Random assignment
	b. Case study
	c. Ethnographic research
	d. Longitudinal study

Question 19

Which of the following is most likely to be associated with professional standards and behaviors?

Choose one answer.

	a. Ethical principles
	b. Religious values
	c. Family doctrines
	d. Classroom rules

Question 20

Which of the following is most likely to incur strict scientific methods?

Choose one answer.

	a. Traditional experimental studies
	b. Ethnographic research
	c. Informal observations
	d. Case studies

Question 21

The Law of Effect can be defined as:

Choose one answer.

	a. The more responses to the stimulus, the longer they will last.
	b. A positive response strengthens reinforcement while negative response weakens reinforcement.
	c. Certain conduction units, in a given situation, are more predisposed to conduct than others.
	d. None of the above

Question 22

The Law of readiness can be defined as:

Choose one answer.

	a. The more responses to the stimulus, the longer they will last.
	b. A positive response strengthens reinforcement while negative response weakens reinforcement.
	c. Certain conduction units, in a given situation, are more predisposed to conduct than others.
	d. None of the above

Question 23

The Law of Repetition can be defined as:

Choose one answer.

	a. The more responses to the stimulus, the longer they will last.
	b. A positive response strengthens reinforcement while negative response weakens reinforcement.
	c. Certain conduction units, in a given situation, are more predisposed to conduct than others.
	d. None of the above

Question 24

Which of the following is most associated with Thorndike?

Choose one answer.

	a. Law of Effect
	b. Law of Conformation
	c. Law of Superstition
	d. All of the above

Question 25

Contingency and contiguity are differentiated by assessing:

Choose one answer.

	a. If responding has an effect on the reinforcement.
	b. If reinforcement has an effect the stimulus.
	c. If the organism reacts to the stimulus quickly.
	d. None of the above

Question 26

Contingency is achieved when:

Choose one answer.

	a. Responding has an effect on the reinforcement.
	b. If reinforcement has an effect the stimulus.
	c. If the organism reacts to the stimulus quickly.
	d. None of the above

Question 27

Antecedents can be defined as:

Choose one answer.

	a. Environmental conditions or stimulus changes that occur after the behavior of interest.
	b. Environmental conditions or stimulus changes that occur prior to the behavior of interest.
	c. Environmental conditions or stimulus changes that occur during the behavior of interest.
	d. None of the above

Question 28

Primary reinforcers can be defined as:

Choose one answer.

	a. anything that provides reinforcement after several years of learning.
	b. anything that provides reinforcement without the need for learning to an organism.
	c. human to human interactive learning.
	d. conditioned reinforcement.

Question 29

Research confirms spanking and corporal punishment are ___________.

Choose one answer.

	a. generally more effective than non-violent forms of discipline.
	b. advisable in many situations.
	c. generally less effective than non-violent forms of discipline.
	d. effective forms of discipline.

Question 30

Secondary reinforcers can be defined as:

Choose one answer.

	a. anything that provides reinforcement after several years of learning.
	b. anything that provides reinforcement without the need for learning to an organism.
	c. human to human interactive learning.
	d. conditioned reinforcement.

Question 31

In John Watson’s famous experiment, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, but he also demonstrated a fear of other furry, white objects. This is an example of:

Choose one answer.

	a. Phobic behavior.
	b. Stimulus discrimination.
	c. Stimulus generalization.
	d. Superstitious behavior.

Question 32

In Skinner’s view,_____________________shape behavior.

Choose one answer.

	a. the id and the ego
	b. modeling and rewards
	c. rewards and punishments
	d. modeling and punishment
	e. the ego and the superego

Question 33

Which of the following is a response to stimuli after the stimuli has been paired with an unconditioned stimuli?

Choose one answer.

	a. UCR
	b. CR
	c. UCS
	d. CS
	e. None of the above

Question 34

Which of the following is a response to stimuli before the stimuli has been paired with an unconditioned stimuli?

Choose one answer.

	a. UCR
	b. CR
	c. UCS
	d. CS
	e. None of the above

Question 35

Which of the following is an innate or automatic response to environmental stimuli?

Choose one answer.

	a. UCR
	b. CR
	c. UCS
	d. CS
	e. None of the above

Question 36

Which of the following is most likely to use the following terms “unconditioned stimulus”?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cognitive behavior theory
	b. Classical conditioning theory
	c. Operant conditioning theory
	d. Social learning theory

Question 37

Which of the following is most likely to use the following terms “respondent”?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cognitive behavior theory
	b. Classical conditioning theory
	c. Operant conditioning theory
	d. Social learning theory

Question 38

Complete the following statement, “brain ________ suggests that early childhood education is important and that interventions should be tailored to specific needs.”

Choose one answer.

	a. Research
	b. Emissions
	c. Bilateralism
	d. Sectionism

Question 39

Which of the following is not a step of the scientific method?

Choose one answer.

	a. Ask a Question
	b. Do Background Research
	c. Construct a Hypothesis
	d. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment
	e. All of the above are steps.

Question 40

Who is considered the father of modern behaviorism?

Choose one answer.

	a. Vankleef
	b. Baumaster
	c. Watson
	d. Skinner

Question 41

According to behavioral approaches, which of the following is the most effective way to change behavior?

Choose one answer.

	a. Punishment
	b. Positive reinforcement
	c. Negative reinforcement
	d. Ignore the behavior
	e. Spanking

Question 42

According to behaviorists, stopping the reinforcement of an established behavior leads to:

Choose one answer.

	a. extinction
	b. discrimination
	c. generalization
	d. modeling

Question 43

Habits are:

Choose one answer.

	a. innate memories.
	b. biological predispositions.
	c. genetically predetermined.
	d. learned dispositions to repeat past responses.

Question 44

In operant conditioning, extinction is defined as:

Choose one answer.

	a. preventing the punishment from application
	b. reinforcing on a variable schedule
	c. no longer applying reinforcers
	d. None of the above

Question 45

Spanking is generally used as a/an:

Choose one answer.

	a. punishment.
	b. positive reinforcement.
	c. negative reinforcement.
	d. ignore the behavior.
	e. spanking.

Question 46

The seatbelt chime system is an example of:

Choose one answer.

	a. punishment.
	b. positive reinforcement.
	c. negative reinforcement.
	d. ignore the behavior.
	e. spanking.

Question 47

Time-out, if used appropriately, should function as:

Choose one answer.

	a. negative reinforcement.
	b. positive reinforcement.
	c. punishment.
	d. All of the above
	e. None of the above

Question 48

Using the Premack principle would be described in which of the following statements:

Choose one answer.

	a. You may have extra time on the computer after you finish your playtime.
	b. You may have playtime after you finish your homework.
	c. If you finish your homework, I will be proud of you.
	d. If you finish your homework, you will be a good role model for your brother.

Question 49

You always clean your room to get your weekly allowance. Your behavior is influenced by ___________________ .

Choose one answer.

	a. negative reinforcement
	b. positive reinforcement
	c. punishment
	d. private reprimands
	e. None of the above

Question 50

You finally take the garbage out in order to get your father to stop pestering you. Your behavior is influenced by ___________________ .

Choose one answer.

	a. negative reinforcement
	b. positive reinforcement
	c. punishment
	d. private reprimands
	e. None of the above

Question 51

Bi-weekly paychecks are on the __________ type of reinforcement schedule.

Choose one answer.

	a. fixed ratio
	b. time based ratio
	c. variable ratio
	d. time based variable

Question 52

If you react to a white bunny because it reminds you of your childhood white teddy bear, this is most similar to:

Choose one answer.

	a. discrimination.
	b. generalization.
	c. stop loss.
	d. motivation.

Question 53

If you realize that an addition problem would most effectively be worked as a multiplication problem, this is most similar to:

Choose one answer.

	a. discrimination.
	b. generalization.
	c. stop loss.
	d. motivation.

Question 54

Responses to which of the following type of reinforcement schedule is most difficult to extinguish?

Choose one answer.

	a. Fixed ratio
	b. Time based ratio
	c. Variable Ratio
	d. Time based variable

Question 55

Schedules of reinforcement are defined as the _________________ of how often and when reinforcements are applied to behavior.

Choose one answer.

	a. Likelihood
	b. Contingency
	c. Similarity
	d. Pattern

Question 56

Slot machines are on the __________ type of reinforcement schedule.

Choose one answer.

	a. fixed ratio
	b. time based ratio
	c. variable ratio
	d. time based variable

Question 57

Mentorship and role model programs, such as Big Brothers/Big Sisters are based on the positive benefits of:

Choose one answer.

	a. vicarious learning.
	b. self and other discrimination.
	c. negative reinforcement.
	d. positive reinforcement.

Question 58

The theorist most associated with social learning theory is:

Choose one answer.

	a. Jung.
	b. Maslow.
	c. Bandura.
	d. Skinner.

Question 59

Using role models and mentoring are based on the theory of:

Choose one answer.

	a. adult compassion.
	b. child aggression.
	c. vicarious learning.
	d. symbolic interaction.
	e. None of the above

Question 60

Vicarious learning can also be described as:

Choose one answer.

	a. discrimination.
	b. observational learning.
	c. transfer.
	d. motivation.

Question 61

According to ecological theory, which of the following systems relate to individual development?

Choose one answer.

	a. Microsystems
	b. Macrosystems
	c. Exosystems
	d. Chronosystems

Question 62

According to ecological theory, which of the following systems relate to communication between microsystems?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mesoystems
	b. Macrosystems
	c. Exosystems
	d. Chronosystems

Question 63

According to ecological theory, which of the following systems relate to indirect influence of systems?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mesoystems
	b. Macrosystems
	c. Exosystems
	d. Chronosystems

Question 64

According to ecological theory, which of the following systems relate to the influence of culture on an individual?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mesoystems
	b. Macrosystems
	c. Exosystems
	d. Chronosystems

Question 65

Adults are most likely to have the religion of their:

Choose one answer.

	a. Peers.
	b. Parents.
	c. College Roommates.
	d. Best Friends.

Question 66

After parents, the most influential group on teenagers is the __________ group.

Choose one answer.

	a. Sibling
	b. Church
	c. Peer
	d. Neighborhood

Question 67

After peers, the most influential group on teenagers is the __________ group.

Choose one answer.

	a. Sibling
	b. Church
	c. Parents
	d. Neighborhood

Question 68

Cultural traditions are captured by:

Choose one answer.

	a. mesosystem.
	b. chronosystem.
	c. microsystem.
	d. macrosystem.

Question 69

Individual intellect is captured by:

Choose one answer.

	a. mesosystem.
	b. exosystem.
	c. microsystem.
	d. macrosystem.

Question 70

Neighborhood friends are a subset of:

Choose one answer.

	a. cliques.
	b. groups.
	c. peers.
	d. siblings.

Question 71

Parent/school relationships are captured by:

Choose one answer.

	a. mesosystem.
	b. exosystem.
	c. chronosystem.
	d. macrosystem.

Question 72

Quality of public transportation is captured by:

Choose one answer.

	a. mesosystem.
	b. exosystem.
	c. microsystem.
	d. macrosystem.

Question 73

Which of the following theorists is most associated with Ecological theory?

Choose one answer.

	a. Vygotsky
	b. Thorndike
	c. Freud
	d. Bronfrenbrenner

Question 74

According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning should focus on:

Choose one answer.

	a. what we finally decide
	b. how many people we harm
	c. consequences of our actions
	d. why we choose a behavior

Question 75

According to Piaget, cognitive development occurs in which of the following stages and order?

Choose one answer.

	a. Preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operations, concrete operations.
	b. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations.
	c. Formal operations, concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoporational.
	d. Depends upon the culture of the child.

Question 76

According to Vygotsky, students can learn in the following situations:

Choose one answer.

	a. Peer to peer.
	b. Teacher to student.
	c. Group to individual.
	d. Novice to expert.
	e. All of the above

Question 77

If an adolescent decides not take illegal drugs because it would contribute to the desperate living conditions of orphaned children in South America, his/her moral reasoning would be considered:

Choose one answer.

	a. preconventional.
	b. conventional.
	c. postconventional.
	d. utilitarian.

Question 78

In Kohlberg's theory there are _____ levels, with each level having ______ stages.

Choose one answer.

	a. 2; 3
	b. 3; 2
	c. 3; 3
	d. 4; 2
	e. 4; 3

Question 79

Lucy says she doesn't cheat on her exam because it would make her a bad girl. According to Kohlberg's theory, this demonstrates which level of moral development?

Choose one answer.

	a. autonomous
	b. conventional
	c. justice perspective
	d. preconventional

Question 80

Merilee says she doesn't hit her younger brother because if she did hit him she would get punished. According to Kohlberg's theory, this demonstrates which level of moral development?

Choose one answer.

	a. autonomous
	b. conventional
	c. justice perspective
	d. preconventional

Question 81

The concrete operations stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is associated with:

Choose one answer.

	a. Object permanence.
	b. Abstract reasoning.
	c. Development of language.
	d. Compensation.

Question 82

The formal operations stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is associated with:

Choose one answer.

	a. Object permanence.
	b. Abstract reasoning.
	c. Development of language.
	d. Compensation.

Question 83

The preoperations stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is associated with:

Choose one answer.

	a. Object permanence.
	b. Abstract reasoning.
	c. Development of language.
	d. Compensation.

Question 84

The sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is associated with:

Choose one answer.

	a. Object permanence.
	b. Abstract reasoning.
	c. Development of language.
	d. Compensation.

Question 85

The use of cues and prompts to advance a learner is called:

Choose one answer.

	a. Inference.
	b. Implication.
	c. Scaffolding.
	d. Peer to peer sharing.

Question 86

Vicarious learning is also known as:

Choose one answer.

	a. Reinforcement.
	b. Punishment.
	c. Observational learning.
	d. Tertiary guidance.

Question 87

Who first coined the term “scaffolding” within educational contexts?

Choose one answer.

	a. Thorndyke
	b. Piaget
	c. Vygostky
	d. Aristotle

Question 88

According to research, which of the following is least effective in managing behavior?

Choose one answer.

	a. spanking
	b. rewards
	c. time out
	d. boot camp

Question 89

According to research, which of the following is most effective in managing behavior?

Choose one answer.

	a. spanking
	b. rewards
	c. time out
	d. boot camp

Question 90

Acting-out is rewarded through:

Choose one answer.

	a. punishment.
	b. attention.
	c. information.
	d. neglect.

Question 91

After-school detention is considered a:

Choose one answer.

	a. punishment.
	b. reward.
	c. conditioned stimulus.
	d. extracurricular activity.

Question 92

Door-to-door sales is typically on the __________ type of reinforcement schedule.

Choose one answer.

	a. fixed ratio
	b. time based ratio
	c. variable ratio
	d. time based variable

Question 93

When we hear the doorbell and we walk to the door, the “walk to the door” can be considered the:

Choose one answer.

	a. Conditioned response.
	b. Unconditioned response.
	c. Conditioned stimulus.
	d. Unconditioned stimulus.

Question 94

When we hear the doorbell and we walk to the door, the “doorbell” can be considered the:

Choose one answer.

	a. Conditioned response.
	b. Unconditioned response.
	c. Conditioned stimulus.
	d. Unconditioned stimulus.

Question 95

Which of the following common quotes most relates to social learning theory?

Choose one answer.

	a. All things in time.
	b. Birds of a feather flock together.
	c. No two snowflakes are alike.
	d. None of the above

Question 96

____________________ is a phenomenon in which people predict the frequency of an event based on how easily an example can be brought to mind.

Choose one answer.

	a. Confirmation bias
	b. Hindsight bias
	c. Availability heuristic
	d. Overconfidence bias
	e. None of the above

Question 97

____________________ is a phenomenon in which people favor information which supports their beliefs.

Choose one answer.

	a. Confirmation bias
	b. Hindsight bias
	c. Availability heuristic
	d. confirmation bias
	e. None of the above

Question 98

____________________ is a phenomenon in which people tend to view events as more predictable than they really are.

Choose one answer.

	a. Confirmation bias
	b. Hindsight bias
	c. Availability heuristic
	d. confirmation bias
	e. None of the above

Question 99

“Sex sells” is common approach among marketing and advertising that associates:

Choose one answer.

	a. Product and tension.
	b. Product and pleasure.
	c. Product and behavior.
	d. Product and sexism.