Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. Perception is mostly a function of the __________________, while sensation has to do mostly with our __________________.

	a. Brain, receptors
	b. Eye, cortex
	c. Hair cells, cognition
	d. Receptors, brain

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. The idea that sensory information is "sufficient" is called ________________ perception, and the notion that sensory information is "insufficient" is called ________________ perception.

	a. Indirect, direct
	b. Holistic, traditional
	c. Direct, indirect
	d. Traditional, holistic

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From studying many phenomena, it is clear that what we view as “reality” is really an interpretation or translation of what actually exists. This contradicts which of the following views of perception?

	a. Jamesian
	b. Gestalt
	c. Berkeleyian
	d. Gibsonian

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How do we know that the Gibsonian view of perception is not the “whole story”?

	a. Because direct perception usually provides too much information
	b. Because we never have to do more than simply extract the information from the stimulus
	c. Because sometimes we do not perceive the world the way it really is
	d. Because perception is essentially passive

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In general, where are a predator's eyes likely to be located?

	a. In the front of the head to maximize forward vision
	b. On the sides of the head to maximize peripheral vision
	c. Near the top of the head to maximize upward vision
	d. Near the bottom of the head to maximize downward vision

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Researchers sometimes refer to our sense of balance as which of the following?

	a. Equilibrioception
	b. Somatosensation
	c. Proprioception
	d. Echo-location

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What is the process of sensing the position of our bodies in space called?

	a. Proprioception
	b. Somatosensation
	c. Equilibration
	d. Echo-location

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What type of processing is reflected in the fact that our prior knowledge, expectations, and context often influence our perceptions?

	a. Direct processing
	b. Bottom-up processing
	c. Indirect processing
	d. Top-down processing

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Which view suggests that our perceptions are elaborate and rich, because our environment is elaborate and rich?

	a. Empiricist
	b. Information-processing
	c. Computational
	d. Ecological

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“Data-driven processing” is also known as which of the following?

	a. Direct processing
	b. Indirect processing
	c. Top-down processing
	d. Bottom-up processing

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. While __________________ is the process of knowing there is something "out there," __________________ involves the interpretation of that input, giving it meaning and organization.

	a. Sensation, perception
	b. Perception, sensation
	c. Cognition, sensation
	d. Cognition, perception

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An experimenter asks you to make judgments about the loudness of tones. You hear a "reference" tone and are told that the loudness is 100. Based on the reference, your task is to assign a numerical value to a number of other tones. What kind of method is this?

	a. Constant stimuli
	b. Distance estimation
	c. Adjustment
	d. Magnitude estimation

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. In signal detection theory, a decision that the signal is present when in fact it is not is a __________________.

	a. False alarm
	b. Correct rejection
	c. Hit
	d. Miss

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. Questions about how strong a stimulus has to be for a person to be able to perceive it involves issues of __________________.

	a. Magnitude estimation
	b. Discrimination
	c. Detection
	d. Manipulation

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. Researchers call the ability to determine if two stimuli are the same or different __________________.

	a. Detection
	b. Estimation
	c. Forced-choice
	d. Discrimination

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. Scientists sometimes call the discrimination threshold the __________________.

	a. JND
	b. Discriminant difference
	c. Absolute sensitivity
	d. Detection point

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. The _________________ threshold is the smallest amount of something that you can perceive.

	a. Absolute
	b. Relative
	c. Difference
	d. Discrimination

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. Whereas Weber's law deals with threshold-level stimulation, __________________ Law extended this to include stimulation a suprathreshold levels.

	a. Stevens'
	b. Gibson's
	c. Fechner's
	d. Gestalt

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In psychophysics, what is the point at which an observer adjusts one stimulus to match another called?

	a. Point of subjective equality
	b. Point of discriminant ability
	c. Magnitude estimation point
	d. Distance point

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In signal detection theory, we make a distinction between the signal and which of the following?

	a. Stimulus
	b. Forced choice
	c. Miss
	d. Background noise

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In which of the following methods do we present stimuli in a series of ascending and descending “staircases”?

	a. Limits
	b. Constant stimuli
	c. Magnitude estimation
	d. Different distances

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What is the ability to determine if two stimuli are the same or different called?

	a. Detection
	b. Estimation
	c. Forced-choice
	d. Discrimination

.

What is the collective term for describing the research techniques of sensation and perception?

	a. Perceptuo-sensory research
	b. Psychiatry
	c. Psychology
	d. Psychophysics

.

What occurs when an observer does not detect a signal that is actually present?

	a. A miss
	b. A false alarm
	c. A correct rejection
	d. A hit

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Which of the following is involved in detecting the difference between two very similar stimuli?

	a. Magnitude estimation
	b. Detection
	c. Discrimination
	d. Manipulation

.

Which of the following is NOT a psychophysical method?

	a. Method of limits
	b. Method of constant stimuli
	c. Method of adjustment
	d. Method of stimulus change

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Which of the following methods allows the observer to control the intensity of the stimulus directly to determine their threshold level?

	a. Constant stimuli
	b. Distance estimation
	c. Magnitude estimation
	d. Adjustment

.

Which of the following psychophysical methods was developed to address the issue of observers indicating they could detect a stimulus when, in fact, they could not?

	a. Method of constant stimuli
	b. Forced choice
	c. Magnitude estimation
	d. Method of limits

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Which of the following statements best describes what happens in a typical forced choice procedure?

	a. A stimulus is presented in a series of ascending and descending intensity "staircases."
	b. A stimulus is presented in one of two different time intervals or locations, and the observer must indicate the one in which it was detected.
	c. The observer controls the intensity of the stimulus directly to determine their threshold level.
	d. A stimulus is presented in a series of trials with randomly changing intensity levels.

.

What is the primary experimental method of Steven's law?

	a. Method of constant stimuli
	b. Magnitude estimation
	c. Forced choice
	d. Method of limits

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Which law ultimately updated and replaced Fechner's Law?

	a. Weber's Law
	b. Stevens' Law
	c. Helmholtz's Law
	d. Gibson's Law

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Which of the following statements best summarizes Weber's Law?

	a. Each just noticeable difference is exactly the same size.
	b. When the intensity of the stimulus is doubled, the just noticeable difference is squared.
	c. The just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the stimulus.
	d. The just noticeable difference is the same for all stimulus intensities.

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Which of the following theories attempts to address the role of decision-making in sensation and perception?

	a. Perceptual constancy theory
	b. Trichromatic theory
	c. Opponent-process theory
	d. Signal detection theory

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At the point where the axons of the retinal ganglion cells exit the eyeball as the optic nerve, humans have which of the following?

	a. A red spot
	b. An optical inversion
	c. A blind spot
	d. A magnification spot

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. In normal vision, an inverted image of what you are looking at is focused on your __________________.

	a. Lens
	b. Pupil
	c. Iris
	d. Retina

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. Rods and cones transduce light energy by means of chemical substances called __________________.

	a. Vitreous
	b. Pupils
	c. Photopigments
	d. Transmitters

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. The optic nerves contain the axons of the retinal __________________.

	a. Amacrine cells
	b. Receptors
	c. Ganglion cells
	d. Horizontal cells

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. Light adaptation takes about __________________, and dark adaptation takes about __________________.

	a. 30 minutes, 1 minute
	b. 60 minutes, 30 minutes
	c. 1 minute, 60 minutes
	d. 1 minute, 30 minutes

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. The ganglion cells from the left half of the left eye go to the __________________ hemisphere. The ganglion cells from the left half of the right eye go to the __________________ hemisphere

	a. Left, right
	b. Left, left
	c. Right, right
	d. Right, left

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Experiments on dark adaptation have shown which of the following results?

	a. Cones adapt more rapidly than rods.
	b. Rods adapt more rapidly than cones.
	c. Cones have a low threshold.
	d. All of the above

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If you suffer a strong blow to the back of your head, you often have a visual sensation, such as “seeing stars.” What is the reason for this?

	a. Because the primary cortical visual center is in your frontal lobes
	b. Because the primary cortical visual center is in your temporal lobes
	c. Because the primary cortical visual center is in your parietal lobes
	d. Because the primary cortical visual center is in your occipital lobes

.

What is the "window" through which light enters the eye called?

	a. Pupil
	b. Iris
	c. Sclera
	d. Lens

.

What is the external covering of the eye called?

	a. Pupil
	b. Lens
	c. Fovea
	d. Cornea

.

What is the point in the brain where the optic tracts from the eyes cross to the opposite hemisphere?

	a. Optic chiasm
	b. Optic locus
	c. Lateral geniculate
	d. Primary visual cortex

.

What is the primary photopigment in rods?

	a. Vitreous humor
	b. Poly-opsin
	c. Rhodopsin
	d. Triopsin

.

What is the range of wavelengths on the visible spectrum?

	a. 200nm (red) to 500nm (violet)
	b. 400nm (violet) to 700nm (red)
	c. 200nm (violet) to 500nm (red)
	d. 400nm (red) to 700nm (violet)

.

What part of the eye changes shape to focus an image exactly on the retina?

	a. Pupil
	b. Sclera
	c. Fovea
	d. Lens

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Where are the receptors for human vision located?

	a. At the rear of the retina (towards the brain)
	b. Throughout the layers of the retina
	c. Immediately behind and next to the lens
	d. In the front of the retina (towards the front of the eyeball)

.

Where does the left hemisphere of the brain receive information from?

	a. Left visual field only
	b. Right visual field only
	c. Left half of each eye
	d. Right eye only

.

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

	a. Frontal lobes
	b. Occipital lobes
	c. Parietal lobes
	d. Temporal lobes

.

Which of the following best describes the path of information in the visual system?

	a. Cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, brain
	b. Ganglion cells, cones, bipolar cells, brain
	c. Bipolar cells, ganglion cells, cones, brain
	d. Bipolar cells, cones, ganglion cells, brain

.

Which of the following physical characteristics of light is associated with perceived brightness?

	a. Amplitude
	b. Purity
	c. Wavelength
	d. Hue

.

Which of the following statements about cones and rods is true?

	a. Rods are optimized for detecting fine details in a visual stimulus.
	b. Cones are optimized for detecting fine details in a visual stimulus.
	c. Cones are optimized for detecting the intensity of light.
	d. Rods and cones are equally important for seeing in low-light conditions.

.

Which of the following statements about cones is false?

	a. They are located mostly in the peripheral areas of the retina.
	b. They provide our color perception.
	c. They operate most efficiently under dim lighting.
	d. They rely on several photopigments.

.

Which of the following statements about rods is true?

	a. They are located mostly in the peripheral areas of the retina.
	b. They provide our color perception.
	c. They operate most efficiently under daylight conditions.
	d. They are responsible for our ability to perceive fine detail.

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Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of cones?

	a. Cones are optimized to detect the presence or absence of light and long wavelengths.
	b. Cones are optimized to detect the presence or absence of light, as well as movement in our peripheral vision.
	c. Cones are optimized to detect the presence or absence of light and visual detail.
	d. Cones are optimized to detect the presence or absence of light and contrast.

.

Which of the following visual disorders is due to a buildup of pressure within the eye?

	a. Astigmatism
	b. Cataract
	c. Glaucoma
	d. Amblyopia

.

Which structure opens and closes to let more or less light enter the eye?

	a. Lens
	b. Pupil
	c. Retina
	d. Iris

.

Seeing with two eyes is called what type of vision?

	a. Orbocular
	b. Semi-ocular
	c. Binocular
	d. Monocular

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. A(n) __________________ is a person who has trichromatic vision, but one of the cone pigments is abnormal.

	a. Dichromat
	b. Trichromat
	c. Anomalous trichromat
	d. Protanope

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. Mixing blue and yellow paint to get green is an example of __________________.

	a. Subtractive color mixture
	b. Chromatic color mixture
	c. Additive color mixture
	d. Chromatic cancellation

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. Mixing pigments is a form of ________________ color mixture. Mixing lights is a form of _________________ color mixture.

	a. Subtractive, additive
	b. Sensory, perceptual
	c. Additive, subtractive
	d. Real, virtual

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Light at which part of the frequency spectrum generally produces the perception of deep red colors?

	a. Middle
	b. Low end
	c. High end
	d. None of the above

.

The three opponent channels in color vision include which of the following?

	a. Red-green, black-white, and blue-yellow
	b. Black-white, blue-red, and green-yellow
	c. Grey-blue, black-red, and white-yellow
	d. Green-teal, black-white, and blue-yellow

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What is our tendency to use the same color name for an object despite changes in the wavelength of the light illuminating the object called?

	a. The McCullough effect
	b. Metamer
	c. Purkinje shift
	d. Color constancy

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What is the idea that we perceive color through the combination of information from three cone types?

	a. Triponency
	b. Opponent processes
	c. Trichromacy
	d. Pentameters

.

What is the visual receptor that is maximally sensitive to short wavelengths sometimes referred to as?

	a. Red cone
	b. White cone
	c. Blue cone
	d. Green cone

.

Which of the following is a way in which we use illusions, such as optical illusions?

	a. For entertainment
	b. For purposefully confusing our perceptions
	c. For doing research on how perception works
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following is NOT a dimension of color experience?

	a. Hue
	b. Saturation
	c. Brightness
	d. Focus

.

Which of the following physical characteristics of light is associated with perceived color?

	a. Wavelength
	b. Amplitude
	c. Purity
	d. Hue

.

Which of the following statements about Opponent-Process Theory is true?

	a. It suggests that information from the cones is combined into three opponent channels.
	b. It suggests that information from the rods is combined into three opponent channels.
	c. It suggests that information from the rods is combined into two opponent channels.
	d. It suggests that information from the amacrine cells is combined into two opponent channels.

.

Which of the following phenomena clearly illustrate that what we perceive is NOT always what is “there”?

	a. Binocular vision
	b. Depth perception
	c. Illusions
	d. Monocular vision

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. We experience the frequency of a sound wave as __________________.

	a. Pitch
	b. Loudness
	c. Location
	d. Timbre

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. In the cochlea, the base of the basilar membrane responds more to _________________ frequencies and the apex responds more to _________________ frequencies.

	a. High, low
	b. Low, high
	c. High, middle
	d. Low, middle

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. The actual receptors for sound are the _________________, located on the _________________ in the cochlea.

	a. Hair cells, organ of Corti
	b. Ossicles, oval window
	c. Ossicles, hair cells
	d. Malleus, tympanic membrane

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In the cochlea, which of the following vibrates in response to an auditory stimulus?

	a. Hair cells
	b. Basilar membrane
	c. Organ of Corti
	d. All of the above

.

The ossicles include which of the following bones?

	a. Malleus, incus, and stapes
	b. Stapes, oval window, and tympanic membrane
	c. Oval window, incus, and round window
	d. Malleus, stapes, and cochlea

.

What are the three small bones of the middle ear collectively called?

	a. Ossicles
	b. Tympanic membrane
	c. Oval window
	d. Cochlea

.

What is the snail-shaped structure in the inner ear, which is home to our auditory receptors, called?

	a. Cochlea
	b. Oval window
	c. Traveling wave
	d. Tympanic membrane

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. We experience the amplitude of a sound wave as _________________.

	a. Pitch
	b. Loudness
	c. Location
	d. Timbre

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. The shooting pain down the left arm often experienced during a heart attack is an example of ___________________.

	a. Localized pain
	b. Referred pain
	c. Sensory pain
	d. Phantom pain

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What are the ridges and contours on the tongue that contain our taste receptors called?

	a. Buds
	b. Raw nerve endings
	c. Papillae
	d. Grooves of Dickter

.

What is the main evolutionary function of our gustatory system?

	a. To make eating pleasurable
	b. To increase our desire to eat
	c. To protect us from unsafe foods
	d. To provide us with a narrow range of taste sensations

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What is the name given to the taste of the salts of certain acids, such as monosodium glutamate (MSG)?

	a. Sweet and sour
	b. Bitter
	c. Umami
	d. Sour

.

Which of the following best describes the main purpose of touch?

	a. To provide pleasurable sensations
	b. To inform you what is happening on the surface of your body
	c. To detect pain
	d. To detect moisture

.

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary tastes?

	a. Sweet
	b. Sour
	c. Fruity
	d. Bitter

.

Which of the following is the primary function of pain?

	a. To make us stronger
	b. To inform us that our tissues are being damaged
	c. To make pleasure more pleasurable
	d. To detect temperature

.

Which of the following receptors responds to temperature changes across the skin?

	a. Nocioceptors
	b. Thermoreceptors
	c. Mechanoreceptors
	d. Dermoreceptors

.

Which of the following sensory systems does NOT involve a hair-like receptor?

	a. Olfaction
	b. Audition
	c. Gustation
	d. Vision

.

Which sensory/perceptual system has a close link to emotion and memory?

	a. Somatosensation
	b. Vision
	c. Auditory
	d. Olfaction

.

You are walking somewhere, on a street or in a mall, for example, and suddenly you have a rich, almost "real" memory of something very important or special from your childhood. What sensory system has most probably just been stimulated?

	a. Somatosensation
	b. Olfaction
	c. Audition
	d. Vision

.

Smell is critically important to what other sensory system?

	a. Vision
	b. Touch
	c. Hearing
	d. Taste

.

At birth, how do the nerve cells and connections of an infant's brain compare to that of an adult’s brain?

	a. The infant’s brain has about the same number of nerve cells and connections as adults do.
	b. The infant’s brain has more nerve cells and connections than adults do.
	c. The infant’s brain has fewer nerve cells and connections as adults.
	d. The infant’s brain has fewer connections but more nerve cells than adults do.

.

At birth, what is the state of the human visual system?

	a. It is fully mature.
	b. It is almost completely un-formed.
	c. It is relatively intact but needs visual experience to complete its development.
	d. It is about the same as a five-year old’s visual system.

.

During the first year of life, what is the state of human sensory/perceptual systems?

	a. They do not change very much.
	b. They generally mature, except for vision which is mature at birth.
	c. They actually become slightly less sensitive.
	d. They mature, due to actual sensory/perceptual experience.

.

In general, as we move from middle to old age, our sensory/perceptual systems do which of the following?

	a. Do not change very much
	b. Exhibit increased sensitivity
	c. Slowly shut down completely
	d. Become less sensitive

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Infants seem to be especially well-prepared for perceiving which of the following?

	a. Faces
	b. Checkerboard patterns
	c. Distance
	d. Size

.

When does the human auditory system first experience sound?

	a. At birth
	b. At approximately two weeks of age
	c. In the womb
	d. Within an hour after birth

.

Which of the following is a common research method for investigating vision in infants?

	a. Neutral stimulation
	b. Learned helplessness
	c. Preferential looking
	d. Neonatal conditioning

.

Most newborns have a preference for which of the following?

	a. Neutral tastes
	b. Sour tastes
	c. Sweet tastes
	d. Salty tastes

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