Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. Perception is mostly a function of the __________________, while sensation has to do mostly with our __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Brain, receptors
	b. Eye, cortex
	c. Hair cells, cognition
	d. Receptors, brain

Question 2

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. The idea that sensory information is "sufficient" is called ________________ perception, and the notion that sensory information is "insufficient" is called ________________ perception.

Choose one answer.

	a. Indirect, direct
	b. Holistic, traditional
	c. Direct, indirect
	d. Traditional, holistic

Question 3

From studying many phenomena, it is clear that what we view as "reality" is really an interpretation or translation of what actually exists. This contradicts which of the following views of perception?

Choose one answer.

	a. Jamesian
	b. Gestalt
	c. Berkeleyian
	d. Gibsonian

Question 4

How do we know that the Gibsonian view of perception is not the "whole story"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because direct perception usually provides too much information
	b. Because we never have to do more than simply extract the information from the stimulus
	c. Because sometimes we do not perceive the world the way it really is
	d. Because perception is essentially passive

Question 5

In general, where are a predator's eyes likely to be located?

Choose one answer.

	a. In the front of the head to maximize forward vision
	b. On the sides of the head to maximize peripheral vision
	c. Near the top of the head to maximize upward vision
	d. Near the bottom of the head to maximize downward vision

Question 6

Researchers sometimes refer to our sense of balance as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Equilibrioception
	b. Somatosensation
	c. Proprioception
	d. Echo-location

Question 7

What is the process of sensing the position of our bodies in space called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Proprioception
	b. Somatosensation
	c. Equilibration
	d. Echo-location

Question 8

What type of processing is reflected in the fact that our prior knowledge, expectations, and context often influence our perceptions?

Choose one answer.

	a. Direct processing
	b. Bottom-up processing
	c. Indirect processing
	d. Top-down processing

Question 9

Which view suggests that our perceptions are elaborate and rich, because our environment is elaborate and rich?

Choose one answer.

	a. Empiricist
	b. Information-processing
	c. Computational
	d. Ecological

Question 10

"Data-driven processing" is also known as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Direct processing
	b. Indirect processing
	c. Top-down processing
	d. Bottom-up processing

Question 11

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. While __________________ is the process of knowing there is something "out there," __________________ involves the interpretation of that input, giving it meaning and organization.

Choose one answer.

	a. Sensation, perception
	b. Perception, sensation
	c. Cognition, sensation
	d. Cognition, perception

Question 12

An experimenter asks you to make judgments about the loudness of tones. You hear a "reference" tone and are told that the loudness is 100. Based on the reference, your task is to assign a numerical value to a number of other tones. What kind of method is this?

Choose one answer.

	a. Constant stimuli
	b. Distance estimation
	c. Adjustment
	d. Magnitude estimation

Question 13

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. In signal detection theory, a decision that the signal is present when in fact it is not is a __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. False alarm
	b. Correct rejection
	c. Hit
	d. Miss

Question 14

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. Questions about how strong a stimulus has to be for a person to be able to perceive it involves issues of __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Magnitude estimation
	b. Discrimination
	c. Detection
	d. Manipulation

Question 15

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. Researchers call the ability to determine if two stimuli are the same or different __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Detection
	b. Estimation
	c. Forced-choice
	d. Discrimination

Question 16

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. Scientists sometimes call the discrimination threshold the __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. JND
	b. Discriminant difference
	c. Absolute sensitivity
	d. Detection point

Question 17

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. The _________________ threshold is the smallest amount of something that you can perceive.

Choose one answer.

	a. Absolute
	b. Relative
	c. Difference
	d. Discrimination

Question 18

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. Whereas Weber's law deals with threshold-level stimulation, __________________ Law extended this to include stimulation a suprathreshold levels.

Choose one answer.

	a. Stevens'
	b. Gibson's
	c. Fechner's
	d. Gestalt

Question 19

In psychophysics, what is the point at which an observer adjusts one stimulus to match another called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Point of subjective equality
	b. Point of discriminant ability
	c. Magnitude estimation point
	d. Distance point

Question 20

In signal detection theory, we make a distinction between the signal and which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Stimulus
	b. Forced choice
	c. Miss
	d. Background noise

Question 21

In which of the following methods do we present stimuli in a series of ascending and descending "staircases"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Limits
	b. Constant stimuli
	c. Magnitude estimation
	d. Different distances

Question 22

What is the ability to determine if two stimuli are the same or different called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Detection
	b. Estimation
	c. Forced-choice
	d. Discrimination

Question 23

What is the collective term for describing the research techniques of sensation and perception?

Choose one answer.

	a. Perceptuo-sensory research
	b. Psychiatry
	c. Psychology
	d. Psychophysics

Question 24

What occurs when an observer does not detect a signal that is actually present?

Choose one answer.

	a. A miss
	b. A false alarm
	c. A correct rejection
	d. A hit

Question 25

Which of the following is involved in detecting the difference between two very similar stimuli?

Choose one answer.

	a. Magnitude estimation
	b. Detection
	c. Discrimination
	d. Manipulation

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a psychophysical method?

Choose one answer.

	a. Method of limits
	b. Method of constant stimuli
	c. Method of adjustment
	d. Method of stimulus change

Question 27

Which of the following methods allows the observer to control the intensity of the stimulus directly to determine their threshold level?

Choose one answer.

	a. Constant stimuli
	b. Distance estimation
	c. Magnitude estimation
	d. Adjustment

Question 28

Which of the following psychophysical methods was developed to address the issue of observers indicating they could detect a stimulus when, in fact, they could not?

Choose one answer.

	a. Method of constant stimuli
	b. Forced choice
	c. Magnitude estimation
	d. Method of limits

Question 29

Which of the following statements best describes what happens in a typical forced choice procedure?

Choose one answer.

	a. A stimulus is presented in a series of ascending and descending intensity "staircases."
	b. A stimulus is presented in one of two different time intervals or locations, and the observer must indicate the one in which it was detected.
	c. The observer controls the intensity of the stimulus directly to determine their threshold level.
	d. A stimulus is presented in a series of trials with randomly changing intensity levels.

Question 30

What is the primary experimental method of Steven's law?

Choose one answer.

	a. Method of constant stimuli
	b. Magnitude estimation
	c. Forced choice
	d. Method of limits

Question 31

Which law ultimately updated and replaced Fechner's Law?

Choose one answer.

	a. Weber's Law
	b. Stevens' Law
	c. Helmholtz's Law
	d. Gibson's Law

Question 32

Which of the following statements best summarizes Weber's Law?

Choose one answer.

	a. Each just noticeable difference is exactly the same size.
	b. When the intensity of the stimulus is doubled, the just noticeable difference is squared.
	c. The just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the stimulus.
	d. The just noticeable difference is the same for all stimulus intensities.

Question 33

Which of the following theories attempts to address the role of decision-making in sensation and perception?

Choose one answer.

	a. Perceptual constancy theory
	b. Trichromatic theory
	c. Opponent-process theory
	d. Signal detection theory

Question 34

At the point where the axons of the retinal ganglion cells exit the eyeball as the optic nerve, humans have which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. A red spot
	b. An optical inversion
	c. A blind spot
	d. A magnification spot

Question 35

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. In normal vision, an inverted image of what you are looking at is focused on your __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Lens
	b. Pupil
	c. Iris
	d. Retina

Question 36

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. Rods and cones transduce light energy by means of chemical substances called __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Vitreous
	b. Pupils
	c. Photopigments
	d. Transmitters

Question 37

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. The optic nerves contain the axons of the retinal __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Amacrine cells
	b. Receptors
	c. Ganglion cells
	d. Horizontal cells

Question 38

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. Light adaptation takes about __________________, and dark adaptation takes about __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. 30 minutes, 1 minute
	b. 60 minutes, 30 minutes
	c. 1 minute, 60 minutes
	d. 1 minute, 30 minutes

Question 39

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. The ganglion cells from the left half of the left eye go to the __________________ hemisphere. The ganglion cells from the left half of the right eye go to the __________________ hemisphere

Choose one answer.

	a. Left, right
	b. Left, left
	c. Right, right
	d. Right, left

Question 40

Experiments on dark adaptation have shown which of the following results?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cones adapt more rapidly than rods.
	b. Rods adapt more rapidly than cones.
	c. Cones have a low threshold.
	d. All of the above

Question 41

If you suffer a strong blow to the back of your head, you often have a visual sensation, such as "seeing stars." What is the reason for this?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because the primary cortical visual center is in your frontal lobes
	b. Because the primary cortical visual center is in your temporal lobes
	c. Because the primary cortical visual center is in your parietal lobes
	d. Because the primary cortical visual center is in your occipital lobes

Question 42

What is the "window" through which light enters the eye called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Pupil
	b. Iris
	c. Sclera
	d. Lens

Question 43

What is the external covering of the eye called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Pupil
	b. Lens
	c. Fovea
	d. Cornea

Question 44

What is the point in the brain where the optic tracts from the eyes cross to the opposite hemisphere?

Choose one answer.

	a. Optic chiasm
	b. Optic locus
	c. Lateral geniculate
	d. Primary visual cortex

Question 45

What is the primary photopigment in rods?

Choose one answer.

	a. Vitreous humor
	b. Poly-opsin
	c. Rhodopsin
	d. Triopsin

Question 46

What is the range of wavelengths on the visible spectrum?

Choose one answer.

	a. 200nm (red) to 500nm (violet)
	b. 400nm (violet) to 700nm (red)
	c. 200nm (violet) to 500nm (red)
	d. 400nm (red) to 700nm (violet)

Question 47

What part of the eye changes shape to focus an image exactly on the retina?

Choose one answer.

	a. Pupil
	b. Sclera
	c. Fovea
	d. Lens

Question 48

Where are the receptors for human vision located?

Choose one answer.

	a. At the rear of the retina (towards the brain)
	b. Throughout the layers of the retina
	c. Immediately behind and next to the lens
	d. In the front of the retina (towards the front of the eyeball)

Question 49

Where does the left hemisphere of the brain receive information from?

Choose one answer.

	a. Left visual field only
	b. Right visual field only
	c. Left half of each eye
	d. Right eye only

Question 50

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

Choose one answer.

	a. Frontal lobes
	b. Occipital lobes
	c. Parietal lobes
	d. Temporal lobes

Question 51

Which of the following best describes the path of information in the visual system?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, brain
	b. Ganglion cells, cones, bipolar cells, brain
	c. Bipolar cells, ganglion cells, cones, brain
	d. Bipolar cells, cones, ganglion cells, brain

Question 52

Which of the following physical characteristics of light is associated with perceived brightness?

Choose one answer.

	a. Amplitude
	b. Purity
	c. Wavelength
	d. Hue

Question 53

Which of the following statements about cones and rods is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Rods are optimized for detecting fine details in a visual stimulus.
	b. Cones are optimized for detecting fine details in a visual stimulus.
	c. Cones are optimized for detecting the intensity of light.
	d. Rods and cones are equally important for seeing in low-light conditions.

Question 54

Which of the following statements about cones is false?

Choose one answer.

	a. They are located mostly in the peripheral areas of the retina.
	b. They provide our color perception.
	c. They operate most efficiently under dim lighting.
	d. They rely on several photopigments.

Question 55

Which of the following statements about rods is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. They are located mostly in the peripheral areas of the retina.
	b. They provide our color perception.
	c. They operate most efficiently under daylight conditions.
	d. They are responsible for our ability to perceive fine detail.

Question 56

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of cones?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cones are optimized to detect the presence or absence of light and long wavelengths.
	b. Cones are optimized to detect the presence or absence of light, as well as movement in our peripheral vision.
	c. Cones are optimized to detect the presence or absence of light and visual detail.
	d. Cones are optimized to detect the presence or absence of light and contrast.

Question 57

Which of the following visual disorders is due to a buildup of pressure within the eye?

Choose one answer.

	a. Astigmatism
	b. Cataract
	c. Glaucoma
	d. Amblyopia

Question 58

Which structure opens and closes to let more or less light enter the eye?

Choose one answer.

	a. Lens
	b. Pupil
	c. Retina
	d. Iris

Question 59

Seeing with two eyes is called what type of vision?

Choose one answer.

	a. Orbocular
	b. Semi-ocular
	c. Binocular
	d. Monocular

Question 60

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. A(n) __________________ is a person who has trichromatic vision, but one of the cone pigments is abnormal.

Choose one answer.

	a. Dichromat
	b. Trichromat
	c. Anomalous trichromat
	d. Protanope

Question 61

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. Mixing blue and yellow paint to get green is an example of __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Subtractive color mixture
	b. Chromatic color mixture
	c. Additive color mixture
	d. Chromatic cancellation

Question 62

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. Mixing pigments is a form of ________________ color mixture. Mixing lights is a form of _________________ color mixture.

Choose one answer.

	a. Subtractive, additive
	b. Sensory, perceptual
	c. Additive, subtractive
	d. Real, virtual

Question 63

Light at which part of the frequency spectrum generally produces the perception of deep red colors?

Choose one answer.

	a. Middle
	b. Low end
	c. High end
	d. None of the above

Question 64

The three opponent channels in color vision include which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Red-green, black-white, and blue-yellow
	b. Black-white, blue-red, and green-yellow
	c. Grey-blue, black-red, and white-yellow
	d. Green-teal, black-white, and blue-yellow

Question 65

What is our tendency to use the same color name for an object despite changes in the wavelength of the light illuminating the object called?

Choose one answer.

	a. The McCullough effect
	b. Metamer
	c. Purkinje shift
	d. Color constancy

Question 66

What is the idea that we perceive color through the combination of information from three cone types?

Choose one answer.

	a. Triponency
	b. Opponent processes
	c. Trichromacy
	d. Pentameters

Question 67

What is the visual receptor that is maximally sensitive to short wavelengths sometimes referred to as?

Choose one answer.

	a. Red cone
	b. White cone
	c. Blue cone
	d. Green cone

Question 68

Which of the following is a way in which we use illusions, such as optical illusions?

Choose one answer.

	a. For entertainment
	b. For purposefully confusing our perceptions
	c. For doing research on how perception works
	d. All of the above

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT a dimension of color experience?

Choose one answer.

	a. Hue
	b. Saturation
	c. Brightness
	d. Focus

Question 70

Which of the following physical characteristics of light is associated with perceived color?

Choose one answer.

	a. Wavelength
	b. Amplitude
	c. Purity
	d. Hue

Question 71

Which of the following statements about Opponent-Process Theory is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. It suggests that information from the cones is combined into three opponent channels.
	b. It suggests that information from the rods is combined into three opponent channels.
	c. It suggests that information from the rods is combined into two opponent channels.
	d. It suggests that information from the amacrine cells is combined into two opponent channels.

Question 72

Which of the following phenomena clearly illustrate that what we perceive is NOT always what is "there"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Binocular vision
	b. Depth perception
	c. Illusions
	d. Monocular vision

Question 73

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. We experience the frequency of a sound wave as __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Pitch
	b. Loudness
	c. Location
	d. Timbre

Question 74

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. In the cochlea, the base of the basilar membrane responds more to _________________ frequencies and the apex responds more to _________________ frequencies.

Choose one answer.

	a. High, low
	b. Low, high
	c. High, middle
	d. Low, middle

Question 75

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. The actual receptors for sound are the _________________, located on the _________________ in the cochlea.

Choose one answer.

	a. Hair cells, organ of Corti
	b. Ossicles, oval window
	c. Ossicles, hair cells
	d. Malleus, tympanic membrane

Question 76

In the cochlea, which of the following vibrates in response to an auditory stimulus?

Choose one answer.

	a. Hair cells
	b. Basilar membrane
	c. Organ of Corti
	d. All of the above

Question 77

The ossicles include which of the following bones?

Choose one answer.

	a. Malleus, incus, and stapes
	b. Stapes, oval window, and tympanic membrane
	c. Oval window, incus, and round window
	d. Malleus, stapes, and cochlea

Question 78

What are the three small bones of the middle ear collectively called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Ossicles
	b. Tympanic membrane
	c. Oval window
	d. Cochlea

Question 79

What is the snail-shaped structure in the inner ear, which is home to our auditory receptors, called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cochlea
	b. Oval window
	c. Traveling wave
	d. Tympanic membrane

Question 80

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. We experience the amplitude of a sound wave as _________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Pitch
	b. Loudness
	c. Location
	d. Timbre

Question 81

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. The shooting pain down the left arm often experienced during a heart attack is an example of ___________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Localized pain
	b. Referred pain
	c. Sensory pain
	d. Phantom pain

Question 82

What are the ridges and contours on the tongue that contain our taste receptors called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Buds
	b. Raw nerve endings
	c. Papillae
	d. Grooves of Dickter

Question 83

What is the main evolutionary function of our gustatory system?

Choose one answer.

	a. To make eating pleasurable
	b. To increase our desire to eat
	c. To protect us from unsafe foods
	d. To provide us with a narrow range of taste sensations

Question 84

What is the name given to the taste of the salts of certain acids, such as monosodium glutamate (MSG)?

Choose one answer.

	a. Sweet and sour
	b. Bitter
	c. Umami
	d. Sour

Question 85

Which of the following best describes the main purpose of touch?

Choose one answer.

	a. To provide pleasurable sensations
	b. To inform you what is happening on the surface of your body
	c. To detect pain
	d. To detect moisture

Question 86

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary tastes?

Choose one answer.

	a. Sweet
	b. Sour
	c. Fruity
	d. Bitter

Question 87

Which of the following is the primary function of pain?

Choose one answer.

	a. To make us stronger
	b. To inform us that our tissues are being damaged
	c. To make pleasure more pleasurable
	d. To detect temperature

Question 88

Which of the following receptors responds to temperature changes across the skin?

Choose one answer.

	a. Nocioceptors
	b. Thermoreceptors
	c. Mechanoreceptors
	d. Dermoreceptors

Question 89

Which of the following sensory systems does NOT involve a hair-like receptor?

Choose one answer.

	a. Olfaction
	b. Audition
	c. Gustation
	d. Vision

Question 90

Which sensory/perceptual system has a close link to emotion and memory?

Choose one answer.

	a. Somatosensation
	b. Vision
	c. Auditory
	d. Olfaction

Question 91

You are walking somewhere, on a street or in a mall, for example, and suddenly you have a rich, almost "real" memory of something very important or special from your childhood. What sensory system has most probably just been stimulated?

Choose one answer.

	a. Somatosensation
	b. Olfaction
	c. Audition
	d. Vision

Question 92

Smell is critically important to what other sensory system?

Choose one answer.

	a. Vision
	b. Touch
	c. Hearing
	d. Taste

Question 93

At birth, how do the nerve cells and connections of an infant's brain compare to that of an adult's brain?

Choose one answer.

	a. The infant's brain has about the same number of nerve cells and connections as adults do.
	b. The infant's brain has more nerve cells and connections than adults do.
	c. The infant's brain has fewer nerve cells and connections as adults.
	d. The infant's brain has fewer connections but more nerve cells than adults do.

Question 94

At birth, what is the state of the human visual system?

Choose one answer.

	a. It is fully mature.
	b. It is almost completely un-formed.
	c. It is relatively intact but needs visual experience to complete its development.
	d. It is about the same as a five-year old's visual system.

Question 95

During the first year of life, what is the state of human sensory/perceptual systems?

Choose one answer.

	a. They do not change very much.
	b. They generally mature, except for vision which is mature at birth.
	c. They actually become slightly less sensitive.
	d. They mature, due to actual sensory/perceptual experience.

Question 96

In general, as we move from middle to old age, our sensory/perceptual systems do which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Do not change very much
	b. Exhibit increased sensitivity
	c. Slowly shut down completely
	d. Become less sensitive

Question 97

Infants seem to be especially well-prepared for perceiving which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Faces
	b. Checkerboard patterns
	c. Distance
	d. Size

Question 98

When does the human auditory system first experience sound?

Choose one answer.

	a. At birth
	b. At approximately two weeks of age
	c. In the womb
	d. Within an hour after birth

Question 99

Which of the following is a common research method for investigating vision in infants?

Choose one answer.

	a. Neutral stimulation
	b. Learned helplessness
	c. Preferential looking
	d. Neonatal conditioning

Question 100

Most newborns have a preference for which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Neutral tastes
	b. Sour tastes
	c. Sweet tastes
	d. Salty tastes