a. The research within this model is not rigorous enough. | ||
b. The assumption underlying the model communicates that the patient is not responsible for changing his/her condition. | ||
c. There is little emphasis on treatment, as many of these mental health issues are assumed to be inherited. | ||
d. This model allows no room for medical doctors to explore environmental triggers or the context of the patients’ life in general. |
a. High levels of distress | ||
b. Impact on functioning | ||
c. Excesses in behavior | ||
d. All of the above |
a. How individuals develop over time | ||
b. How individuals can change | ||
c. The contributions of mind and body and the connection between the two | ||
d. All of the above |
a. Trait paradigm | ||
b. Cognitive paradigm | ||
c. Psychodynamic paradigm | ||
d. Phenomenological paradigm |
a. Phenomenological paradigm | ||
b. Trait paradigm | ||
c. Behavioral paradigm | ||
d. Psychodynamic paradigm |
a. Phenomenological paradigm | ||
b. Trait paradigm | ||
c. Behavioral paradigm | ||
d. Cognitive paradigm |
a. There is a sequence of one paradigm replacing the other throughout the history of psychology. | ||
b. There have only been two main paradigms, which have waxed and waned in popularity and are use throughout the course of the history of psychology. | ||
c. There have been several paradigms that operate simultaneously together throughout much of the history of psychology. | ||
d. The medical model of mental illness has been the prevailing paradigm throughout the history of psychology. |
a. The mind and the brain are independent entities. | ||
b. The brain changes the structure of our mind. | ||
c. The mind can change the structure of our brain. | ||
d. It is helpful to think of the mind and the brain as the same entities. |
a. Self-reported psychological symptoms are all that is necessary to accurately diagnosis a patient. | ||
b. Making a diagnosis in a particular case depends on balancing possibilities and probabilities as each experienced symptom is present in numerous disorders. | ||
c. Research has shown that diagnosing clinicians are notoriously bad at making an accurate diagnosis with regards to mental disorders. | ||
d. It is necessary to obtain peer-reports of the patient’s functioning to obtain an accurate diagnosis. |
a. Diagnosis | ||
b. Prognosis | ||
c. Syndrome | ||
d. Treatment recommendation |
a. Operant, unconditioned response | ||
b. Classical, unconditioned stimulus | ||
c. Reinforcement, condition response | ||
d. Classical, conditioned stimulus |
a. Trait, psychodynamic, biological | ||
b. Biological, phenomenological, psychodynamic | ||
c. Phenomenological, psychodynamic, behavioral | ||
d. Behavioral, phenomenological, biological |
a. Mood instability, Bipolar Disorder | ||
b. Fear response, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | ||
c. Mood instability, Major Depressive Disorder | ||
d. Fear response, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
a. Cognitive, biological | ||
b. Psychodynamic, biological | ||
c. Phenomenological, psychodynamic | ||
d. Psychodynamic, trait |
a. Behavioral paradigm | ||
b. Biological paradigm | ||
c. Psychodynamic paradigm | ||
d. Trait paradigm |
a. Psychodynamic | ||
b. Cognitive | ||
c. Behavioral | ||
d. Humanistic |
a. Resolution | ||
b. Resistance | ||
c. Retraining | ||
d. Response |
a. Behavioral | ||
b. Psychodynamic | ||
c. Biological | ||
d. Trait |
a. This assessment falls under the category of a “personality test.” | ||
b. This assessment is most closely associated with the phenomenological paradigm in abnormal psychology. | ||
c. This assessment is considered a projective test in that you are thought to project your own motives and wishes on to your interpretation of various picture scenes. | ||
d. This assessment is similar in nature to the Rorschach test. |
a. Diathesis-Stress | ||
b. Psychodynamic | ||
c. Behavioral | ||
d. Yerkes-Dodson |
a. Longitudinal study | ||
b. Correlational study | ||
c. Experimental study | ||
d. Archival study |
a. Delusional disorder | ||
b. Bipolar disorder | ||
c. Borderline personality disorder | ||
d. Schizophrenia |
a. Allows researchers to control the dosage/degree of treatment within the experimental groups | ||
b. Allows researchers to rule out the possibility that the groups simply get better over time, as individuals tend to improve over time regardless of the treatment | ||
c. Allows researchers to rule out the possibility that the experimental group(s)/control group(s) differ prior to treatment in a way that can interfere with the interpretation of the results | ||
d. Allow researchers to isolate specific treatment aspects that may be most effective in reducing/remitting psychiatric symptoms |
a. Explicit diagnostic criteria | ||
b. A multiaxial system | ||
c. A descriptive approach | ||
d. All of the above |
a. Appendix B | ||
b. Axis I | ||
c. Axis II | ||
d. Axis III |
a. They are similar in every respect, except for changes made to the diagnostic criteria of personality disorders. | ||
b. The DSM-III is intended for use in outpatient settings, while the DSM-IV is intended for use in inpatient settings. | ||
c. Decisions regarding criteria were made democratically, allowing members of the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association to vote on various diagnostic criteria. | ||
d. Both diagnostic systems do not attempt to explain/specify etiology but rather characterize and describe mental disorders. |
a. Organic mental disorders are those with a physical basis that can be easily diagnosed using current technology. | ||
b. Organic mental disorders are those disorders which have a physical basis. | ||
c. Organic mental disorders are those disorders which occur naturally and have no environmental triggers. | ||
d. Organic mental disorders are those disorders in which diagnostic tools cannot determine the root cause. |
a. Diagnoses represent a way to “shorthand” communication in that one term/diagnosis contains a lot of potentially useful clinical information. | ||
b. Diagnoses are important for record keeping purposes so that individual mental health treatment facilities have information on what sorts of presenting issues are most common to its facility. | ||
c. Diagnoses are used in both clinical and research settings, to help the psychological community know more about the statistics associated with particular disorders. | ||
d. Diagnostic labels can help clinicians form assumptions which hold true across individuals regardless of context. |
a. It is mainly categorical in its coding procedure; however, it acknowledges that disorders often occur on a continuum. | ||
b. It is not meant to capture difficulties that more “normal” functioning individuals may have and therefore is not appropriate to use in private practice settings. | ||
c. It is generally considered fairly reliable and valid and is widely used in the mental health field. | ||
d. Physicians, psychologists, and social workers are individuals who may use the DSM-IV to diagnose their clients/patients. |
a. Schizophrenia, psychotic | ||
b. Major depressive disorder, delusional | ||
c. Bipolar, mood | ||
d. Schizophrenia, mood |
a. Double approach-avoidance conflict | ||
b. Approach-approach conflict | ||
c. Approach-avoidance conflict | ||
d. Avoidance-avoidance conflict |
a. Traumatic memory | ||
b. Obsessive thoughts | ||
c. Compulsive ritual | ||
d. Delusions |
a. Neurotic | ||
b. Moral | ||
c. Realistic | ||
d. Generalized |
a. Norepinephrine, excitatory | ||
b. Serotonin, inhibitory | ||
c. GABA, excitatory | ||
d. GABA, inhibitory |
a. Anxiety hierarchy, cognitive | ||
b. Anxiety hierarchy, behavioral | ||
c. Exposure list, behavioral | ||
d. Relaxation technique, cognitive |
a. Animal type | ||
b. Blood-injection-injury type | ||
c. Situational type | ||
d. Natural environment type |
a. Generalized anxiety disorder | ||
b. Bloody-injection-injury type phobia | ||
c. Social anxiety disorder | ||
d. Post-traumatic-stress disorder |
a. Research has shown that the 12-month prevalence rate of GAD is about 4%. | ||
b. Approximately 70% of people diagnosed with GAD also have another AXIS I diagnosis. | ||
c. Diagnostic criteria C specifies that the anxiety and worry must be associated with at least 2 physical symptoms (e.g., muscle tension, sleep disturbances, etc.). | ||
d. People diagnosed with GAD tend to worry about many things rather than focusing on one issue. |
a. It has an immediate onset as symptoms occur directly after the traumatic event. | ||
b. It is often characterized by avoidance of situations which remind the person of the trauma. | ||
c. One diagnostic criterion is “survivor’s guilt,” or the feeling that it is “unfair” that the person survived while others did not. | ||
d. Both A and C |
a. Anxiety can produce a fight or flight response. | ||
b. Anxiety can focus our attention and prepares us to respond to danger. | ||
c. Anxiety involves both excitatory and inhibitory nervous system responses. | ||
d. Slight anxiety inhibits performance and decreases attention for simple tasks. |
a. Factious disorder | ||
b. Hypochondriasis | ||
c. A pain disorder | ||
d. Malingering disorder |
a. Attribution theory | ||
b. Psychoanalytic theory | ||
c. Biopsychosocial model | ||
d. Medicalization |
a. Conversion disorder | ||
b. Identity fugue disorder | ||
c. Munchausen syndrome | ||
d. Body dysmorphic disorder |
a. Somatoform pain disorder | ||
b. Hypochondriasis | ||
c. Conversion disorder | ||
d. Malingering factitious disorder |
a. Labeling psychosocial distress as the cause of many unexplained physical symptoms | ||
b. Labeling psychosocial distress in terms of consequences rather than as causes of unexplained physical symptoms | ||
c. Focusing on cognitive distortions rather than behavioral changes | ||
d. Attention to facilitating happiness and well-being rather than curing the psychological distress which can cause unexplained physical symptoms |
a. An intense fear of criticism and failure | ||
b. Difficulty with the identification and expression of emotions | ||
c. Feelings of self-doubt, guilt, and worthlessness | ||
d. The presence of the negative symptoms also associated with schizophrenia |
a. Behavioral | ||
b. Cognitive | ||
c. Biological | ||
d. Psychoanalytic |
a. It can be difficult to distinguish psychopathology from normal forms of distress as this requires extensive expertise and training. | ||
b. Traditional emotional/social support has become less available, which may help to explain why the medical profession and related professions are now providing psychological and social support at an increasing rate. | ||
c. Drug companies and some psychiatrists have promoted their own profession through either inadvertently or purposefully encouraging medicalization. | ||
d. People are seeking medical services less frequently so that by the time they get to the doctors, their symptoms are more severe. |
a. Somatization and medicalization | ||
b. Malingering and medicalization | ||
c. Somatization and dissociation | ||
d. Malingering and diagnosing |
a. Body dysmorphic disorder, somatoform | ||
b. Factitious disorder, somatoform | ||
c. Body phobic disorder, dissociative | ||
d. Factitious disorder, dissociative |
a. Motivational issues make treatment difficult as sometimes friends/family are more concerned about a person’s disordered eating habits than the individual under treatment. | ||
b. The development of eating disorders has been predominately linked with genetic inheritance, so it is more resistant to treatment and change than any other disorder. | ||
c. Non-compliance issues make treatment difficult, as motivation to change may be low. | ||
d. Both A and C |
a. 10 | ||
b. 30 | ||
c. 40 | ||
d. 75 |
a. Biological, circadian rhythms | ||
b. Cognitive, irrational thoughts | ||
c. Biopsychosocial, hormonal disruptions | ||
d. Behavioral, conditioning |
a. You suggest that Kiran should eat dinner earlier, as a full meal before bed can disrupt normal sleep patterns. | ||
b. You suggest that Kiran should exercise in the early morning before work, as any exercise after 5pm can disrupt normal sleep patterns. | ||
c. You suggest that Kiran should not watch TV in bed as it can engage the brain, which can disrupt normal sleep patterns. | ||
d. You suggest that Kiran should move up her work time as she may be working too late at night, which can disrupt normal sleep patterns. |
a. True | ||
b. False |
a. Anorexia – restricting type | ||
b. Anorexia – binge-purge type | ||
c. Bulimia – purging type | ||
d. Bulimia – non-purge type |
a. Adverse life events | ||
b. Childhood sexual abuse | ||
c. Personality disorders | ||
d. Genetic inheritance |
a. Research has shown that REM sleep is associated with the consolidation of memories. | ||
b. Research has shown that the more REM sleep you get, the better your mood will be. | ||
c. The majority of REM sleep occurs in the beginning portion of sleep. | ||
d. Individuals with the greatest proportion of REM sleep are more likely to be diagnosed with serious mental health disorders. |
a. Childhood sexual abuse occurs more commonly in people with bulimia nervosa than in people with other psychiatric disorders. | ||
b. The majority of people with bulimia nervosa have been exposed to this trauma. | ||
c. Childhood sexual abuse is more common in people with bulimia nervosa than normal control populations. | ||
d. There is no relationship between childhood sexual abuse and bulimia nervosa. |
a. 50% | ||
b. 75% | ||
c. 90% | ||
d. 99% |
a. Antwon’s symptoms will remit, and he will begin to function better. | ||
b. Antwon may be propelled into a manic episode, as anti-depressants are contraindicated (i.e., cause harm rather than benefit) for bipolar disorder. | ||
c. Antwon will show no change in her symptoms. | ||
d. Antwon’s symptoms will decrease, but she will not show the same improvement as she might on a mood stabilizer. |
a. 20 | ||
b. 35 | ||
c. 45 | ||
d. 60 |
a. Ten, one | ||
b. Ten, twenty | ||
c. One, ten | ||
d. Twenty, ten |
a. Behavioral, depression | ||
b. Psychodynamic, depression | ||
c. Cognitive, bipolar disorder | ||
d. Humanism, schizophrenia |
a. Major depressive disorder | ||
b. Borderline personality disorder | ||
c. Bipolar I disorder | ||
d. Cyclothymia |
a. As Sally is a teenager, it is perfectly normal for her to rebel against her parents, so you would likely deem this as developmentally appropriate behavior. | ||
b. Sally may be showing signs of schizophrenia, as she is around the age of average onset. | ||
c. Sally may be showing signs of a manic episode, so further questions are needed to assess for the presence of bipolar disorder. | ||
d. Sally is showing signs of a personality disorder. |
a. Immediately after admissions and discharge | ||
b. Immediately after discharge and prior to admission | ||
c. While in the hospital and immediately after discharge | ||
d. While in the hospital and prior to admissions |
a. Societies that promote attachment to the greater society provide meaning and purpose for individuals. | ||
b. Societies that have stricter government and regulations help individuals to feel supported. | ||
c. Societies that promote limits to the aspirations and behaviors of individuals help to reduce the likelihood of disappointments in the individual. | ||
d. Both A and C |
a. Irritability | ||
b. Depressed mood | ||
c. Suicide | ||
d. Enuresis (urinating on oneself) |
a. Attention/concentration | ||
b. Critical thinking skills | ||
c. Working memory | ||
d. Long-term memory |
a. Avolition | ||
b. Anhedonia | ||
c. Apathy | ||
d. Hallucinations |
a. Family, reduce expressed emotionality in families | ||
b. Cognitive, reduce the number of irrational thoughts | ||
c. Humanistic, reduce conditions of worth within families | ||
d. Psychodynamic, address the deeper rooted meaning of the patient’s symptoms |
a. Shorter, more | ||
b. Longer, less | ||
c. Shorter, less | ||
d. Longer, more |
a. Substance abuse disorder. | ||
b. Borderline personality disorder. | ||
c. Major depressive disorder. | ||
d. Schizophrenia. |
a. Grandiose delusion | ||
b. Auditory hallucination | ||
c. Delusion of reference | ||
d. Visual hallucination |
a. Fragmentation | ||
b. Dementia | ||
c. Split personality | ||
d. Split mind |
a. Paranoid | ||
b. Disorganized | ||
c. Catatonic | ||
d. Undifferentiated |
a. Major depressive disorder | ||
b. Bipolar disorder | ||
c. Schizophrenia | ||
d. Narcissistic personality disorder |
a. 1 in 100 people will at some point be diagnosed with schizophrenia in his or her lifetime. | ||
b. There is a higher incidence of schizophrenia diagnosis in lower socioeconomic status patients. | ||
c. Schizophrenia often involves hospitalization at some point within the course of the disorder. | ||
d. All of the above |
a. Edward may be in the prodromal stages of the development of schizophrenia. | ||
b. Edward may have depression with some psychotic features. | ||
c. Edward may have borderline personality disorder. | ||
d. All of the above |
a. Dissociative disorders are likely genetic, as there is a strong correlation of occurrence among family members. | ||
b. The symptoms associated with dissociative disorders are a manifestation of repressed ego consciousness and id/ego conflict. | ||
c. The symptoms associated with dissociative disorders serve to protect the individual in some fashion, as the precipitating event prior to onset is usually some distressing event. | ||
d. The symptoms associated with dissociative disorders are due to exposures to toxins in the environment. |
a. Depersonalization disorder | ||
b. Dissociative fugue disorder | ||
c. Dissociative amnesia disorder | ||
d. Dissociative identity disorder |
a. Eye blink rates did not differ among the different personality states, which suggests that the personality states represent relatively unique personalities. | ||
b. Eye blink rates differed between the “stronger” personalities (i.e., the guardian and perpetrator personalities) but not between the “weaker” personalities (i.e., the victim personality). | ||
c. The data was inconclusive and a follow-up study was not conducted. | ||
d. Eye blink rates differed among the personality states, which suggests that the personality states represent relatively unique personalities. |
a. Psychodynamic, as this theory understands dissociative disorder as a form of emotional and cognitive immaturity | ||
b. Behavioral, as this theory understands that individuals with dissociative disorder often come from less intellectually enriched environments | ||
c. Cognitive, as this theory understands that somatic symptoms are a fairly intellectually sophisticated way of getting help as compared to dissociative symptoms | ||
d. Humanistic, as individuals with dissociative disorders often come from environments in which they have more conditions of worth which can interfere with intellectual development |
a. Localized amnesia | ||
b. Continuous amnesia | ||
c. Selective amnesia | ||
d. Generalized amnesia |
a. Borderline personality disorder was originally called multiple personality disorder but changed, because the original label was thought to be misleading in that the “personalities” are actually “personality states” and do not exactly match the notion of a complete personality. | ||
b. Dissociative identity disorder was originally called multiple personality disorder but changed, because it became clear that there was one “predominate” personality. | ||
c. Borderline personality disorder was originally called multiple personality disorder but changed, because it became clear that there was one “predominate” personality. | ||
d. Dissociative identity disorder was originally called multiple personality disorder but changed, because the original label was thought to be misleading in that the “personalities” are actually “personality states” and do not exactly match the notion of a complete personality. |
a. Victim | ||
b. Catalyst | ||
c. Guardian/protector | ||
d. Perpetrator |
a. Women diagnosed with DID tend to exhibit more “personality states” than men. | ||
b. African Americans diagnosed with DID tend to exhibit more “personality states” than their Caucasian counterparts. | ||
c. Younger persons diagnosed with DID tend to exhibit more “personality states” than older persons. | ||
d. Individuals with a lower socioeconomic status who are diagnosed with DID tend to exhibit more “personality states” than those with a higher socioeconomic status. |
a. Dissociative amnesia disorder, Dissociative fugue disorder | ||
b. Mood disorder, Borderline personality disorder | ||
c. Depersonalization disorder, Dissociative identity disorder | ||
d. Bipolar disorder, Schizophrenia |
a. Dissociative disorders | ||
b. Mood disorders | ||
c. Somatoform disorders | ||
d. Personality disorders |
a. Higher levels of social support or higher levels of intelligence | ||
b. High need for stimulation | ||
c. High levels of extraversion | ||
d. All of the above |
a. Somatoform disorder, borderline personality disorder | ||
b. Mood disorder, narcissistic personality disorder | ||
c. Generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia | ||
d. Insomnia, anorexia nervosa |
a. This is not appropriate, as only Dialectical Behavioral Therapy has been shown to be an effective treatment for BPD. | ||
b. Maria should also be prescribed medication, as this is the treatment of choice for BPD. | ||
c. Maria can only benefit slightly from treatment, so it is more ethical to discontinue treatment at this point. | ||
d. Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment is acceptable for patients diagnosed with BPD, although there are other approaches that have been found to be effective as well. |
a. Schizophrenia | ||
b. Histrionic personality disorder | ||
c. Borderline personality disorder | ||
d. Bipolar disorder |
a. Avoidant personality disorder | ||
b. Generalized anxiety disorder | ||
c. Dependent personality disorder | ||
d. Major depressive disorder |
a. Paranoid schizophrenia | ||
b. Paranoid personality disorder | ||
c. Narcissistic personality disorder | ||
d. Antisocial personality disorder |
a. There is less empirical research on personality disorders, which makes it more difficult to say with confidence that it is, in fact, a true “disorder.” | ||
b. There are therapy complications with labeling individuals as having “personality disorders” as it is believed that people with personality disorders may make less therapeutic gains—a belief which can become a “self-fulfilling prophecy” impacting therapeutic outcomes. | ||
c. The prevalence rates for personality disorders remains relatively unknown and is thought to be relatively low, which begs the question of whether or not these groups of disorders should be a part of the DSM-IV. | ||
d. Personality features exist on a spectrum, which means it is difficult to demarcate a line between normal and abnormal personalities. |
a. Personality disorders are characterized by an enduring pattern of inner experience that can lead to distress and impairment. | ||
b. Personality disorders are characterized by behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture. | ||
c. Personality disorders usually have an onset in adolescence or early adulthood. | ||
d. All of the above |
a. DBT places an emphasis on a team approach to treatment (i.e., a team of clinicians)/ | ||
b. DBT assumes that once childhood traumas are accessed, symptoms will remit. | ||
c. Skills training is one very important component of DBT treatment. | ||
d. DBT places equal emphasis on change-focused treatment and acceptance-focused treatment. |
a. People with personality disorders react to stress by attempting to change the external environment as they often do not see the need to change any aspects of themselves. | ||
b. People with personality disorders react to stress by attempting to change their internal “environment” (to change themselves) as they often do not see the need to change any aspects of themselves. | ||
c. People with personality disorders react to stress by attempting to change their internal “environment” (to change themselves) as they often perceive their symptoms as objectionable and see a need to change aspects of themselves. | ||
d. People with personality disorders react to stress by attempting to change the external environment as they often perceive their symptoms as objectionable and see a need to change aspects of themselves. |