Which of the following best describes the neuron?

Choose one answer.

	a. It is the primary basis for communication in the nervous system.
	b. It is a support cell in the central nervous system.
	c. It provides communication in the peripheral nervous system only.
	d. It provides nutrients to other structures in the CNS.

Question 2

Which of the following is not one of the three primary types of neurons?

Choose one answer.

	a. Photoneurons
	b. Interneurons
	c. Motor neurons
	d. Sensory neurons

Question 3

Which of the following is the basic mind-body question?

Choose one answer.

	a. Is the mind located in the body or not?
	b. Is the mind located in the PNS or CNS?
	c. Is the mind located in the brain or heart?
	d. None of these is correct.

Question 4

The brain is part of the __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Central nervous system
	b. Peripheral nervous system
	c. Somatic nervous system
	d. Temporal nervous system

Question 5

How many cranial bones protect the human brain?

Choose one answer.

	a. Eight (8)
	b. Fourteen (14)
	c. Five (5)
	d. Ten (10)

Question 6

In anatomical directions, "towards the face" is called __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Rostral
	b. Caudal
	c. Medial
	d. Lateral

Question 7

In the brain, __________________ moves from the brain tissue to the bloodstream, and __________________ moves from the bloodstream to the brain tissue.

Choose one answer.

	a. Carbon dioxide, oxygen
	b. Oxygen, carbon dioxide
	c. Carbon dioxide, sodium
	d. Potassium, sodium

Question 8

In the central nervous system, we call bundles of axons __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Tracts
	b. Nerves
	c. Layers
	d. Nuclei

Question 9

Structures of the __________________ provide control of skeletal muscles.

Choose one answer.

	a. Somatic nervous system
	b. Autonomic nervous system
	c. Lingual nervous system
	d. Posterior nervous system

Question 10

The grey matter in the spinal cord contains __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Synapses
	b. Glia
	c. Neuromuscular junctions
	d. Tracts

Question 11

The hindbrain includes which of the following structures?

Choose one answer.

	a. Pons
	b. Medulla oblongata
	c. Cerebellum
	d. It contains all of these

Question 12

The midbrain forms a major part of the __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Brainstem
	b. Cortex
	c. Spinal cord
	d. Cerebrum

Question 13

The right visual field projects to the __________________ hemisphere of the brain.

Choose one answer.

	a. Left
	b. Right
	c. Central
	d. Ventral

Question 14

The __________________ includes areas in the brain such as the thalamus, the cerebrum, and the hypothalamus.

Choose one answer.

	a. Forebrain
	b. Midbrain
	c. Hindbrain
	d. Sidebrain

Question 15

The __________________ is the primary structure connecting the two hemispheres of the brain.

Choose one answer.

	a. Corpus callosum
	b. Second ventricle
	c. Anterior commissure
	d. Basal ganglia

Question 16

The __________________ nervous system involves the "passive" control of organs such as the lungs and the stomach.

Choose one answer.

	a. Autonomic
	b. Central
	c. Somatic
	d. Spinal

Question 17

We call the brain's center of emotion and memory the __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Limbic system
	b. Diencephalon
	c. Neocortex
	d. Basal ganglia

Question 18

What is the difference between a fissure and a sulcus?

Choose one answer.

	a. A sulcus is a small inward fold and a fissure is a deep groove.
	b. A fissure is a small inward fold and a sulcus is a deep groove.
	c. A fissure is a "bump" and a sulcus is a deep groove.
	d. A sulcus is a small inward fold and a fissure is a small outward fold.

Question 19

Which of the following is not a type of glial cell?

Choose one answer.

	a. Neuroblasts
	b. Astrocytes
	c. Oligodendrocytes
	d. Microglia

Question 20

Which of the following planes reveals a structure from the front or back?

Choose one answer.

	a. Coronal
	b. Sagittal
	c. Horizontal
	d. Caudal

Question 21

__________________ is through the dorsal horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord.

Choose one answer.

	a. Sensory input
	b. Motor feedback
	c. Sensory output
	d. Motor output

Question 22

Which of the following planes reveals a structure from one side (right/left)?

Choose one answer.

	a. Sagittal
	b. Coronal
	c. Horizontal
	d. Dorsal

Question 23

A(n) __________________ is an atom or molecule with more or less electrons than usual.

Choose one answer.

	a. Ion
	b. Proton
	c. Neutron
	d. Quason

Question 24

At rest, the concentration of potassium ions is greater __________________ than __________________ the neuron.

Choose one answer.

	a. Inside, outside
	b. Outside, inside
	c. Between, inside
	d. Outside, between

Question 25

At rest, the concentration of sodium ions is greater __________________ than __________________ the neuron.

Choose one answer.

	a. Outside, inside
	b. Inside, outside
	c. Between, inside
	d. Outside, between

Question 26

Neurotransmitters are the basis for CNS communication. What class of chemicals performs a similar function in the PNS?

Choose one answer.

	a. Hormones
	b. Oxygenates
	c. Schwann cells
	d. Ionotrobes

Question 27

The two primary mechanisms for clearing neurotransmitters from a synapse are enzymatic breakdown and __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Reuptake
	b. Inhibition
	c. Excitation
	d. Delay

Question 28

The __________________ is the "control center" of the neuron.

Choose one answer.

	a. Nucleus
	b. Axon
	c. Schwann cell
	d. Myelin

Question 29

The "sending" structure of a neuron is the __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Axon
	b. Dendrite
	c. Soma
	d. Nucleus

Question 30

We call the small gaps between Schwann cells along the axon the __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Nodes of Ranvier
	b. Myelin
	c. Axon terminals
	d. Saltatory inhibitors

Question 31

What do we mean when we call the neural cell membrane the "gatekeeper" to the cell?

Choose one answer.

	a. The membrane controls the flow of ions in and out of the neuron.
	b. The membrane controls the blood flow in the neuron.
	c. The membrane controls the strength of an action potential.
	d. All of these are true.

Question 32

What is the primary neurotransmitter for neuromuscular junctions?

Choose one answer.

	a. Acetylcholine
	b. Epinephrine
	c. Serotonin
	d. GABA

Question 33

__________________ are the chemical substances released by sending neurons that contain the "signal" for receiving neurons.

Choose one answer.

	a. Neurotransmitters
	b. Hormones
	c. Schwann cells
	d. Ionotrobes

Question 34

__________________ is the process by which the signal from a sending neuron decreases the probability that the receiving neuron will "re-transmit" the message.

Choose one answer.

	a. Inhibition
	b. Excitation
	c. Modulation
	d. Transcendence

Question 35

__________________ receptors influence the activity of a neuron indirectly by first initiating a metabolic change in the cell.

Choose one answer.

	a. Metabotropic
	b. Ionotropic
	c. Tonotropic
	d. Haptotropic

Question 36

What main function do the dendrites of a neuron perform?

Choose one answer.

	a. Receives signals from other neurons
	b. Transmits signals to other neurons
	c. Regulates the metabolism of the neuron
	d. All of these are true.

Question 37

Often used as a "last resort," this procedure is often very effective for treating major depressive disorder.

Choose one answer.

	a. ECT
	b. TBS
	c. IBS
	d. MRI

Question 38

What type of brain imaging procedure uses a magnet to realign the hydrogen atoms in the body?

Choose one answer.

	a. MRI
	b. MEG
	c. PET
	d. DTI

Question 39

What type of brain imaging technique involves the use of a device called a superconducting quantum interference device, or SQUID?

Choose one answer.

	a. Magnetoencephalography
	b. Magnetic resonance imaging
	c. Computerized tomography
	d. Positron emission tomography

Question 40

Which of the following best describes a CT scan?

Choose one answer.

	a. A very "fancy" X-ray.
	b. A super magnet.
	c. A high-speed EEG
	d. All of these are true.

Question 41

__________________ involves the use of a contrast medium injected in the blood vessels of the brain.

Choose one answer.

	a. Cerebral angiography
	b. fMRI
	c. ECT
	d. Transcranial brain stimulation

Question 42

The recording of "brain waves" uses a device called a(n) __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. EEG
	b. EKG
	c. RPG
	d. LSD

Question 43

In which lobe of the cortex is the primary visual area?

Choose one answer.

	a. Occipital
	b. Parietal
	c. Temporal
	d. Frontal

Question 44

Sensory information from the left ear projects to the:

Choose one answer.

	a. left and right auditory cortices
	b. left auditory cortex only
	c. right auditory cortex only
	d. parietal cortex

Question 45

The bundle of axons that runs from the retina to the primary visual cortex is called the __________________

Choose one answer.

	a. Optic nerve
	b. Optic tract
	c. Optic chiasm
	d. Optic process

Question 46

The ossicles are located in the:

Choose one answer.

	a. middle ear
	b. outer ear
	c. inner ear
	d. frontal ear

Question 47

The __________________ are the actual receptors for auditory information.

Choose one answer.

	a. Hair cells
	b. Schwann cells
	c. Ganglion cells
	d. Cortical cella

Question 48

The __________________ are the detectors for pain and temperature located in the skin.

Choose one answer.

	a. Free (bare) nerve endings
	b. Golgi tendons
	c. Sensory nerves
	d. Chemoceptors

Question 49

The __________________ contains the receptors for smell.

Choose one answer.

	a. Olfactory epithelium
	b. Retina
	c. Organ of Corti
	d. Smell buds

Question 50

The __________________ is the point in the CNS where some of the information from each eye crosses to the opposite side of the brain.

Choose one answer.

	a. Optic chiasm
	b. LGN
	c. Superior olive
	d. Area IV

Question 51

The __________________ is the primary organ of auditory perception.

Choose one answer.

	a. Cochlea
	b. Stapes
	c. Oval window
	d. Eustachian tube

Question 52

We call olfaction and gustation __________________ senses.

Choose one answer.

	a. Chemical
	b. Physical
	c. Electromechanical
	d. Mental

Question 53

We call the ability to detect fine touch and pressure __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Hapsis
	b. Olfaction
	c. Gustation
	d. Audition

Question 54

Which of the following is not information that sensory systems code about an "incoming" stimulus?

Choose one answer.

	a. Intention
	b. Location
	c. Intensity
	d. Type

Question 55

Which of these sensory systems is most closely tied to emotions?

Choose one answer.

	a. Taste
	b. Vision
	c. Audition
	d. Hapsis

Question 56

__________________ are the photoreceptors responsible for our perception of color.

Choose one answer.

	a. Cones
	b. Rods
	c. Ganglia
	d. Amacrines

Question 57

__________________ refers to the perception of one's own body.

Choose one answer.

	a. Proprioception
	b. Auto-perception
	c. Nocioception
	d. Tonioception

Question 58

We say that receptors __________________ energy from the "outside world" to energy in the nervous system.

Choose one answer.

	a. Transduce
	b. Transfer
	c. Transmigrate
	d. Transcend

Question 59

Many projections from the cerebral cortex terminate in the brain stem. The generic term for these is __________________ projections.

Choose one answer.

	a. corticobulbar
	b. bulbulocortical
	c. corticospherical
	d. ascending spinal

Question 60

Researchers believe that the __________________ cortex is involved in the "planning" of a movement.

Choose one answer.

	a. Premotor
	b. Primary
	c. Supplementary
	d. None of these is correct.

Question 61

The cerebellum appears to be important for:

Choose one answer.

	a. trial-and-error learning
	b. one-trial learning
	c. classical conditioning
	d. None of these is correct

Question 62

The descending motor pathway from the caudal pons:

Choose one answer.

	a. can affect head movement to coincide with eye movement.
	b. helps pattern locomotion.
	c. initiates movement.
	d. None of these is correct.

Question 63

The descending motor pathway from the rostral pons:

Choose one answer.

	a. helps pattern locomotion.
	b. is important for detailed movements.
	c. initiates movement.
	d. None of these is correct.

Question 64

The net effect of excitation in the direct pathway of the basal ganglia is:

Choose one answer.

	a. cortical excitation
	b. cortical inhibition
	c. no cortical effects
	d. cortical inflammation

Question 65

The reticular formation gives rise to several descending pathways, one from the rostral pons, one from the caudal pons, and one from the __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Medulla
	b. IRAS
	c. Fornix
	d. Olivary bodies

Question 66

The __________________represents the highest order of motor function in humans and is most directly involved in control of fine, digital movements.

Choose one answer.

	a. Corticospinal tract
	b. Lemniscal tract
	c. Auditory tract
	d. Spinal nerve

Question 67

Which of the following is part of the group of structures called the basal ganglia?

Choose one answer.

	a. Caudate
	b. Putamen
	c. Globus pallidus
	d. All of these are basal ganglia structures.

Question 68

Researchers consider the __________________ and cerebellum "side loops" in the neural circuitry for motor control.

Choose one answer.

	a. Basal ganglia
	b. Limbic system
	c. Parietal cortex
	d. Hippocampus

Question 69

Asymmetry in the planum parietale appears to be greatest in __________________-handed men and __________________-handed women.

Choose one answer.

	a. Right, left
	b. Left, right

Question 70

For most right-handed individuals, language processing occurs mostly in the __________________ hemisphere of the brain.

Choose one answer.

	a. Left
	b. Right
	c. Dorsal
	d. Ventral

Question 71

Which of the following is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Men tend to process better in the left hemisphere of the brain while women tend to process equally well between the two hemispheres.
	b. Women tend to process better in the left hemisphere of the brain while men tend to process equally well between the two hemispheres.
	c. Men tend to process better in the right hemisphere of the brain while women tend to process equally well between the two hemispheres.
	d. Women tend to process better in the right hemisphere of the brain while men tend to process equally well between the two hemispheres.

Question 72

Which of the following neurotransmitters appears to be lateralized to the brain's left hemisphere?

Choose one answer.

	a. Dopamine
	b. Norepinephrine
	c. Serotonin
	d. None of these is correct.

Question 73

Auditory perception, memory, and speech are served by the __________________ lobes.

Choose one answer.

	a. Temporal
	b. Frontal
	c. Parietal
	d. Occipital

Question 74

Short-term memory functions are performed by the __________________ cortex.

Choose one answer.

	a. Prefrontal
	b. Postfrontal
	c. Prerostral
	d. Precaudal

Question 75

The frontal lobes include the motor, prefrontal, and __________________ cortices.

Choose one answer.

	a. Premotor
	b. Sensorimotor
	c. Audiomotor
	d. Postmotor

Question 76

The left frontal lobes have a preferential role in __________________ movements.

Choose one answer.

	a. Language-related
	b. Vision-related
	c. Audition-related
	d. Attention-related

Question 77

The main function of the occipital lobes is:

Choose one answer.

	a. processing of visual information.
	b. auditory processing.
	c. recognition.
	d. problem solving.

Question 78

The sub-areas of the __________________ lobes are labeled V1 through V6.

Choose one answer.

	a. Occipital
	b. Frontal
	c. Parietal
	d. Temporal

Question 79

The temporal lobes:

Choose one answer.

	a. do not appear to have a "unitary" function.
	b. mainly perform auditory-related processing.
	c. are essentially extensions of the frontal lobes.
	d. All of these are correct.

Question 80

The __________________ lobes appear to be important for long-term storage of sensory information.

Choose one answer.

	a. Temporal
	b. Frontal
	c. Parietal
	d. Occipital

Question 81

The __________________ lobes are involved in movement, orientation, perception, and recognition.

Choose one answer.

	a. Parietal
	b. Temporal
	c. Frontal
	d. Occipital

Question 82

We call the posterior zone of the parietal lobes the __________________ cortex.

Choose one answer.

	a. Posterior parietal
	b. Somatosensory
	c. Neo
	d. "Little"

Question 83

We call the __________________ zone of the parietal lobes the somatosensory cortex.

Choose one answer.

	a. Anterior
	b. Posterior
	c. Inferior
	d. Superior

Question 84

We know more about the __________________lobes than any other region of the cortex.

Choose one answer.

	a. Occipital
	b. Frontal
	c. Parietal
	d. Temporal

Question 85

Which of the lobes of the cerebrum is important for understanding the difference between left and right?

Choose one answer.

	a. Parietal
	b. Temporal
	c. Frontal
	d. Occipital

Question 86

Which of these is not a function of the temporal lobes?

Choose one answer.

	a. Auditory input processing
	b. Visual object recognition
	c. Long-term storage of sensory input
	d. Motor coordination.

Question 87

Which part of the frontal lobes plays a role in the movements necessary to create facial expressions?

Choose one answer.

	a. The right frontal lobes
	b. The left frontal lobes
	c. The superior frontal lobes
	d. The inferior frontal lobes

Question 88

Reasoning, planning, and problem solving are all functions controlled by the __________________ lobes.

Choose one answer.

	a. Frontal
	b. Temporal
	c. Parietal
	d. Occipital

Question 89

Broca's aphasia is characterized by problems with __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Language production.
	b. Word recognition
	c. Listening
	d. Auditory memory

Question 90

In the brain, the structures of the __________________ appear most important for the processing and expression of emotions.

Choose one answer.

	a. Limbic system.
	b. Fornix
	c. Frontal lobes
	d. Brainstem

Question 91

One of the most important questions about the cognitive precursors to language is about how children develop the capacity for __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Representation
	b. Speech
	c. Babbling
	d. All of these are true.

Question 92

Our richest memories are often associated with __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Emotional events
	b. Events in dreams
	c. Private events
	d. Public events

Question 93

Psychologists and psychiatrists use the term __________________ as a synonym for "emotion," "feeling," or "mood."

Choose one answer.

	a. Affect
	b. Effect
	c. State
	d. Level

Question 94

Some researchers suggest that the important difference between information processing that is conscious and processing that is not conscious is that:

Choose one answer.

	a. conscious processing emerges from an organism's motivating emotional life, whereas non-conscious processing does not.
	b. non-conscious processing emerges from an organism's motivating emotional life, whereas conscious processing does not.
	c. non-conscious processing requires attentional resources, whereas conscious processing does not.
	d. None of these is correct.

Question 95

The morphology of language refers to:

Choose one answer.

	a. the study of how words are put together.
	b. the study of how words are pronounced.
	c. the study of how words change over time.
	d. the study of the building blocks of language.

Question 96

The __________________ cortex plays a key role in acquiring knowledge about objects.

Choose one answer.

	a. Perirhinal
	b. Suborbital
	c. Olfactory
	d. All of these are true.

Question 97

We say that tasks requiring attention use up limited __________________ resources.

Choose one answer.

	a. Cognitive
	b. Sensory
	c. Chemical
	d. Electrical

Question 98

Which type of memory is most involved in remembering how to drive a car or ride a bicycle?

Choose one answer.

	a. Implicit
	b. Explicit
	c. Short-term
	d. Sensory

Question 99

__________________ is the study of the sounds of language.

Choose one answer.

	a. Phonology
	b. Morphology
	c. Tonology
	d. Reflexology

Question 100

When people think of what memories are, they are usually thinking about __________________ memories.

Choose one answer.

	a. Explicit
	b. Implicit
	c. Short-term
	d. Sensory