1
Which of the following best describes the neuron?
Choose one answer.
a. It is the primary basis for communication in the nervous system.
b. It is a support cell in the central nervous system.
c. It provides communication in the peripheral nervous system only.
d. It provides nutrients to other structures in the CNS.
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Question 2
Which of the following is not one of the three primary types of neurons?
Choose one answer.
a. Photoneurons
b. Interneurons
c. Motor neurons
d. Sensory neurons
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Question 3
Which of the following is the basic mind-body question?
Choose one answer.
a. Is the mind located in the body or not?
b. Is the mind located in the PNS or CNS?
c. Is the mind located in the brain or heart?
d. None of these is correct.
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Question 4
The brain is part of the __________________.
Choose one answer.
a. Central nervous system
b. Peripheral nervous system
c. Somatic nervous system
d. Temporal nervous system
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Question 5
How many cranial bones protect the human brain?
Choose one answer.
a. Eight (8)
b. Fourteen (14)
c. Five (5)
d. Ten (10)
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Question 6
In anatomical directions, "towards the face" is called __________________.
Choose one answer.
a. Rostral
b. Caudal
c. Medial
d. Lateral
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Question 7
In the brain, __________________ moves from the brain tissue to the bloodstream, and __________________ moves from the bloodstream to the brain tissue.
Choose one answer.
a. Carbon dioxide, oxygen
b. Oxygen, carbon dioxide
c. Carbon dioxide, sodium
d. Potassium, sodium
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Question 8
In the central nervous system, we call bundles of axons __________________.
Choose one answer.
a. Tracts
b. Nerves
c. Layers
d. Nuclei
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Question 9
Structures of the __________________ provide control of skeletal muscles.
Choose one answer.
a. Somatic nervous system
b. Autonomic nervous system
c. Lingual nervous system
d. Posterior nervous system
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Question 10
The grey matter in the spinal cord contains __________________.
Choose one answer.
a. Synapses
b. Glia
c. Neuromuscular junctions
d. Tracts
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Question 11
The hindbrain includes which of the following structures?
Choose one answer.
a. Pons
b. Medulla oblongata
c. Cerebellum
d. It contains all of these
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Question 12
The midbrain forms a major part of the __________________.
Choose one answer.
a. Brainstem
b. Cortex
c. Spinal cord
d. Cerebrum
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Question 13
The right visual field projects to the __________________ hemisphere of the brain.
Choose one answer.
a. Left
b. Right
c. Central
d. Ventral
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Question 14
The __________________ includes areas in the brain such as the thalamus, the cerebrum, and the hypothalamus.
Choose one answer.
a. Forebrain
b. Midbrain
c. Hindbrain
d. Sidebrain
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Question 15
The __________________ is the primary structure connecting the two hemispheres of the brain.
Choose one answer.
a. Corpus callosum
b. Second ventricle
c. Anterior commissure
d. Basal ganglia
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Question 16
The __________________ nervous system involves the "passive" control of organs such as the lungs and the stomach.
Choose one answer.
a. Autonomic
b. Central
c. Somatic
d. Spinal
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Question 17
We call the brain's center of emotion and memory the __________________.
Choose one answer.
a. Limbic system
b. Diencephalon
c. Neocortex
d. Basal ganglia
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Question 18
What is the difference between a fissure and a sulcus?
Choose one answer.
a. A sulcus is a small inward fold and a fissure is a deep groove.
b. A fissure is a small inward fold and a sulcus is a deep groove.
c. A fissure is a "bump" and a sulcus is a deep groove.
d. A sulcus is a small inward fold and a fissure is a small outward fold.
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Question 19
Which of the following is not a type of glial cell?
Choose one answer.
a. Neuroblasts
b. Astrocytes
c. Oligodendrocytes
d. Microglia
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Question 20
Which of the following planes reveals a structure from the front or back?
Choose one answer.
a. Coronal
b. Sagittal
c. Horizontal
d. Caudal
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Question 21
__________________ is through the dorsal horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord.
Choose one answer.
a. Sensory input
b. Motor feedback
c. Sensory output
d. Motor output
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Question 22
Which of the following planes reveals a structure from one side (right/left)?
Choose one answer.
a. Sagittal
b. Coronal
c. Horizontal
d. Dorsal
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Question 23
A(n) __________________ is an atom or molecule with more or less electrons than usual.
Choose one answer.
a. Ion
b. Proton
c. Neutron
d. Quason
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Question 24
At rest, the concentration of potassium ions is greater __________________ than __________________ the neuron.
Choose one answer.
a. Inside, outside
b. Outside, inside
c. Between, inside
d. Outside, between
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Question 25
At rest, the concentration of sodium ions is greater __________________ than __________________ the neuron.
Choose one answer.
a. Outside, inside
b. Inside, outside
c. Between, inside
d. Outside, between
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Question 26
Neurotransmitters are the basis for CNS communication. What class of chemicals performs a similar function in the PNS?
Choose one answer.
a. Hormones
b. Oxygenates
c. Schwann cells
d. Ionotrobes
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Question 27
The two primary mechanisms for clearing neurotransmitters from a synapse are enzymatic breakdown and __________________.
Choose one answer.
a. Reuptake
b. Inhibition
c. Excitation
d. Delay
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Question 28
The __________________ is the "control center" of the neuron.
Choose one answer.
a. Nucleus
b. Axon
c. Schwann cell
d. Myelin
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Question 29
The "sending" structure of a neuron is the __________________.
Choose one answer.
a. Axon
b. Dendrite
c. Soma
d. Nucleus
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Question 30
We call the small gaps between Schwann cells along the axon the __________________.
Choose one answer.
a. Nodes of Ranvier
b. Myelin
c. Axon terminals
d. Saltatory inhibitors
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Question 31
What do we mean when we call the neural cell membrane the "gatekeeper" to the cell?
Choose one answer.
a. The membrane controls the flow of ions in and out of the neuron.
b. The membrane controls the blood flow in the neuron.
c. The membrane controls the strength of an action potential.
d. All of these are true.
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Question 32
What is the primary neurotransmitter for neuromuscular junctions?
Choose one answer.
a. Acetylcholine
b. Epinephrine
c. Serotonin
d. GABA
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Question 33
__________________ are the chemical substances released by sending neurons that contain the "signal" for receiving neurons.
Choose one answer.
a. Neurotransmitters
b. Hormones
c. Schwann cells
d. Ionotrobes
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Question 34
__________________ is the process by which the signal from a sending neuron decreases the probability that the receiving neuron will "re-transmit" the message.
Choose one answer.
a. Inhibition
b. Excitation
c. Modulation
d. Transcendence
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Question 35
__________________ receptors influence the activity of a neuron indirectly by first initiating a metabolic change in the cell.
Choose one answer.
a. Metabotropic
b. Ionotropic
c. Tonotropic
d. Haptotropic
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Question 36
What main function do the dendrites of a neuron perform?
Choose one answer.
a. Receives signals from other neurons
b. Transmits signals to other neurons
c. Regulates the metabolism of the neuron
d. All of these are true.
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Question 37
Often used as a "last resort," this procedure is often very effective for treating major depressive disorder.
Choose one answer.
a. ECT
b. TBS
c. IBS
d. MRI
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Question 38
What type of brain imaging procedure uses a magnet to realign the hydrogen atoms in the body?
Choose one answer.
a. MRI
b. MEG
c. PET
d. DTI
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Question 39
What type of brain imaging technique involves the use of a device called a superconducting quantum interference device, or SQUID?
Choose one answer.
a. Magnetoencephalography
b. Magnetic resonance imaging
c. Computerized tomography
d. Positron emission tomography
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Question 40
Which of the following best describes a CT scan?
Choose one answer.
a. A very "fancy" X-ray.
b. A super magnet.
c. A high-speed EEG
d. All of these are true.
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Question 41
__________________ involves the use of a contrast medium injected in the blood vessels of the brain.
Choose one answer.
a. Cerebral angiography
b. fMRI
c. ECT
d. Transcranial brain stimulation
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Question 42
The recording of "brain waves" uses a device called a(n) __________________.
Choose one answer.
a. EEG
b. EKG
c. RPG
d. LSD
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Question 43
In which lobe of the cortex is the primary visual area?
Choose one answer.
a. Occipital
b. Parietal
c. Temporal
d. Frontal
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Question 44
Sensory information from the left ear projects to the:
Choose one answer.
a. left and right auditory cortices
b. left auditory cortex only
c. right auditory cortex only
d. parietal cortex
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Question 45
The bundle of axons that runs from the retina to the primary visual cortex is called the __________________
Choose one answer.
a. Optic nerve
b. Optic tract
c. Optic chiasm
d. Optic process
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Question 46
The ossicles are located in the:
Choose one answer.
a. middle ear
b. outer ear
c. inner ear
d. frontal ear
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Question 47
The __________________ are the actual receptors for auditory information.
Choose one answer.
a. Hair cells
b. Schwann cells
c. Ganglion cells
d. Cortical cella
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Question 48
The __________________ are the detectors for pain and temperature located in the skin.
Choose one answer.
a. Free (bare) nerve endings
b. Golgi tendons
c. Sensory nerves
d. Chemoceptors
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Question 49
The __________________ contains the receptors for smell.
Choose one answer.
a. Olfactory epithelium
b. Retina
c. Organ of Corti
d. Smell buds
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Question 50
The __________________ is the point in the CNS where some of the information from each eye crosses to the opposite side of the brain.
Choose one answer.
a. Optic chiasm
b. LGN
c. Superior olive
d. Area IV
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Question 51
The __________________ is the primary organ of auditory perception.
Choose one answer.
a. Cochlea
b. Stapes
c. Oval window
d. Eustachian tube
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Question 52
We call olfaction and gustation __________________ senses.
Choose one answer.
a. Chemical
b. Physical
c. Electromechanical
d. Mental
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Question 53
We call the ability to detect fine touch and pressure __________________.
Choose one answer.
a. Hapsis
b. Olfaction
c. Gustation
d. Audition
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Question 54
Which of the following is not information that sensory systems code about an "incoming" stimulus?
Choose one answer.
a. Intention
b. Location
c. Intensity
d. Type
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Question 55
Which of these sensory systems is most closely tied to emotions?
Choose one answer.
a. Taste
b. Vision
c. Audition
d. Hapsis
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Question 56
__________________ are the photoreceptors responsible for our perception of color.
Choose one answer.
a. Cones
b. Rods
c. Ganglia
d. Amacrines
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Question 57
__________________ refers to the perception of one's own body.
Choose one answer.
a. Proprioception
b. Auto-perception
c. Nocioception
d. Tonioception
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Question 58
We say that receptors __________________ energy from the "outside world" to energy in the nervous system.
Choose one answer.
a. Transduce
b. Transfer
c. Transmigrate
d. Transcend
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Question 59
Many projections from the cerebral cortex terminate in the brain stem. The generic term for these is __________________ projections.
Choose one answer.
a. corticobulbar
b. bulbulocortical
c. corticospherical
d. ascending spinal
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Question 60
Researchers believe that the __________________ cortex is involved in the "planning" of a movement.
Choose one answer.
a. Premotor
b. Primary
c. Supplementary
d. None of these is correct.
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Question 61
The cerebellum appears to be important for:
Choose one answer.
a. trial-and-error learning
b. one-trial learning
c. classical conditioning
d. None of these is correct
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Question 62
The descending motor pathway from the caudal pons:
Choose one answer.
a. can affect head movement to coincide with eye movement.
b. helps pattern locomotion.
c. initiates movement.
d. None of these is correct.
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Question 63
The descending motor pathway from the rostral pons:
Choose one answer.
a. helps pattern locomotion.
b. is important for detailed movements.
c. initiates movement.
d. None of these is correct.
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Question 64
The net effect of excitation in the direct pathway of the basal ganglia is:
Choose one answer.
a. cortical excitation
b. cortical inhibition
c. no cortical effects
d. cortical inflammation
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Question 65
The reticular formation gives rise to several descending pathways, one from the rostral pons, one from the caudal pons, and one from the __________________.
Choose one answer.
a. Medulla
b. IRAS
c. Fornix
d. Olivary bodies
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Question 66
The __________________represents the highest order of motor function in humans and is most directly involved in control of fine, digital movements.
Choose one answer.
a. Corticospinal tract
b. Lemniscal tract
c. Auditory tract
d. Spinal nerve
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Question 67
Which of the following is part of the group of structures called the basal ganglia?
Choose one answer.
a. Caudate
b. Putamen
c. Globus pallidus
d. All of these are basal ganglia structures.
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Question 68
Researchers consider the __________________ and cerebellum "side loops" in the neural circuitry for motor control.
Choose one answer.
a. Basal ganglia
b. Limbic system
c. Parietal cortex
d. Hippocampus
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Question 69
Asymmetry in the planum parietale appears to be greatest in __________________-handed men and __________________-handed women.
Choose one answer.
a. Right, left
b. Left, right
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Question 70
For most right-handed individuals, language processing occurs mostly in the __________________ hemisphere of the brain.
Choose one answer.
a. Left
b. Right
c. Dorsal
d. Ventral
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Question 71
Which of the following is true?
Choose one answer.
a. Men tend to process better in the left hemisphere of the brain while women tend to process equally well between the two hemispheres.
b. Women tend to process better in the left hemisphere of the brain while men tend to process equally well between the two hemispheres.
c. Men tend to process better in the right hemisphere of the brain while women tend to process equally well between the two hemispheres.
d. Women tend to process better in the right hemisphere of the brain while men tend to process equally well between the two hemispheres.
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Question 72
Which of the following neurotransmitters appears to be lateralized to the brain's left hemisphere?
Choose one answer.
a. Dopamine
b. Norepinephrine
c. Serotonin
d. None of these is correct.
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Question 73
Auditory perception, memory, and speech are served by the __________________ lobes.
Choose one answer.
a. Temporal
b. Frontal
c. Parietal
d. Occipital
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Question 74
Short-term memory functions are performed by the __________________ cortex.
Choose one answer.
a. Prefrontal
b. Postfrontal
c. Prerostral
d. Precaudal
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Question 75
The frontal lobes include the motor, prefrontal, and __________________ cortices.
Choose one answer.
a. Premotor
b. Sensorimotor
c. Audiomotor
d. Postmotor
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Question 76
The left frontal lobes have a preferential role in __________________ movements.
Choose one answer.
a. Language-related
b. Vision-related
c. Audition-related
d. Attention-related
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Question 77
The main function of the occipital lobes is:
Choose one answer.
a. processing of visual information.
b. auditory processing.
c. recognition.
d. problem solving.
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Question 78
The sub-areas of the __________________ lobes are labeled V1 through V6.
Choose one answer.
a. Occipital
b. Frontal
c. Parietal
d. Temporal
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Question 79
The temporal lobes:
Choose one answer.
a. do not appear to have a "unitary" function.
b. mainly perform auditory-related processing.
c. are essentially extensions of the frontal lobes.
d. All of these are correct.
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Question 80
The __________________ lobes appear to be important for long-term storage of sensory information.
Choose one answer.
a. Temporal
b. Frontal
c. Parietal
d. Occipital
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Question 81
The __________________ lobes are involved in movement, orientation, perception, and recognition.
Choose one answer.
a. Parietal
b. Temporal
c. Frontal
d. Occipital
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Question 82
We call the posterior zone of the parietal lobes the __________________ cortex.
Choose one answer.
a. Posterior parietal
b. Somatosensory
c. Neo
d. "Little"
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Question 83
We call the __________________ zone of the parietal lobes the somatosensory cortex.
Choose one answer.
a. Anterior
b. Posterior
c. Inferior
d. Superior
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Question 84
We know more about the __________________lobes than any other region of the cortex.
Choose one answer.
a. Occipital
b. Frontal
c. Parietal
d. Temporal
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Question 85
Which of the lobes of the cerebrum is important for understanding the difference between left and right?
Choose one answer.
a. Parietal
b. Temporal
c. Frontal
d. Occipital
.
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Question 86
Which of these is not a function of the temporal lobes?
Choose one answer.
a. Auditory input processing
b. Visual object recognition
c. Long-term storage of sensory input
d. Motor coordination.
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Question 87
Which part of the frontal lobes plays a role in the movements necessary to create facial expressions?
Choose one answer.
a. The right frontal lobes
b. The left frontal lobes
c. The superior frontal lobes
d. The inferior frontal lobes
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Question 88
Reasoning, planning, and problem solving are all functions controlled by the __________________ lobes.
Choose one answer.
a. Frontal
b. Temporal
c. Parietal
d. Occipital
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Question 89
Broca's aphasia is characterized by problems with __________________.
Choose one answer.
a. Language production.
b. Word recognition
c. Listening
d. Auditory memory
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Question 90
In the brain, the structures of the __________________ appear most important for the processing and expression of emotions.
Choose one answer.
a. Limbic system.
b. Fornix
c. Frontal lobes
d. Brainstem
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Question 91
One of the most important questions about the cognitive precursors to language is about how children develop the capacity for __________________.
Choose one answer.
a. Representation
b. Speech
c. Babbling
d. All of these are true.
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Question 92
Our richest memories are often associated with __________________.
Choose one answer.
a. Emotional events
b. Events in dreams
c. Private events
d. Public events
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Question 93
Psychologists and psychiatrists use the term __________________ as a synonym for "emotion," "feeling," or "mood."
Choose one answer.
a. Affect
b. Effect
c. State
d. Level
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Question 94
Some researchers suggest that the important difference between information processing that is conscious and processing that is not conscious is that:
Choose one answer.
a. conscious processing emerges from an organism's motivating emotional life, whereas non-conscious processing does not.
b. non-conscious processing emerges from an organism's motivating emotional life, whereas conscious processing does not.
c. non-conscious processing requires attentional resources, whereas conscious processing does not.
d. None of these is correct.
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Question 95
The morphology of language refers to:
Choose one answer.
a. the study of how words are put together.
b. the study of how words are pronounced.
c. the study of how words change over time.
d. the study of the building blocks of language.
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Question 96
The __________________ cortex plays a key role in acquiring knowledge about objects.
Choose one answer.
a. Perirhinal
b. Suborbital
c. Olfactory
d. All of these are true.
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Question 97
We say that tasks requiring attention use up limited __________________ resources.
Choose one answer.
a. Cognitive
b. Sensory
c. Chemical
d. Electrical
.
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Question 98
Which type of memory is most involved in remembering how to drive a car or ride a bicycle?
Choose one answer.
a. Implicit
b. Explicit
c. Short-term
d. Sensory
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Question 99
__________________ is the study of the sounds of language.
Choose one answer.
a. Phonology
b. Morphology
c. Tonology
d. Reflexology
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Question 100
When people think of what memories are, they are usually thinking about __________________ memories.
Choose one answer.
a. Explicit
b. Implicit
c. Short-term
d. Sensory
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