A shared system of symbols, beliefs, attitudes, and values defines which of the following terms?

	a. Ethnicity
	b. Culture
	c. Race
	d. Class

.

According to E.O. Wilson, which of the following is the application of evolutionary theory to human social behavior?

	a. Psychobiology
	b. Anthrobiology
	c. Cultural biology
	d. Sociobiology

.

All of the following are true about anthropology EXCEPT:

	a. It is a field of social science that studies the behavior of humans in their societies.
	b. It traditionally has dealt with the study of cultures different from one’s own.
	c. It tends to look at the “big picture” and overall culture of a group, including art, history, mythology, etc.
	d. It looks at social stratification, social class, social mobility, religion, secularization, law, and deviance in human society.

.

An implicit cognitive system includes all of the following attributes EXCEPT:

	a. Automatic
	b. Parallel processing
	c. Conscious
	d. Evolutionary adaptation

.

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. Dong and Day’s 2008 research discovered that ethnocentrism tends to be _________________ correlated with ______________________ and cultural diversity.

	a. Negatively, psychological disposition
	b. Positively, cultural competence
	c. Positively, ethno-relativity
	d. Negatively, intercultural communication sensitivity

.

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. Vgotsky’s ________________theory emerged in response to ___________dualism as well as the subjectivism and behaviorism of Wundt and James.

	a. Cultural-psychological, Cartesian
	b. Cultural-historical, Vendata
	c. Zone of proximal development, Buddhist
	d. Socio-cultural, Tao

.

The Spectrum of Consciousness is best described as the foundation of what type of psychology?

	a. Positive Psychology
	b. Perennial Psychology
	c. Transpersonal Psychology
	d. Universal Psychology

.

What is ethnocentrism?

	a. Judgment of other groups as inferior to our own
	b. Judgment of other groups from our own cultural point of view
	c. Both A and B
	d. None of the above

.

What is the fastest growing demographic in America?

	a. Asian-American
	b. Native-Americans
	c. Multiracial
	d. Hispanic

.

Which of the following most accurately characterizes the importance of culture?

	a. The ability to keep social relationships intact
	b. The creation of new needs and drives
	c. The shaping of genetics
	d. A and B only

.

According to Vernon’s 1955 study, the perceptual set includes which of the following?

	a. Perceiver and expecter
	b. Classifier and inferencer
	c. Selector and interpreter
	d. Interpreter and finder

.

Allport’s 1995 study found that there are 6 types of motivational-emotional influence on perception. All of the following are consistent with his theory EXCEPT:

	a. Safety needs.
	b. Personality.
	c. The value of objects.
	d. Bodily/physiological needs.

.

Common methods for altering consciousness include all of the following EXCEPT:

	a. Relaxation.
	b. Yogic postures.
	c. Dance.
	d. Heartbeat control.

.

Fill in the blank. The purpose of ______________ is to show devotion to God, to obtain deep understanding, and to be in a state of tranquility. Many who practice this mode of consciousness claim they reach a spiritual presence and union with God.

	a. Prayer
	b. Contemplation
	c. Meditation
	d. Mindfulness

.

In Krause and Chatters’ 2005 study on race differences in regards to prayer, there were significant racial differences in all aspects of prayer with the exception of which of the following?

	a. Substantive content of prayer
	b. Social context of prayer
	c. Length of prayer
	d. Beliefs about prayer

.

In O'Nell and O'Nell’s study, there were three main differences in the American and Zapotec dreamers. All of the following were noted in the study EXCEPT:

	a. Zapotec dreamers, male and female, had a higher physical aggression percent than did their American counterparts.
	b. There was little or no tendency for the A/C index to decline with age for the Zapotecs.
	c. American dreamers showed more aggression in the males, while Zapotecs showed higher aggression in their females.
	d. Zapotec dreamers had more dreamer-involved aggressions than the American dreamers.

.

In Roberson’s study of British and African children, regarding how language shapes color perception, she found out which of the following results?

	a. Children acquired color terms in the same way across cultures.
	b. The pattern of memory errors for learning color terms in each language was very different.
	c. It is suggested that cognitive color categories are innate rather than learned.
	d. Children acquired color terms in a particular, predictable order.

.

It has been determined that several variables influence perceptual set, and the set then, in turn, influences perception. Which of the following variables have been commonly found to influence the perceptual set?

	a. Expectations
	b. Cognitions
	c. Visions
	d. Deliberations

.

Polyphasic Sleep Patterns include all of the following EXCEPT:

	a. Dymaxion.
	b. Uberman.
	c. Everyman.
	d. Genaxion.

.

Segall, Campbell, & Herskovit found that visual perception is not universal. Their findings suggest which of the following?

	a. Perception is culturally-influenced.
	b. Perception has racial differences.
	c. Perception is based on experience.
	d. Both A and C

.

The activation-synthesis theory states which of the following about dreams?

	a. Dreams are the brain’s reaction to random biological processes and stimuli during the sleep cycle.
	b. Dreams are full of meaningful content that is open to interpretation.
	c. Dreams have a psychological cause and indicate one’s unconscious thoughts and desires that may have been repressed.
	d. Dreams are a result of a coherent attempt to make sense of what one has experienced.

.

Which of the following best describes polychronic individuals?

	a. They prefer to complete one task at a time.
	b. They value punctuality, completing tasks, and keeping to schedules.
	c. They see time holistically and believe in maintaining relationships and socializing more than accomplishing tasks.
	d. They view time as if it were linear.

.

Which type of trance results from group singing and dancing, often associated with religious ceremonies?

	a. Pathological
	b. Aesthetic
	c. Orgiastic
	d. Mystic

.

Who developed the theory of dreaming, called the activation-synthesis model?

	a. Howard Gardner and Lawrence Kohlberg
	b. J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley
	c. Alfred Adler and Hans Eysenck
	d. Julian Rotter and Harry Harlow

.

You have feelings of dislike for someone, so you buy them a gift. What is this an example of?

	a. Altruism
	b. Sublimation
	c. Undoing
	d. Reaction formation

.

Fill in the blank. A study found in the July issue of Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, one of the JAMA/Archives journals, suggests that poor ______________ in early life is associated with poor performance on cognitive (thinking, learning, and memory) tests in adulthood.

	a. Schooling
	b. Nutrition
	c. Social interaction
	d. Family support

.

Fill in the blank. Heritability is a(n) ___________________ that indicates how much variation of a trait in a population is attributed to genetics.

	a. Intellectual expression
	b. Environmental explanation
	c. Mathematical estimate
	d. Cultural discrepancy

.

Fill in the blanks. ____________’s theory is based on the fact that individuals who score high on one test seemed to score high on all tests across mental ability, and similarly that people who fared low on one test seemed to score low across others. He theorized, after factor analysis, that all mental abilities are correlated, and that they are all based on a dominant element called _________.

	a. Spearman, g factor
	b. Haier, t ability
	c. Sternberg, c ratio
	d. Kaufman, z effect

.

Hull developed the drive-reduction theory. The primary principles include all of the following EXCEPT:

	a. Drive is essential in order for responses to occur.
	b. Conditioning only occurs if the reinforcement satisfied a wish.
	c. Stimuli and responses must be detected by the organism in order for conditioning to occur.
	d. Response must be made in order for conditioning to occur.

.

The body maintains homeostasis, or equilibrium, in its systems. This is innate to which theory?

	a. Drive theory
	b. Incentive theory
	c. Arousal theory
	d. Motivation theory.

.

The Seattle Longitudinal Study suggests which of the following?

	a. That fluid abilities tend to decline earlier than crystallized abilities
	b. That crystallized abilities show steeper decrement than fluid abilities once a person reaches the early 50s
	c. That men decline first on the active abilities and women decline earlier on passive abilities
	d. All of the above

.

The stages of moral reasoning, according to Lickona, include all of the following EXCEPT:

	a. Unquestioned obedience
	b. What’s-in-it-for-me fairness
	c. Principled conscience
	d. Interpersonal obligation

.

University of Michigan’s Professor Richard E. Nisbett’s study discovered which of the following?

	a. European Americans favored formal reasoning to intuition.
	b. Koreans and Chinese favored intuition to formal reasoning.
	c. Asian Americans’ reasoning was identical to European Americans or intermediate.
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following was the first intelligence test?

	a. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
	b. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
	c. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
	d. Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment

.

Which psychologist suggests that one route to knowledge is through thinking, and thought is constrained by the speed of some basic processing mechanism and it is this speed that is the foundation of one's general intelligence or IQ?

	a. Anderson
	b. Galton
	c. Deary
	d. Jensen

.

You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. At the same time as these physiological changes occur, you also experience the emotion of fear. This is an example of which theory?

	a. Lazurus Theory
	b. Cannon-Bard Theory
	c. James-Lange Theory
	d. Schachter-Singer Theory

.

You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself. This behavior is dangerous, and therefore you feel the emotion of fear. This is an example of which theory?

	a. Lazurus Theory
	b. Cannon-Bard Theory
	c. James-Lange Theory
	d. Schachter-Singer Theory

.

Emotions can be measured via which of the following?

	a. Behavior
	b. Thoughts
	c. Physical/body
	d. All of the above

.

Emotions do all of the following EXCEPT:

	a. Prepare us for action.
	b. Facilitate non-verbal communication.
	c. Regulate social interaction.
	d. Manifest primarily unconsciously.

.

Fill in the blank. Sauter, Eisner, Ekman, and Scott’s 2009 research indicated that a number of emotions are cross-culturally recognized from ____________ signals, which are perceived as communicating specific affective states.

	a. Physical
	b. Visual
	c. Vocal
	d. Universal

.

Fill in the blank. Transforming anxiety-producing thoughts into their opposites in consciousness is the defense mechanism of __________________.

	a. Rationalization
	b. Reaction formation
	c. Denial
	d. Displacement

.

Fill in the blanks. In the last decade, various studies have reported the existence of a seventh universal facial expression of emotion. This is the emotion of ___________________.

	a. Passion
	b. Frustration
	c. Anxiety
	d. Contempt

.

Joseph LeDoux (1998) found which of the following two neural pathways for the processing of fear?

	a. Fast route, slow route
	b. Subcortical route, amygdala route
	c. Direct route, indirect route
	d. Primary route, secondary route

.

Plutchik’s theory holds that there are eight innate emotions. Which of the following accurately lists these eight?

	a. Joy, sadness, acceptance, disgust, fear, anger, surprise, and anticipation
	b. Happiness, terror, anxiety, anger, embarrassment, boredom, hunger, and compassion
	c. Aggression, fear, envy, depression, euphoria, grief, worry, and pride
	d. Rage, happiness, hysteria, shame, hope, guilt, ambivalence, and sadness

.

The James-Lange theory of emotions states which of the following?

	a. We experience physiological arousal and emotional arousal all at the same time, but do not pay attention to thoughts or outward behaviors.
	b. An event causes physiological arousal first and then we interpret that arousal.
	c. An event causes physiological arousal first, and then we identify a reason for the arousal so that we can experience and label the emotion.
	d. A thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal.

.

Which of the following statements about shame and guilt is true?

	a. Shame and guilt, in various research studies, have been shown to have cultural variability.
	b. Shame and guilt, in various research studies, have been shown to have cultural universality.
	c. Shame and guilt, in various research studies, have been shown to have cultural universality, with the exception of the Japanese culture, which had divergent results.
	d. Shame and guilt, in various research studies, have been shown to have cultural variability, with the exception of the Indian culture, which had divergent results.

.

A kosher diet, as discussed in Jewish religious doctrine, involves which of the following?

	a. Vegetarianism to follow the doctrine of noninjury and nonviolence
	b. Fasting during daylight hours, while eating and drinking before dawn and after sunset
	c. The use and preparation of foods for the purpose of spiritual health
	d. The amount of food left uneaten on a plate to indicate that hunger has been satisfied

.

Characteristics of contact cultures include all of the following EXCEPT:

	a. More immediacy
	b. Generally located in cool climates
	c. A lot of physical contact when communicating
	d. Friendship and trust are increased by close proximity

.

Denial, sublimation, displacement, and projection are all considered to be which of the following?

	a. Psychoanalytic defense mechanisms
	b. Behavioral intervention techniques
	c. Cognitive-behavioral mental catastrophes
	d. Existential barriers

.

Fill in the blank. Although in most cultures people tend to express rather similar views of love as congenial, in some cultures, such as ____________, love is viewed as unrequited, sorrowful, and sadness.

	a. Egyptian
	b. Chinese
	c. Japanese
	d. Tahitian

.

Fill in the blank. In _______________ culture, approximately the same number of people are married as are those who have never married, and more than half of those that are married are married to someone from another racial or ethnic group.

	a. Chinese-American
	b. Native American
	c. African-American
	d. Latin-American

.

Fill in the blank. In _______________ culture, approximately the same number of people are married as are those who have never married, and more than half of those that are married are married to someone from another racial or ethnic group.

	a. Chinese-American
	b. Native American
	c. African-American
	d. Latin-American

.

Fill in the blanks. The Four Zones of Interaction is a theory of ______________ created by _________________.

	a. Proxemics, Edward Hall
	b. Attachment, Mary Ainsworth
	c. Cultural communication, Stuart Hall
	d. Developmental level, Lev Vgotsky

.

Human beings are constantly driven into action by a balance of which two drives?

	a. Id and ego
	b. Eros and Thanatos
	c. Primary process and secondary process
	d. Phallic and latency

.

In Jewish weddings, the groom smashes a glass with his right foot, to symbolize the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple. Similarly, African American couples ‘jump the broom’ together at the end of the wedding ceremony to symbolize:

	a. A reminder to take all new journeys together as a union
	b. Leaping past evil and moving towards purity
	c. Leaving behind worldly goods
	d. Sweeping away the old and welcoming a new beginning with a leap of faith

.

Islam prohibits Muslims from consuming all of the following items EXCEPT:

	a. Blood/Raw meat
	b. Alcohol
	c. Pork
	d. Fowl

.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs includes five domains. Please choose the answer with the correct order starting with the most basic needs to the most complex needs.

	a. Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization
	b. Safety, physiological, esteem, love, self-actualization
	c. Safety, love, physiological, esteem, self-actualization
	d. Self-actualization, love, physiological, safety, esteem

.

Of the following cultures, which has the lowest divorce statistics?

	a. Native-Americans
	b. African-Americans
	c. Hispanics and Latinos
	d. Asian-Americans

.

Self-actualization is a term used by various theorists to represent realizing one’s full potential. From the list below, please indicate the self-actualization theorist.

	a. Maslow
	b. Goldstein
	c. Rogers
	d. All of the above

.

The idea of instinctive, genetic, biologically determined behavior is best categorized as which of the following?

	a. Nature
	b. Nurture
	c. Free will
	d. None of the Above

.

Which of the following is the branch of knowledge that deals with the amount of space that people feel it necessary to set between themselves and others?

	a. Public space
	b. Proxemics
	c. Informal space
	d. Territory

.

A baby’s development can be impacted by various teratogens including which of the following?

	a. Alcohol
	b. Infection
	c. X-rays
	d. All of the above

.

All of the following statements are true about Bowlby’s attachment theory EXCEPT:

	a. The theory was influenced by ethological theory and imprinting research.
	b. The theory holds that a child should receive continuous care from their attachment figure for approximately the first month of life.
	c. The theory suggests that children come into the world pre-programmed to form attachment with others to help them survive.
	d. The theory hypothesizes that both infants and mothers have a biological need to remain in contact with one another.

.

Animism and egocentrism are developed during which stage?

	a. Sensorimotor stage
	b. Formal operational stage
	c. Pre-operational stage
	d. Concrete operational stage

.

Children, if encouraged, will become secure in their own abilities to thrive in the world, and if criticized or controlled, children will feel inadequate and lack self-esteem. This scenario applies to which of the following stages?

	a. Initiative vs. guilt
	b. Identity vs. role confusion
	c. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
	d. Industry vs. inferiority

.

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. After a female egg is fertilized, the resultant one-celled organism then becomes known as a(n) _______________, which then begins a period of quick cell division and will eventually become a(n) _____________.

	a. Embryo, blastocyst
	b. Zygote, lanugo
	c. Myiotic, zygote
	d. Zygote, embryo

.

Fill in the blank. According to Keromoian and Leideman’s (1986) article, “Infant Attachment to Mother and Child Caregiver in an East African Community,” the attachment classification found for the Gueissi dyads in Africa was similar to the findings in ______________ studies, with 61% demonstrating secure attachment to their mothers and 54% to other non-maternal caregivers.

	a. Western
	b. German
	c. Japanese
	d. Israeli

.

Fill in the blank. Ainsworth (1967) first used the concept of a secure base in her groundbreaking study of _______________children and their parents.

	a. South African
	b. Ugandan
	c. Swahili
	d. Ethiopian

.

Fill in the blank. Bowlby believed that attachment behaviors are ______________.

	a. Instinctive
	b. Learned
	c. Observed
	d. Innately developed

.

Fill in the blank. Bowlby was heavily influenced by ________________ theory.

	a. Environmental
	b. Ethological
	c. Evolutionary
	d. Epigenetic

.

Fill in the blank. Having information on a child’s response to a new object/person, rhythmicity, extent of motor activity, adaptability, energy level, general disposition, and attention level BEST defines that child’s ___________________.

	a. Mood
	b. Personality
	c. Temperament
	d. Attachment

.

Fill in the blank. Sagi et al. (1991) found that studies in various countries including Germany, Israel, Japan, Sweden, and the United States have shown __________________ to differ greatly across and within cultures, leading to questions about its cross-cultural validity.

	a. Emotional development
	b. The strange situation
	c. The avoidant type
	d. Moral reasoning

.

Fill in the blank. Studies have shown that most children fit into one of three types of temperament patterns. The one that most research does NOT include is __________________.

	a. Difficult
	b. Slow to warm up
	c. Easy
	d. Moderate

.

John Bowlby defined secure attachment as being associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

	a. Tracking the caregiver during exploration.
	b. The caregiver functioning as a secure base.
	c. Approaching the caregiver when anxious or distressed.
	d. The child resisting their caregiver’s advances.

.

Super et al. (2008) found that variability in children’s temperament in different cultures can be interpreted as which of the following?

	a. Being related to true variance across cultural groups including genetics and environment
	b. Being related to the different expectations held by parents in different cultures
	c. Being related to parental ethno theories of child temperament which shape their parenting practices
	d. All of the above

.

The belief that non-human entities have souls and feelings is related to which of following?

	a. Pantheism
	b. Paganism
	c. Animism
	d. Neopaganism

.

The long-term consequence(s) of maternal deprivation include which of the following?

	a. Delinquency
	b. Reduced intelligence
	c. Affectionless psychopathy
	d. All of the above

.

There are four components of attachment. Which of the following is the component that describes when the child feels threatened or afraid that he or she can return to the caregiver for comfort and soothing?

	a. Safe haven
	b. Secure base
	c. Proximity maintenance
	d. Separation distress

.

Which of the following is defined as the perception of an action as right or wrong as dependent on the moral norms in the culture or society in which it is practiced?

	a. Moral conformity
	b. Cultural nobility
	c. Ethical relativism
	d. Social ethics

.

Which of the following is NOT a stage determined by Erik Erikson’s identity development theory?

	a. Initiative vs. guilt
	b. Industry vs. inferiority
	c. Regeneration vs. isolation
	d. Generativity vs. stagnation

.

Which of the following is the status of a person who is actively involved in exploring different identities but has not made a commitment?

	a. Foreclosure
	b. Moratorium
	c. Identity diffusion
	d. Identity achievement

.

Which of the following syndrome is defined by the result of a genetic accident on chromosome 15?

	a. Fragile X Syndrome
	b. Prader-Willi Syndrome
	c. Down Syndrome
	d. Triple X Syndrome

.

A clinician who uses psychodynamic conceptualization with cognitive-behavioral interventions may be considered which of the following?

	a. Psychodynamic
	b. Eclectic
	c. Existential
	d. Cognitive-Behavioral

.

A dissociative episode featuring a period of brooding, amnesia, automatism, and aggression aimed at people/objects best relates to which Culture-Bound Syndrome?

	a. Bilis
	b. Amok
	c. Boufée delirante
	d. Qi-gong psychotic reaction

.

According to Lu, some cultural explanation of illness may include which of the following?

	a. Idioms of distress
	b. Relationship intervention
	c. Treatment pathway
	d. Both A and C

.

All of the following are Culture-Bound Syndromes that would be found within Latin societies EXCEPT:

	a. Mal de ojo.
	b. Nervios.
	c. Mal de pelea.
	d. Susto.

.

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. Shame may be viewed as positive in __________________ cultures and negative in __________________ cultures.

	a. Monochronic, polychromic
	b. Collectivistic, individualistic
	c. High context, low context
	d. Past-oriented, future-oriented

.

Fill in the blank. Wilber sees that the human race is on a purposeful developmental progression toward “the good.” This developmental view is consistent with Yang’s ___________ in the Chinese context.

	a. Social harmony perspective
	b. Human altruism perspective
	c. Transpersonal perspective
	d. Person-making Perspective

.

Indigenous ritual healing practices include all of the following EXCEPT:

	a. Shamanism
	b. Curanderismo
	c. Nathalism
	d. Ngangaism

.

Naikan therapy has strict instructions on how to examine yourself. It uses three questions to help you do this. All of the following are questions of Naikan EXCEPT:

	a. What did you receive from a specific person?
	b. What did you need from that person?
	c. What did you do for that person in return?
	d. What troubles, worries, and difficulties have you caused that person?

.

Naikan uses which of the following methods of psychotherapy?

	a. Question-association-search method
	b. Isolation-constraint-time method
	c. Unconscious-awareness-deliver method
	d. Theme-relationship-explore method

.

Some culture-bound syndromes associated with the Native American culture include all of the following EXCEPT:

	a. Ghost sickness
	b. Koro
	c. Iich’aa
	d. Windigo

.

Symptoms including suicidal gestures, crying spells, dissociation, trembling, uncontrollable shouting, and heat in the chest rising into the head is most likely to be associated with which of the following?

	a. Panic Disorder
	b. Intermittent Explosive Disorder
	c. Ataque De Nervios
	d. Borderline Personality Disorder

.

What culture is Naikan connected to?

	a. Chinese
	b. Japanese
	c. Sri Lankan
	d. Korean

.

When formulating a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis, cultural considerations must be taken into consideration, including which of the following?

	a. Cultural identity of the individual
	b. Cultural explanations of the individual’s illness
	c. Cultural factors related to psychosocial environment and levels of functioning
	d. All of the above

.

Which conditions resemble the symptoms of a mental disorder but require information about cultural context?

	a. V-codes
	b. Culture-bound syndromes
	c. Culture-sensitive disorders
	d. Culture codes

.

Which of the following is a positive symptom of Schizophrenia?

	a. Flat affect
	b. Avolition
	c. Delusions
	d. Poverty of speech

.

Which of the following may be experienced after the death of a loved one and may include sadness, insomnia, poor appetite, and weight loss? The duration that symptoms may persist may vary based on culture.

	a. Major Depressive Disorder
	b. Bereavement
	c. Dysthymic Disorder
	d. Schizoaffective Disorder

.

Which of the following statements is true of the DSM-IV-TR?

	a. Autistic Disorder and Mental Retardation are coded on Axis II.
	b. The GAF scale exclusively focuses on social and psychological functioning.
	c. Medical Conditions are coded on Axis III.
	d. Clinical Disorders are the only diagnoses on Axis I.

.

Which type of therapy tends to be short-term and may include journaling, imagery, and mindfulness?

	a. Gestalt therapy
	b. Behavioral therapy
	c. Cognitive-behavioral therapy
	d. Psychodynamic therapy

.