According to the lectures, what is the best way to correct the inherent unreliability of human observations?

	a. Create statistical control.
	b. Aggregate multiple measurements of the same phenomenon.
	c. Ensure that your observers are accurate through inter-reliability checks.
	d. There is no way to increase reliability.

.

According to your reading by Revelle (1995), there are three dimensions on which to organize personality theories/research. Which of the following options is NOT a dimension described by Revelle?

	a. Levels of analysis
	b. Levels of generality
	c. Degrees of adaptability of the behavior
	d. Level of consistency

.

Assimilation and accommodation are two key concepts associated with which of the following phenomenon?

	a. Adaptation
	b. Interaction
	c. Perception
	d. Consciousness

.

Bipolar scales differ from unipolar scales in which of the following ways?

	a. They contain two items for each concept.
	b. They measure two separate but related concepts.
	c. They capture psychopathology instead of normality.
	d. They contain both ends to one dimension (e.g., opposites).

.

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. According to your readings, evolutionary personality psychologists ask the _______________ of personality, whereas studies addressing individual differences ask the _______________ of personality.

	a. Where, when
	b. What, how
	c. Why, how
	d. When, what

.

Fill in the blank. The extent to which our measure captures what we want it to measure is called ________________.

	a. Validity
	b. Reliability
	c. Accuracy
	d. Measurement Stability

.

Fill in the blanks. ________________ is a subspecialty within the field of _______________ personality psychology, which seeks to address the covariance of traits with each other and with different parts of the environment.

	a. Cognitive-behavioral, behavioral
	b. Psychodynamic, psychoanalytic
	c. Behavioral genetics, evolutionary
	d. Sociology, evolutionary

.

Henry Murray’s theory of personality focused on which major concept?

	a. Sexual drives
	b. Underlying human motivation
	c. Big five personality traits
	d. Personal action constructs

.

In the image displayed below, we see the O’s as a line within the field of X’s. This demonstrates which of the following Gestalt laws of perception?

 OXXXXXXXXXX
 XOXXXXXXXXX
 XXOXXXXXXXX

	a. Law of closure
	b. Law of similarity
	c. Law of proximity
	d. Law of symmetry

.

Split-half reliability refers to which of the following?

	a. The ability to generalize across time
	b. The ability to generalize across observers
	c. The ability to generalize across items
	d. The ability to generalize across tests

.

The study of individual differences in personality psychology can best be captured by which statement?

	a. Some people are the same.
	b. All people are the same.
	c. No people are the same.
	d. Everybody is the same.

.

What do your readings cite as one of the main measurement issues and criticism to personality research?

	a. Difficulty in quantifying traits
	b. Difficulty in determining whose perspective on personality is most accurate (e.g., others, self, etc.)
	c. Reliability issues
	d. External validity issues

.

Which concept is defined by an organism’s interest in their environment?

	a. Adaptation
	b. Interaction
	c. Perception
	d. Consciousness

.

Which of the following corollaries, explicated by George Kelly regarding social interaction, dictates how we interact with people with whom we have very little in common?

	a. Fragmentation corollary
	b. Commonality corollary
	c. Sociality corollary
	d. Individuality corollary

.

Which statement best captures Eyseneck’s theory of creativity?

	a. Creativity is best captured by a U-shaped distribution and is impacted mostly by cognitive variables.
	b. Creativity is best captured by a J-shaped distribution and is impacted by cognitive ability, non-cognitive variables, and social constraints and opportunities.
	c. Creativity is not biologically based. Its expression is dependent on environmental variables (i.e., encouragement of creativity).
	d. Creativity is not easily measured quantitatively and instead is best studied qualitatively.

.

Which two systems represent the engine and breaking systems of human behavior (i.e., the neural correlates of the approach and avoidance systems in the brain)?

	a. Behavioral Activation System, Behavioral Inhibition System
	b. Reward System, Punishment System
	c. Action Driving System, Action Inhibiting System
	d. Fear Center, Joy Center

.

Which personality researcher launched a critique of broad personality traits as units of analysis for personality and pointed out the importance of the “situation”?

	a. Walter Mischel
	b. Henry Murray
	c. George Kelly
	d. Karen Horney

.

A mother punishes her son for receiving a B in advanced calculus. Carl Rogers might see this as an expression of which of the following phenomena?

	a. Negative regard
	b. Conditions of worth
	c. Oedipal complex
	d. Frustration of needs

.

According to Ericson, which stage of psychosocial development presents the challenge of generatively versus self-absorption?

	a. Adolescent
	b. Young adult
	c. Middle adult
	d. Older adult

.

According to Freud, which level of awareness encompasses experiences which can be summoned into awareness with relative ease?

	a. The conscious domain
	b. The preconscious domain
	c. The unconscious domain
	d. The subconscious domain

.

According to Jung, as we grow older we become more comfortable with our different facets (the “good” and “bad”). This state is referred to as which of the following?

	a. Transcendence
	b. Principle of Equivalence
	c. Anima and Animus
	d. Principle of Opposites

.

Alfred Adler was most concerned with which of the following concepts?

	a. The unconscious domain of personality
	b. The motivations and strivings which drive us
	c. Stages of development each marked by distinct challenges and goals
	d. Archetypes and the collective unconscious

.

An individual is shopping and sees a jacket that he would like to purchase but cannot afford. According to Freud, which component of the personality prevents the individual from acting on the impulse to steal the jacket?

	a. The ego
	b. The id
	c. The superego
	d. The unconscious

.

Betty’s colleges would describe her as uptight and rigid, often unwilling to make even small adjustments in her schedule. At which stage would Freud say she was fixated?

	a. Oral
	b. Anal
	c. Phallic
	d. Latent

.

Carl Rogers defined “neurosis” as which of the following?

	a. A state of being out of sync with yourself
	b. Incongruity
	c. A discrepancy between the ideal self and real self
	d. All of the above

.

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. The Rorschach Inkblot Test is a(n) _________________ measure of personality stemming from the _________________ tradition.

	a. Projective, psychoanalytic
	b. Objective, psychoanalytic
	c. Likert-type, behavioral
	d. Subjective, humanistic

.

How are Maslow’s and Rogers’ theories similar?

	a. They are both humanistic in nature.
	b. They both view humans as having high potential to achieve growth.
	c. They espouse a more positive view of human nature.
	d. All of the above

.

In the MMPI, which scale helps test scorers to determine if the individual is making unsophisticated attempts to present themselves in a dishonest manner?

	a. The F scale, also known as the Infrequency scale
	b. The L Scale, also known as the Lie scale
	c. The K Scale, also known as the Defensive scale
	d. The Cannot Say Scale

.

When a client gets angry at his therapist for being 2 minutes late to a session, he states that the therapist is “always inconsiderate – just like my father!” This most closely matches which type of therapeutic phenomena?

	a. Conditions of worth
	b. Countertransference
	c. Transference
	d. Free association

.

Which definition best characterizes the notion of “deficit needs” in Maslow’s theory on the Hierarchy of Needs?

	a. Deficit needs are characterized by their ability to produce a sense of need or want within an individual.
	b. Deficit needs are defined by their ability to create deficits in our performance and happiness in life.
	c. Deficit needs are those needs which are not “requirements” but instead represent the ideal of self-actualization.
	d. None of the above

.

Which personality theorist is most concerned with the “perceptual field of the individual?”

	a. Sigmund Freud
	b. Carl Rogers
	c. Karen Horney
	d. Abraham Maslow

.

Which psychodynamic theorist thought of neurosis as interpersonal control and coping—a way to make life bearable?

	a. Anna Freud
	b. Karen Horney
	c. Carl Jung
	d. Sigmund Freud

.

Which statement is true of displacement, a defense mechanism posited by the psychoanalytic theory of personality?

	a. It is also referred to as “fallacious reasoning.”
	b. It occurs when an individual expresses the opposite of the “feared impulse.”
	c. It refers to a reversion to an earlier stage of psychosexual development.
	d. It allows individuals to blame someone else for their shortcomings.

.

Which statement about theories of personality is false?

	a. A theory is useful when it can effectively generate predictions and propositions.
	b. A theory should contain a set of empirical definitions.
	c. A theory should be testable, contain predictions, and be descriptive.
	d. None of the above

.

According to Ellis, which of the following is NOT one the typical thinking errors that we employ?

	a. Ignoring the positives
	b. Employing the notion of unconditional positive acceptance
	c. Exaggerating the negatives
	d. Overgeneralizing

.

According to Kelly, when we associate the word animals with plants, we are using which corollary to dictate our thinking?

	a. The range corollary
	b. The modulation corollary
	c. The choice corollary
	d. The organizing corollary

.

Albert Ellis believed that just being alive provides you with value. This notion is tied to which of the following concepts?

	a. Unconditional positive regard
	b. Organismic valuing process
	c. Unconditional self-acceptance
	d. Conditions of worth

.

Albert Ellis might rely heavily on what type of role as a therapist?

	a. Teacher
	b. Father
	c. Blank Slate
	d. Nurturer

.

Although George Kelly is sometimes thought of as a humanist, his theory differed from other humanists in which way?

	a. He had little concern for phenomenology and did not think of “the self” as an internal spiritual entity.
	b. He did not view human nature as inherently “neutral” as other humanists did.
	c. He was not concerned with the experience of the individual and instead focused on the individual’s impact on others.
	d. He did not focus on the notion of perfectionism, as many humanists did.

.

Behavior followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus will have what affect on the behavior in the future?

	a. It will increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
	b. It will decrease the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
	c. It will neither increase nor decrease the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
	d. It is impossible to say as research has not studies this phenomenon yet.

.

Fill in the blank. According to Kelly, people maintain their identity and existence through the use of ________________ constructs.

	a. Core
	b. Superordinate
	c. Subordinate
	d. Preconscious

.

George Kelly’s personal construct theory maintains that individual’s highest endeavor is to do which of the following?

	a. Maintain a sense of efficacy and superiority
	b. Make meaning and sense of events
	c. Create constructs which allow us to maintain strong egos
	d. Reduce anxiety through controlling ones subconscious motivations

.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy refers to the “ABC’s.” What does this acronym stand for?

	a. Activating event – Behavior – Consequence
	b. Affect – Behavior – Cognitions
	c. Activating event – Belief – Cognitions
	d. Activating event – Belief – Consequences

.

Systematic desensitization is most closely associated with which term?

	a. Classical conditioning
	b. Aversive stimuli
	c. Variable schedules of reinforcement
	d. Shaping

.

What is the main task of a rational emotive therapist?

	a. To provide unconditional positive regarding for the client
	b. To show clients that they maintain irrational beliefs which negatively affect them
	c. To explore the client’s past and childhood to make connections to their current problems
	d. To change behavioral responses to stimuli

.

What method of behavioral therapy is still used in hospitals today and entails the explicit positive reinforcement of following rules?

	a. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
	b. Milieu Therapy
	c. Token Economy
	d. Negative Reinforcement Therapy

.

Which of the following schedules of reinforcement leads to behavior which is the most difficult to extinguish?

	a. A rat gets a pellet of food every time it presses the lever.
	b. A rat gets a pellet of food at random, sometimes after pressing the lever once, twice, three times, etc.
	c. A rat gets a pellet of food every third time it presses the lever.
	d. Each described schedule of reinforcement does not differ in its ability to be extinguished.

.

Which personality theorist and psychologists saw individuals as scientists—testing, revising, and expanding our theories about the world, ourselves, and others?

	a. Albert Ellis
	b. Aaron Beck
	c. George Kelly
	d. B.F. Skinner

.

Which statement best characterizes the central goal of George Kelly’s Fixed Role Therapy?

	a. The central goal of Kelly’s Fixed Role Therapy is to change an individuals’ core constructs.
	b. The central goal of Kelly’s Fixed Role Therapy is to facilitate a corrective emotional experience.
	c. The central goal of Kelly’s Fixed Role Therapy is to encourage experimentation with an individual’s constructs.
	d. The central goal of Kelly’s Fixed Role Therapy is to provide greater insight into how the individual’s cognitions impact their actions.

.

Which statement provides evidence that George Kelly was a constructivist by nature?

	a. Kelly believed that individuals are essentially responsible for creating their own reality based on the information they are presented.
	b. Kelly believed that individuals are mainly molded by their environment.
	c. Kelly believed that individuals are essentially driven by motivating forces which center around a drive for confidence and proficiency.
	d. None of the above

.

Sarah, your client, says to you “I can’t help feeling horrible when Sally is mean to me.” Which irrational belief might a rational emotive therapist most likely challenge?

	a. The underlying belief that one has no control over their destructive emotions
	b. The underlying belief that human misery is externally caused
	c. The underlying belief that it is a dire necessity to be loved by everyone for everything one does
	d. All of the above

.

Darrell is conscientious and internally motivated to achieve academic excellence. He has a small group of friends and prefers to work individually, as opposed to in a team. According to Henry Murray, Darrell would be best characterized as which of the following?

	a. High academic motivations, low social motivations
	b. High introversion, low extraversion
	c. High power, low affiliation
	d. High achievement, low affiliation

.

How was the Five-Factor Model of Personality (the “Big Five”) developed?

	a. The development of the Big Five was theoretical, stemming from a comprehensive theory of personality.
	b. The development of the Big Five was decided on by a committee of well-known personality researchers.
	c. The development of the Big Five was empirically driven, derived from the natural-language terms people use to describe themselves and others.
	d. None of the above

.

In recent years, Big Five personality researchers/theorists have paid closer attention to the causality or the mechanisms underlying behavior. Which statement best characterizes the Big Five theorists historical objection to studying mechanism underlying behavior?

	a. Causality/mechanisms of personality cannot be determined, and this research is a relatively fruitless endeavor.
	b. Research regarding causality or the mechanisms of personality is not within the purview of personality psychology.
	c. Big Five theorists should be primarily concerned with the language of personality as language encodes the characteristics that are essential, for whatever reason, to human life and experience.
	d. None of the above

.

In regards to personality similarities between couples, the study you read made which of the following tentative conclusions?

	a. Long-term married couples with highly similar personalities, especially in terms of conscientiousness and extraversion, may face greater conflicts/marital strain when there are a large degree of responsibilities outside of marriage.
	b. Long-term married couples with highly similar personalities, especially in terms of openness to experience and neuroticism, may face greater conflicts/marital strain when there are a large degree of responsibilities outside of marriage.
	c. Long-term married couples with highly similar personalities, especially in terms of conscientiousness and extraversion, may face greater conflicts/marital strain across the trajectory of their marriage.
	d. Long-term married couples with highly similar personalities, especially in terms of conscientiousness and extraversion, have the greatest likelihood for success.

.

Levenson’s study titled “Birds of a Feather Don’t Always Fly Farthest,” uniquely contributed to the research literature of personality psychology in which way?

	a. This study addressed how similarities in personality traits affected marital outcomes.
	b. This study looked at how each partners’ level of neuroticism uniquely contributed to marital satisfaction and other marital outcomes.
	c. This study looked at how similarities in personality traits affected the marital outcomes/trajectories of both middle aged couples and older couples.
	d. This study used dyad-level predictors of marital outcomes.

.

Nina is cheerful and optimistic, pleasant to be with, and comfortable with her work. Hans Eysenck would describe her as having which type of temperament?

	a. Sanguine
	b. Choleric
	c. Melancholy
	d. Phlegmatic

.

Raymond Cattell championed which type of methodology, used frequently in trait research?

	a. Objective data
	b. Peer report
	c. Factor analysis
	d. Thematic apperception test

.

There has been considerable cross-cultural research on the five factor structure of personality. Which statement best characterizes the conclusions drawn from this research?

	a. Cultures are more alike than we might have expected as evidence suggest that the five factor structure generally holds up across culture.
	b. There has been considerable evidence supporting the Language-Relativism Hypothesis.
	c. Factor analytic studies reveal significantly different factor structures of personality across languages.
	d. The five factor structure generally holds up in Western nations but not in eastern nations.

.

What is one broader conclusion that might be suggested by the research on the relationship between personality and leadership preference?

	a. Transformational leadership is the most preferred type of leadership across individuals with varying personality traits.
	b. Although transformational leadership is the most widely preferred, there are exceptions do this rule depending on the personality of the followers.
	c. Transactional leadership is never preferred and should generally be avoided.
	d. The higher the congruence between the personality traits of the leader and follower, the better the work outcomes.

.

What is the finding on the relationship between personality and leadership preferences?

	a. Individuals who were higher on extraversion and conscientiousness scored lower on preferences towards transformational leadership.
	b. There was a positive relationship between openness to experience and transactional leadership.
	c. Extraversion and conscientiousness were positively related to attitudes towards transformational leadership.
	d. As there are many other individual factors that can contribute to attitudes towards leadership, the study revealed no relationships between personality and preferences for leadership style.

.

What is the most consistent finding to emerge from the research on marital outcomes and personality?

	a. Openness to experience is linked to negative marital outcomes.
	b. Neuroticism is linked to negative marital outcomes.
	c. Extraversion is linked to positive marital outcomes.
	d. Conscientiousness is linked to negative marital outcomes.

.

What type of data did Levenson’s “Birds of a Feather Don’t Always Fly Farthest” study use?

	a. Cross-sectional
	b. Observational
	c. Factor analytic
	d. Longitudinal

.

Which model of personality is based on the fundamental principles and goals of Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Model?

	a. The Circumplex Model of Personality
	b. The Five-Factor Model of Personality
	c. Henry Murray’s 27 Psychogenic Needs
	d. None of the above

.

Which of the following best defines the term functionally autonomous, established by the famous personality psychologist Gordon Allaport?

	a. Functionally autonomous refers to the eventual point in development in which traits become so much a part of the person that they no longer require whatever it was that caused it to develop.
	b. Functionally autonomous refers to the eventual point in development in which traits become less contingent on parental influences than on peer influences.
	c. Functionally autonomous refers to the eventual point in development in which traits become less contingent on parental influences than on peer influences.
	d. Functionally autonomous refers to the eventual point in development in which traits become so much a part of the person that they no longer require whatever it was that caused it to develop.

.

Which statement BEST characterizes the five factor structure of personality?

	a. The five factor structure implies that personality can be reduced to five traits.
	b. The five factor structure represents personality at a very broad albeit useful level of abstraction.
	c. The five factor structure explains all individual differences in human behavior.
	d. The five factor structure is the only model of personality that has been used in the field.

.

Which statement represents a frequent objection to the Big Five measure/theory of personality?

	a. The Big Five measures generally have poor reliability.
	b. The Big Five measures are long and unable to be shortened.
	c. The Big Five theory does not hold up across cultures.
	d. The Big Five theory is too broad to capture all of the variations in human personality.

.

What makes the trait approach to understanding personality different from the other theories?

	a. Trait theorists are concerned with predicting a person’s behaviors in a given situation.
	b. Trait theorists typically talk very little of development.
	c. Trait theories are mainly interested in placing and comparing people in terms of categories, not in terms of degrees.
	d. Trait theories provide a medium for personality change.

.

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. From an evolutionary-adaptive perspective, the trait of “sensation seeking” might have provided an organism with _______________ access to obtain food and mates and has been linked with _______________, a big five factor personality trait.

	a. Less, extraversion
	b. Increased, conscientiousness
	c. Less, conscientiousness
	d. Increased, extraversion

.

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. Traits may often come with positive and negative manifestations. _______________ is considered a positive impulse trait, while _______________ is considered a negative impulse trait.

	a. Hyperactivity, aggression
	b. Creativity, criminality
	c. Openness to experience, antisocial personality disorder
	d. Novelty seeking, antisocial personality disorder

.

Evolutionary psychologists might liken our brain to which of the following?

	a. A camera
	b. A prism
	c. A computer
	d. A beehive

.

Fill in the blank. According to evolutionary personality psychologists Tooby and Cosmides, ________________ have evolved to solve adaptive problems that humans have faced in their evolutionary history.

	a. Evolutionary tools
	b. Psychological mechanisms
	c. Darwinian devices
	d. Biological methods

.

Fill in the blank. An alternative to the theory of G is the Theory of ______________, which speaks to the potential that this unified trait is best conceptualized as a series of “smaller” traits.

	a. Multiple Intelligences
	b. ADHD
	c. Varied Neuroticism
	d. Openness to Experiences

.

Fill in the blank. One conclusion derived in part from research conducted within the evolutionary perspective of personality, has found that individuals higher in _______________ show greater reactivity to sensory stimulation as compared to their counterparts.

	a. Introversion
	b. Extroversion
	c. Openness to experience
	d. Neuroticism

.

From an evolutionary perspective, which option represents the general conclusions drawn from the nature versus nurture debate?

	a. Nature is more important in determining personality and behavior.
	b. Nurture is more important in determining personality and behavior.
	c. Nature and nurture both contribute to personality and behavior.
	d. Nature only impacts personality and behavior so much as the trait of interest is interpersonal in nature.

.

Roughly what percent of the observed variance (or difference) in personality traits can be accounted for by genetic differences among individuals?

	a. 10%
	b. 25%
	c. 50%
	d. 70%

.

Some behavioral geneticists and psychologists believe that ADHD might be better captured as a type of trait rather than a categorical disorder. What evidence best supports this assertion?

	a. The finding that particular environmental factors correlate to ADHD diagnoses.
	b. The finding that ADHD diagnoses have skyrocketed (increased rapidly) in recent years.
	c. The finding that dopamine is linked to ADHD.
	d. The finding that ADHD correlates to impulsivity and criminality.

.

The saying that a weed is merely a plan out of place captures which of the following concepts?

	a. An environment-trait match is important.
	b. An individual’s traits are molded by his or her environment.
	c. Certain traits are inherently negative or positive.
	d. Genetics have an important impact on development.

.

What is the primary difference between the foci of evolutionary psychology and behavioral genetics?

	a. Evolutionary psychology is interested in the common “architecture” shared by all human beings which drives our behavior, while behavioral genetics is concerned more with individual differences.
	b. Behavioral genetics is concerned more the common “architecture” shared by all human beings, while evolutionary psychology is more interested in individual differences .
	c. Evolutionary psychology does not involve the study of genes, while behavioral genetics involves the study of genes.
	d. Evolutionary psychology is another term for behavioral genetics and vice versa.

.

Which approach entails the examination of niche-differentiated mental abilities within a particular species?

	a. Phylogentic approach
	b. Adaptionist approach
	c. Neural circuitry approach
	d. Homologous approach

.

Which statement best captures the central view of evolutionary psychologists, which radically differs from the research/theory historically driven from other disciplines of psychology?

	a. Human minds are functionally specialized to adapt to various environments.
	b. Human minds are often defective in their reasoning powers as evidenced by errors in judgment and reasoning.
	c. Human minds are essentially rigid, as they often do not adapt well to changing information from the environment.
	d. Human minds have not evolved quickly enough to the changing demands of the world.

.

Which statement describes the current thinking in the biological perspective on individual differences in personality?

	a. Individual differences are best captured by categorical types.
	b. Individual differences are best captured by continuous dimensions.
	c. There is a divergence of views but a consensus that more evidence is needed to shed light on whether individual differences are best captured by categorical types or continuous dimensions.
	d. This is a fruitless argument, as continuous dimensions are often broken down into categories for explanatory purposes.

.

Which statement regarding the principles of evolutionary psychology is true?

	a. Human minds are often defective as we often commit errors in reasoning.
	b. Psychosexual stages arose from evolution, as is suggested by research.
	c. Evolution only accounts for a small part of our behavior.
	d. Our modern sculls have a stone-aged mind as it takes millions of years to evolve.

.

“Consciousness is just the tip of the iceberg; most of what goes on in your mind is hidden from you” (Cosmides & Tooby, 1997). Which two perspectives in the field of personality psychology would most readily agree with this statement?

	a. Behavioral, Psychodynamic
	b. Evolutionary, Psychodynamic
	c. Evolutionary, Behavioral
	d. None of the above

.

Which statement represents a common misunderstanding of the biological approach in the study of personality?

	a. The biological approach is at odds with the social or environmental approach to personality.
	b. The biological approach to the study of personality is set of theoretical approaches and not a unified singular theory.
	c. The biological approach is the study of how chemistry interacts with the environment.
	d. None of the above

.

As compared to their younger counterparts, older adults are better at which of the following emotion regulation strategies?

	a. Eliciting happiness
	b. Behavioral suppression
	c. Detached reappraisal
	d. Positive reappraisal

.

As married couples age, their emotion regulation as a couple tends to do which of the following?

	a. Improve
	b. Worsen
	c. Remain the same
	d. Improve drastically and then worsen

.

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. The ______________ system shows an increase in activity following emotional suppression.

	a. Limbic
	b. Sympathetic
	c. Parasympathetic
	d. Nervous

.

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. Johnny feels very confident about his ability to do math, whereas Jing does not feel confident, which contributes to their ability to perform well on a math test. This example highlights a main tenant of _____________ theory, which places a primary importance on ______________ beliefs.

	a. Cognitive, self-efficacy
	b. Social-Cognitive, self-efficacy
	c. Behavior, performance
	d. Cognitive, confidence

.

Fill in the blank. Sally’s friend Jamal jumps out at her from a dark alley to play a joke. Sally’s _____________ is likely activated, helping to get her body prepared for fight or flight.

	a. Amygdala
	b. Hippocampus
	c. Dopamine
	d. Cerebellum

.

Fill in the blanks. A child participates in an aggressive recreational activity. ______________ would hypothesize that this would enable the child to “release” pent up aggression; alternatively, ______________ would hypothesize that participation in this activity would enhance aggressive response tendencies.

	a. George Kelly, B.F. Skinner
	b. B.F. Skinner, Carl Rogers
	c. Sigmund Freud, Walter Mischel
	d. Sigmund Freud, Albert Bandura

.

Research suggests that those who chronically inhibit or suppress their emotions are more prone to which of the following outcomes, as compared to those who less readily engage in emotional suppression?

	a. Better health functioning
	b. Increased risk of disease
	c. Difficulties in interpersonal functioning
	d. Decreased sense of life satisfaction

.

What theory helps to explain a) the differences in emotion regulation strategies in older adults and b) the increase in older couple’s marriage satisfaction?

	a. Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
	b. Social Learning Theory
	c. Happiness Set-point Theory
	d. Five-factor Model of Personality

.

What was the main finding on Gross and Levenson’s (1993) article on emotional suppression?

	a. Men were better at suppression than women.
	b. Individuals reported a different subjective emotional experience in the suppression condition as compared to the non-suppression condition.
	c. Suppression reduced expressive behavior and produced a mixed physiological state.
	d. Suppression actually increased expressive behavior and produced more anxiety.

.

Which of the following is an important aspect of our emotional response system that allows us to react quickly to events?

	a. Assimilation
	b. Automaticity
	c. Varied response sets
	d. Uniqueness

.

Which option represents one of the six core basic human emotions?

	a. Love
	b. Anxiety
	c. Sadness
	d. Embarrassment

.

Which statement best characterizes the difference between emotions and feelings?

	a. Emotions are transient, feelings are longer lasting states.
	b. Emotions and feelings occur in different parts of the brain.
	c. Emotions cause a change in physiology; feelings are a cognitive interpretation of these changes.
	d. Emotions are readily identifiable and changing, feelings are more stable and harder to identify.

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Which statement regarding the findings on the set-point for happiness is false?

	a. The set-point can be modified downward in the case of chronic disturbances like depression.
	b. The set-point means that each individual has a different “ceiling” on the level of happiness they can experience at any given moment.
	c. The set-point of happiness hypothesis points to the fact that genetics may play a factor in happiness.
	d. The fact that happiness is be a fluctuating state with a set-point suggests that there may be a homeostatic mechanism which regulates happiness.

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Which type of beliefs stand at the core of social cognitive theory?

	a. Self-regulatory beliefs
	b. Self-efficacy beliefs
	c. Attitudes
	d. Identity beliefs

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The bobo doll experiments highlighted which principle or form of learning?

	a. Positive reinforcement
	b. Aversive learning
	c. Modeling
	d. Self-efficacy

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