According to the lectures, what is the best way to correct the inherent unreliability of human observations?

Choose one answer.

	a. Create statistical control.
	b. Aggregate multiple measurements of the same phenomenon.
	c. Ensure that your observers are accurate through inter-reliability checks.
	d. There is no way to increase reliability.

Question 2

According to your reading by Revelle (1995), there are three dimensions on which to organize personality theories/research. Which of the following options is NOT a dimension described by Revelle?

Choose one answer.

	a. Levels of analysis
	b. Levels of generality
	c. Degrees of adaptability of the behavior
	d. Level of consistency

Question 3

Assimilation and accommodation are two key concepts associated with which of the following phenomenon?

Choose one answer.

	a. Adaptation
	b. Interaction
	c. Perception
	d. Consciousness

Question 4

Bipolar scales differ from unipolar scales in which of the following ways?

Choose one answer.

	a. They contain two items for each concept.
	b. They measure two separate but related concepts.
	c. They capture psychopathology instead of normality.
	d. They contain both ends to one dimension (e.g., opposites).

Question 5

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. According to your readings, evolutionary personality psychologists ask the _______________ of personality, whereas studies addressing individual differences ask the _______________ of personality.

Choose one answer.

	a. Where, when
	b. What, how
	c. Why, how
	d. When, what

Question 6

Fill in the blank. The extent to which our measure captures what we want it to measure is called ________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Validity
	b. Reliability
	c. Accuracy
	d. Measurement Stability

Question 7

Fill in the blanks. ________________ is a subspecialty within the field of _______________ personality psychology, which seeks to address the covariance of traits with each other and with different parts of the environment.

Choose one answer.

	a. Cognitive-behavioral, behavioral
	b. Psychodynamic, psychoanalytic
	c. Behavioral genetics, evolutionary
	d. Sociology, evolutionary

Question 8

Henry Murray's theory of personality focused on which major concept?

Choose one answer.

	a. Sexual drives
	b. Underlying human motivation
	c. Big five personality traits
	d. Personal action constructs

Question 9

In the image displayed below, we see the O's as a line within the field of X's. This demonstrates which of the following Gestalt laws of perception?

 OXXXXXXXXXX
 XOXXXXXXXXX
 XXOXXXXXXXX

Choose one answer.

	a. Law of closure
	b. Law of similarity
	c. Law of proximity
	d. Law of symmetry

Question 10

Split-half reliability refers to which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The ability to generalize across time
	b. The ability to generalize across observers
	c. The ability to generalize across items
	d. The ability to generalize across tests

Question 11

The study of individual differences in personality psychology can best be captured by which statement?

Choose one answer.

	a. Some people are the same.
	b. All people are the same.
	c. No people are the same.
	d. Everybody is the same.

Question 12

What do your readings cite as one of the main measurement issues and criticism to personality research?

Choose one answer.

	a. Difficulty in quantifying traits
	b. Difficulty in determining whose perspective on personality is most accurate (e.g., others, self, etc.)
	c. Reliability issues
	d. External validity issues

Question 13

Which concept is defined by an organism's interest in their environment?

Choose one answer.

	a. Adaptation
	b. Interaction
	c. Perception
	d. Consciousness

Question 14

Which of the following corollaries, explicated by George Kelly regarding social interaction, dictates how we interact with people with whom we have very little in common?

Choose one answer.

	a. Fragmentation corollary
	b. Commonality corollary
	c. Sociality corollary
	d. Individuality corollary

Question 15

Which statement best captures Eyseneck's theory of creativity?

Choose one answer.

	a. Creativity is best captured by a U-shaped distribution and is impacted mostly by cognitive variables.
	b. Creativity is best captured by a J-shaped distribution and is impacted by cognitive ability, non-cognitive variables, and social constraints and opportunities.
	c. Creativity is not biologically based. Its expression is dependent on environmental variables (i.e., encouragement of creativity).
	d. Creativity is not easily measured quantitatively and instead is best studied qualitatively.

Question 16

Which two systems represent the engine and breaking systems of human behavior (i.e., the neural correlates of the approach and avoidance systems in the brain)?

Choose one answer.

	a. Behavioral Activation System, Behavioral Inhibition System
	b. Reward System, Punishment System
	c. Action Driving System, Action Inhibiting System
	d. Fear Center, Joy Center

Question 17

Which personality researcher launched a critique of broad personality traits as units of analysis for personality and pointed out the importance of the "situation"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Walter Mischel
	b. Henry Murray
	c. George Kelly
	d. Karen Horney

Question 18

A mother punishes her son for receiving a B in advanced calculus. Carl Rogers might see this as an expression of which of the following phenomena?

Choose one answer.

	a. Negative regard
	b. Conditions of worth
	c. Oedipal complex
	d. Frustration of needs

Question 19

According to Ericson, which stage of psychosocial development presents the challenge of generatively versus self-absorption?

Choose one answer.

	a. Adolescent
	b. Young adult
	c. Middle adult
	d. Older adult

Question 20

According to Freud, which level of awareness encompasses experiences which can be summoned into awareness with relative ease?

Choose one answer.

	a. The conscious domain
	b. The preconscious domain
	c. The unconscious domain
	d. The subconscious domain

Question 21

According to Jung, as we grow older we become more comfortable with our different facets (the "good" and "bad"). This state is referred to as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Transcendence
	b. Principle of Equivalence
	c. Anima and Animus
	d. Principle of Opposites

Question 22

Alfred Adler was most concerned with which of the following concepts?

Choose one answer.

	a. The unconscious domain of personality
	b. The motivations and strivings which drive us
	c. Stages of development each marked by distinct challenges and goals
	d. Archetypes and the collective unconscious

Question 23

An individual is shopping and sees a jacket that he would like to purchase but cannot afford. According to Freud, which component of the personality prevents the individual from acting on the impulse to steal the jacket?

Choose one answer.

	a. The ego
	b. The id
	c. The superego
	d. The unconscious

Question 24

Betty's colleges would describe her as uptight and rigid, often unwilling to make even small adjustments in her schedule. At which stage would Freud say she was fixated?

Choose one answer.

	a. Oral
	b. Anal
	c. Phallic
	d. Latent

Question 25

Carl Rogers defined "neurosis" as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. A state of being out of sync with yourself
	b. Incongruity
	c. A discrepancy between the ideal self and real self
	d. All of the above

Question 26

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. The Rorschach Inkblot Test is a(n) _________________ measure of personality stemming from the _________________ tradition.

Choose one answer.

	a. Projective, psychoanalytic
	b. Objective, psychoanalytic
	c. Likert-type, behavioral
	d. Subjective, humanistic

Question 27

How are Maslow's and Rogers' theories similar?

Choose one answer.

	a. They are both humanistic in nature.
	b. They both view humans as having high potential to achieve growth.
	c. They espouse a more positive view of human nature.
	d. All of the above

Question 28

In the MMPI, which scale helps test scorers to determine if the individual is making unsophisticated attempts to present themselves in a dishonest manner?

Choose one answer.

	a. The F scale, also known as the Infrequency scale
	b. The L Scale, also known as the Lie scale
	c. The K Scale, also known as the Defensive scale
	d. The Cannot Say Scale

Question 29

When a client gets angry at his therapist for being 2 minutes late to a session, he states that the therapist is "always inconsiderate - just like my father!" This most closely matches which type of therapeutic phenomena?

Choose one answer.

	a. Conditions of worth
	b. Countertransference
	c. Transference
	d. Free association

Question 30

Which definition best characterizes the notion of "deficit needs" in Maslow's theory on the Hierarchy of Needs?

Choose one answer.

	a. Deficit needs are characterized by their ability to produce a sense of need or want within an individual.
	b. Deficit needs are defined by their ability to create deficits in our performance and happiness in life.
	c. Deficit needs are those needs which are not "requirements" but instead represent the ideal of self-actualization.
	d. None of the above

Question 31

Which personality theorist is most concerned with the "perceptual field of the individual?"

Choose one answer.

	a. Sigmund Freud
	b. Carl Rogers
	c. Karen Horney
	d. Abraham Maslow

Question 32

Which psychodynamic theorist thought of neurosis as interpersonal control and coping-a way to make life bearable?

Choose one answer.

	a. Anna Freud
	b. Karen Horney
	c. Carl Jung
	d. Sigmund Freud

Question 33

Which statement is true of displacement, a defense mechanism posited by the psychoanalytic theory of personality?

Choose one answer.

	a. It is also referred to as "fallacious reasoning."
	b. It occurs when an individual expresses the opposite of the "feared impulse."
	c. It refers to a reversion to an earlier stage of psychosexual development.
	d. It allows individuals to blame someone else for their shortcomings.

Question 34

Which statement about theories of personality is false?

Choose one answer.

	a. A theory is useful when it can effectively generate predictions and propositions.
	b. A theory should contain a set of empirical definitions.
	c. A theory should be testable, contain predictions, and be descriptive.
	d. None of the above

Question 35

According to Ellis, which of the following is NOT one the typical thinking errors that we employ?

Choose one answer.

	a. Ignoring the positives
	b. Employing the notion of unconditional positive acceptance
	c. Exaggerating the negatives
	d. Overgeneralizing

Question 36

According to Kelly, when we associate the word animals with plants, we are using which corollary to dictate our thinking?

Choose one answer.

	a. The range corollary
	b. The modulation corollary
	c. The choice corollary
	d. The organizing corollary

Question 37

Albert Ellis believed that just being alive provides you with value. This notion is tied to which of the following concepts?

Choose one answer.

	a. Unconditional positive regard
	b. Organismic valuing process
	c. Unconditional self-acceptance
	d. Conditions of worth

Question 38

Albert Ellis might rely heavily on what type of role as a therapist?

Choose one answer.

	a. Teacher
	b. Father
	c. Blank Slate
	d. Nurturer

Question 39

Although George Kelly is sometimes thought of as a humanist, his theory differed from other humanists in which way?

Choose one answer.

	a. He had little concern for phenomenology and did not think of "the self" as an internal spiritual entity.
	b. He did not view human nature as inherently "neutral" as other humanists did.
	c. He was not concerned with the experience of the individual and instead focused on the individual's impact on others.
	d. He did not focus on the notion of perfectionism, as many humanists did.

Question 40

Behavior followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus will have what affect on the behavior in the future?

Choose one answer.

	a. It will increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
	b. It will decrease the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
	c. It will neither increase nor decrease the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
	d. It is impossible to say as research has not studies this phenomenon yet.

Question 41

Fill in the blank. According to Kelly, people maintain their identity and existence through the use of ________________ constructs.

Choose one answer.

	a. Core
	b. Superordinate
	c. Subordinate
	d. Preconscious

Question 42

George Kelly's personal construct theory maintains that individual's highest endeavor is to do which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Maintain a sense of efficacy and superiority
	b. Make meaning and sense of events
	c. Create constructs which allow us to maintain strong egos
	d. Reduce anxiety through controlling ones subconscious motivations

Question 43

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy refers to the "ABC's." What does this acronym stand for?

Choose one answer.

	a. Activating event - Behavior - Consequence
	b. Affect - Behavior - Cognitions
	c. Activating event - Belief - Cognitions
	d. Activating event - Belief - Consequences

Question 44

Systematic desensitization is most closely associated with which term?

Choose one answer.

	a. Classical conditioning
	b. Aversive stimuli
	c. Variable schedules of reinforcement
	d. Shaping

Question 45

What is the main task of a rational emotive therapist?

Choose one answer.

	a. To provide unconditional positive regarding for the client
	b. To show clients that they maintain irrational beliefs which negatively affect them
	c. To explore the client's past and childhood to make connections to their current problems
	d. To change behavioral responses to stimuli

Question 46

What method of behavioral therapy is still used in hospitals today and entails the explicit positive reinforcement of following rules?

Choose one answer.

	a. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
	b. Milieu Therapy
	c. Token Economy
	d. Negative Reinforcement Therapy

Question 47

Which of the following schedules of reinforcement leads to behavior which is the most difficult to extinguish?

Choose one answer.

	a. A rat gets a pellet of food every time it presses the lever.
	b. A rat gets a pellet of food at random, sometimes after pressing the lever once, twice, three times, etc.
	c. A rat gets a pellet of food every third time it presses the lever.
	d. Each described schedule of reinforcement does not differ in its ability to be extinguished.

Question 48

Which personality theorist and psychologists saw individuals as scientists-testing, revising, and expanding our theories about the world, ourselves, and others?

Choose one answer.

	a. Albert Ellis
	b. Aaron Beck
	c. George Kelly
	d. B.F. Skinner

Question 49

Which statement best characterizes the central goal of George Kelly's Fixed Role Therapy?

Choose one answer.

	a. The central goal of Kelly's Fixed Role Therapy is to change an individuals' core constructs.
	b. The central goal of Kelly's Fixed Role Therapy is to facilitate a corrective emotional experience.
	c. The central goal of Kelly's Fixed Role Therapy is to encourage experimentation with an individual's constructs.
	d. The central goal of Kelly's Fixed Role Therapy is to provide greater insight into how the individual's cognitions impact their actions.

Question 50

Which statement provides evidence that George Kelly was a constructivist by nature?

Choose one answer.

	a. Kelly believed that individuals are essentially responsible for creating their own reality based on the information they are presented.
	b. Kelly believed that individuals are mainly molded by their environment.
	c. Kelly believed that individuals are essentially driven by motivating forces which center around a drive for confidence and proficiency.
	d. None of the above

Question 51

Sarah, your client, says to you "I can't help feeling horrible when Sally is mean to me." Which irrational belief might a rational emotive therapist most likely challenge?

Choose one answer.

	a. The underlying belief that one has no control over their destructive emotions
	b. The underlying belief that human misery is externally caused
	c. The underlying belief that it is a dire necessity to be loved by everyone for everything one does
	d. All of the above

Question 52

Darrell is conscientious and internally motivated to achieve academic excellence. He has a small group of friends and prefers to work individually, as opposed to in a team. According to Henry Murray, Darrell would be best characterized as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. High academic motivations, low social motivations
	b. High introversion, low extraversion
	c. High power, low affiliation
	d. High achievement, low affiliation

Question 53

How was the Five-Factor Model of Personality (the "Big Five") developed?

Choose one answer.

	a. The development of the Big Five was theoretical, stemming from a comprehensive theory of personality.
	b. The development of the Big Five was decided on by a committee of well-known personality researchers.
	c. The development of the Big Five was empirically driven, derived from the natural-language terms people use to describe themselves and others.
	d. None of the above

Question 54

In recent years, Big Five personality researchers/theorists have paid closer attention to the causality or the mechanisms underlying behavior. Which statement best characterizes the Big Five theorists historical objection to studying mechanism underlying behavior?

Choose one answer.

	a. Causality/mechanisms of personality cannot be determined, and this research is a relatively fruitless endeavor.
	b. Research regarding causality or the mechanisms of personality is not within the purview of personality psychology.
	c. Big Five theorists should be primarily concerned with the language of personality as language encodes the characteristics that are essential, for whatever reason, to human life and experience.
	d. None of the above

Question 55

In regards to personality similarities between couples, the study you read made which of the following tentative conclusions?

Choose one answer.

	a. Long-term married couples with highly similar personalities, especially in terms of conscientiousness and extraversion, may face greater conflicts/marital strain when there are a large degree of responsibilities outside of marriage.
	b. Long-term married couples with highly similar personalities, especially in terms of openness to experience and neuroticism, may face greater conflicts/marital strain when there are a large degree of responsibilities outside of marriage.
	c. Long-term married couples with highly similar personalities, especially in terms of conscientiousness and extraversion, may face greater conflicts/marital strain across the trajectory of their marriage.
	d. Long-term married couples with highly similar personalities, especially in terms of conscientiousness and extraversion, have the greatest likelihood for success.

Question 56

Levenson's study titled "Birds of a Feather Don't Always Fly Farthest," uniquely contributed to the research literature of personality psychology in which way?

Choose one answer.

	a. This study addressed how similarities in personality traits affected marital outcomes.
	b. This study looked at how each partners' level of neuroticism uniquely contributed to marital satisfaction and other marital outcomes.
	c. This study looked at how similarities in personality traits affected the marital outcomes/trajectories of both middle aged couples and older couples.
	d. This study used dyad-level predictors of marital outcomes.

Question 57

Nina is cheerful and optimistic, pleasant to be with, and comfortable with her work. Hans Eysenck would describe her as having which type of temperament?

Choose one answer.

	a. Sanguine
	b. Choleric
	c. Melancholy
	d. Phlegmatic

Question 58

Raymond Cattell championed which type of methodology, used frequently in trait research?

Choose one answer.

	a. Objective data
	b. Peer report
	c. Factor analysis
	d. Thematic apperception test

Question 59

There has been considerable cross-cultural research on the five factor structure of personality. Which statement best characterizes the conclusions drawn from this research?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cultures are more alike than we might have expected as evidence suggest that the five factor structure generally holds up across culture.
	b. There has been considerable evidence supporting the Language-Relativism Hypothesis.
	c. Factor analytic studies reveal significantly different factor structures of personality across languages.
	d. The five factor structure generally holds up in Western nations but not in eastern nations.

Question 60

What is one broader conclusion that might be suggested by the research on the relationship between personality and leadership preference?

Choose one answer.

	a. Transformational leadership is the most preferred type of leadership across individuals with varying personality traits.
	b. Although transformational leadership is the most widely preferred, there are exceptions do this rule depending on the personality of the followers.
	c. Transactional leadership is never preferred and should generally be avoided.
	d. The higher the congruence between the personality traits of the leader and follower, the better the work outcomes.

Question 61

What is the finding on the relationship between personality and leadership preferences?

Choose one answer.

	a. Individuals who were higher on extraversion and conscientiousness scored lower on preferences towards transformational leadership.
	b. There was a positive relationship between openness to experience and transactional leadership.
	c. Extraversion and conscientiousness were positively related to attitudes towards transformational leadership.
	d. As there are many other individual factors that can contribute to attitudes towards leadership, the study revealed no relationships between personality and preferences for leadership style.

Question 62

What is the most consistent finding to emerge from the research on marital outcomes and personality?

Choose one answer.

	a. Openness to experience is linked to negative marital outcomes.
	b. Neuroticism is linked to negative marital outcomes.
	c. Extraversion is linked to positive marital outcomes.
	d. Conscientiousness is linked to negative marital outcomes.

Question 63

What type of data did Levenson's "Birds of a Feather Don't Always Fly Farthest" study use?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cross-sectional
	b. Observational
	c. Factor analytic
	d. Longitudinal

Question 64

Which model of personality is based on the fundamental principles and goals of Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Model?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Circumplex Model of Personality
	b. The Five-Factor Model of Personality
	c. Henry Murray's 27 Psychogenic Needs
	d. None of the above

Question 65

Which of the following best defines the term functionally autonomous, established by the famous personality psychologist Gordon Allaport?

Choose one answer.

	a. Functionally autonomous refers to the eventual point in development in which traits become so much a part of the person that they no longer require whatever it was that caused it to develop.
	b. Functionally autonomous refers to the eventual point in development in which traits become less contingent on parental influences than on peer influences.
	c. Functionally autonomous refers to the eventual point in development in which traits become less contingent on parental influences than on peer influences.
	d. Functionally autonomous refers to the eventual point in development in which traits become so much a part of the person that they no longer require whatever it was that caused it to develop.

Question 66

Which statement BEST characterizes the five factor structure of personality?

Choose one answer.

	a. The five factor structure implies that personality can be reduced to five traits.
	b. The five factor structure represents personality at a very broad albeit useful level of abstraction.
	c. The five factor structure explains all individual differences in human behavior.
	d. The five factor structure is the only model of personality that has been used in the field.

Question 67

Which statement represents a frequent objection to the Big Five measure/theory of personality?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Big Five measures generally have poor reliability.
	b. The Big Five measures are long and unable to be shortened.
	c. The Big Five theory does not hold up across cultures.
	d. The Big Five theory is too broad to capture all of the variations in human personality.

Question 68

What makes the trait approach to understanding personality different from the other theories?

Choose one answer.

	a. Trait theorists are concerned with predicting a person's behaviors in a given situation.
	b. Trait theorists typically talk very little of development.
	c. Trait theories are mainly interested in placing and comparing people in terms of categories, not in terms of degrees.
	d. Trait theories provide a medium for personality change.

Question 69

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. From an evolutionary-adaptive perspective, the trait of "sensation seeking" might have provided an organism with _______________ access to obtain food and mates and has been linked with _______________, a big five factor personality trait.

Choose one answer.

	a. Less, extraversion
	b. Increased, conscientiousness
	c. Less, conscientiousness
	d. Increased, extraversion

Question 70

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. Traits may often come with positive and negative manifestations. _______________ is considered a positive impulse trait, while _______________ is considered a negative impulse trait.

Choose one answer.

	a. Hyperactivity, aggression
	b. Creativity, criminality
	c. Openness to experience, antisocial personality disorder
	d. Novelty seeking, antisocial personality disorder

Question 71

Evolutionary psychologists might liken our brain to which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. A camera
	b. A prism
	c. A computer
	d. A beehive

Question 72

Fill in the blank. According to evolutionary personality psychologists Tooby and Cosmides, ________________ have evolved to solve adaptive problems that humans have faced in their evolutionary history.

Choose one answer.

	a. Evolutionary tools
	b. Psychological mechanisms
	c. Darwinian devices
	d. Biological methods

Question 73

Fill in the blank. An alternative to the theory of G is the Theory of ______________, which speaks to the potential that this unified trait is best conceptualized as a series of "smaller" traits.

Choose one answer.

	a. Multiple Intelligences
	b. ADHD
	c. Varied Neuroticism
	d. Openness to Experiences

Question 74

Fill in the blank. One conclusion derived in part from research conducted within the evolutionary perspective of personality, has found that individuals higher in _______________ show greater reactivity to sensory stimulation as compared to their counterparts.

Choose one answer.

	a. Introversion
	b. Extroversion
	c. Openness to experience
	d. Neuroticism

Question 75

From an evolutionary perspective, which option represents the general conclusions drawn from the nature versus nurture debate?

Choose one answer.

	a. Nature is more important in determining personality and behavior.
	b. Nurture is more important in determining personality and behavior.
	c. Nature and nurture both contribute to personality and behavior.
	d. Nature only impacts personality and behavior so much as the trait of interest is interpersonal in nature.

Question 76

Roughly what percent of the observed variance (or difference) in personality traits can be accounted for by genetic differences among individuals?

Choose one answer.

	a. 10%
	b. 25%
	c. 50%
	d. 70%

Question 77

Some behavioral geneticists and psychologists believe that ADHD might be better captured as a type of trait rather than a categorical disorder. What evidence best supports this assertion?

Choose one answer.

	a. The finding that particular environmental factors correlate to ADHD diagnoses.
	b. The finding that ADHD diagnoses have skyrocketed (increased rapidly) in recent years.
	c. The finding that dopamine is linked to ADHD.
	d. The finding that ADHD correlates to impulsivity and criminality.

Question 78

The saying that a weed is merely a plan out of place captures which of the following concepts?

Choose one answer.

	a. An environment-trait match is important.
	b. An individual's traits are molded by his or her environment.
	c. Certain traits are inherently negative or positive.
	d. Genetics have an important impact on development.

Question 79

What is the primary difference between the foci of evolutionary psychology and behavioral genetics?

Choose one answer.

	a. Evolutionary psychology is interested in the common "architecture" shared by all human beings which drives our behavior, while behavioral genetics is concerned more with individual differences.
	b. Behavioral genetics is concerned more the common "architecture" shared by all human beings, while evolutionary psychology is more interested in individual differences .
	c. Evolutionary psychology does not involve the study of genes, while behavioral genetics involves the study of genes.
	d. Evolutionary psychology is another term for behavioral genetics and vice versa.

Question 80

Which approach entails the examination of niche-differentiated mental abilities within a particular species?

Choose one answer.

	a. Phylogentic approach
	b. Adaptionist approach
	c. Neural circuitry approach
	d. Homologous approach

Question 81

Which statement best captures the central view of evolutionary psychologists, which radically differs from the research/theory historically driven from other disciplines of psychology?

Choose one answer.

	a. Human minds are functionally specialized to adapt to various environments.
	b. Human minds are often defective in their reasoning powers as evidenced by errors in judgment and reasoning.
	c. Human minds are essentially rigid, as they often do not adapt well to changing information from the environment.
	d. Human minds have not evolved quickly enough to the changing demands of the world.

Question 82

Which statement describes the current thinking in the biological perspective on individual differences in personality?

Choose one answer.

	a. Individual differences are best captured by categorical types.
	b. Individual differences are best captured by continuous dimensions.
	c. There is a divergence of views but a consensus that more evidence is needed to shed light on whether individual differences are best captured by categorical types or continuous dimensions.
	d. This is a fruitless argument, as continuous dimensions are often broken down into categories for explanatory purposes.

Question 83

Which statement regarding the principles of evolutionary psychology is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Human minds are often defective as we often commit errors in reasoning.
	b. Psychosexual stages arose from evolution, as is suggested by research.
	c. Evolution only accounts for a small part of our behavior.
	d. Our modern sculls have a stone-aged mind as it takes millions of years to evolve.

Question 84

"Consciousness is just the tip of the iceberg; most of what goes on in your mind is hidden from you" (Cosmides & Tooby, 1997). Which two perspectives in the field of personality psychology would most readily agree with this statement?

Choose one answer.

	a. Behavioral, Psychodynamic
	b. Evolutionary, Psychodynamic
	c. Evolutionary, Behavioral
	d. None of the above

Question 85

Which statement represents a common misunderstanding of the biological approach in the study of personality?

Choose one answer.

	a. The biological approach is at odds with the social or environmental approach to personality.
	b. The biological approach to the study of personality is set of theoretical approaches and not a unified singular theory.
	c. The biological approach is the study of how chemistry interacts with the environment.
	d. None of the above

Question 86

As compared to their younger counterparts, older adults are better at which of the following emotion regulation strategies?

Choose one answer.

	a. Eliciting happiness
	b. Behavioral suppression
	c. Detached reappraisal
	d. Positive reappraisal

Question 87

As married couples age, their emotion regulation as a couple tends to do which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Improve
	b. Worsen
	c. Remain the same
	d. Improve drastically and then worsen

Question 88

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. The ______________ system shows an increase in activity following emotional suppression.

Choose one answer.

	a. Limbic
	b. Sympathetic
	c. Parasympathetic
	d. Nervous

Question 89

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. Johnny feels very confident about his ability to do math, whereas Jing does not feel confident, which contributes to their ability to perform well on a math test. This example highlights a main tenant of _____________ theory, which places a primary importance on ______________ beliefs.

Choose one answer.

	a. Cognitive, self-efficacy
	b. Social-Cognitive, self-efficacy
	c. Behavior, performance
	d. Cognitive, confidence

Question 90

Fill in the blank. Sally's friend Jamal jumps out at her from a dark alley to play a joke. Sally's _____________ is likely activated, helping to get her body prepared for fight or flight.

Choose one answer.

	a. Amygdala
	b. Hippocampus
	c. Dopamine
	d. Cerebellum

Question 91

Fill in the blanks. A child participates in an aggressive recreational activity. ______________ would hypothesize that this would enable the child to "release" pent up aggression; alternatively, ______________ would hypothesize that participation in this activity would enhance aggressive response tendencies.

Choose one answer.

	a. George Kelly, B.F. Skinner
	b. B.F. Skinner, Carl Rogers
	c. Sigmund Freud, Walter Mischel
	d. Sigmund Freud, Albert Bandura

Question 92

Research suggests that those who chronically inhibit or suppress their emotions are more prone to which of the following outcomes, as compared to those who less readily engage in emotional suppression?

Choose one answer.

	a. Better health functioning
	b. Increased risk of disease
	c. Difficulties in interpersonal functioning
	d. Decreased sense of life satisfaction

Question 93

What theory helps to explain a) the differences in emotion regulation strategies in older adults and b) the increase in older couple's marriage satisfaction?

Choose one answer.

	a. Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
	b. Social Learning Theory
	c. Happiness Set-point Theory
	d. Five-factor Model of Personality

Question 94

What was the main finding on Gross and Levenson's (1993) article on emotional suppression?

Choose one answer.

	a. Men were better at suppression than women.
	b. Individuals reported a different subjective emotional experience in the suppression condition as compared to the non-suppression condition.
	c. Suppression reduced expressive behavior and produced a mixed physiological state.
	d. Suppression actually increased expressive behavior and produced more anxiety.

Question 95

Which of the following is an important aspect of our emotional response system that allows us to react quickly to events?

Choose one answer.

	a. Assimilation
	b. Automaticity
	c. Varied response sets
	d. Uniqueness

Question 96

Which option represents one of the six core basic human emotions?

Choose one answer.

	a. Love
	b. Anxiety
	c. Sadness
	d. Embarrassment

Question 97

Which statement best characterizes the difference between emotions and feelings?

Choose one answer.

	a. Emotions are transient, feelings are longer lasting states.
	b. Emotions and feelings occur in different parts of the brain.
	c. Emotions cause a change in physiology; feelings are a cognitive interpretation of these changes.
	d. Emotions are readily identifiable and changing, feelings are more stable and harder to identify.

Question 98

Which statement regarding the findings on the set-point for happiness is false?

Choose one answer.

	a. The set-point can be modified downward in the case of chronic disturbances like depression.
	b. The set-point means that each individual has a different "ceiling" on the level of happiness they can experience at any given moment.
	c. The set-point of happiness hypothesis points to the fact that genetics may play a factor in happiness.
	d. The fact that happiness is be a fluctuating state with a set-point suggests that there may be a homeostatic mechanism which regulates happiness.

Question 99

Which type of beliefs stand at the core of social cognitive theory?

Choose one answer.

	a. Self-regulatory beliefs
	b. Self-efficacy beliefs
	c. Attitudes
	d. Identity beliefs

Question 100

The bobo doll experiments highlighted which principle or form of learning?

Choose one answer.

	a. Positive reinforcement
	b. Aversive learning
	c. Modeling
	d. Self-efficacy