Fill in the blank. Because Jasmine is a woman, Timothy thinks that she will not be good at sports. Timothy’s thinking is an example of _________________.

	a. Hierarchical thinking
	b. Sex stereotyping
	c. Using probalistic logic
	d. Benevolent sexism

.

What is the process of acquiring gender role characteristics called?

	a. Gender role typing
	b. Gender schema
	c. Intersexuality
	d. Androgyny

.

Which of the following are the behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as female or male that vary over time and from place to place?

	a. Gender roles
	b. Sexual identity
	c. Gender stereotypes
	d. Gender identity

.

Which of the following are the complex clusters of behavioral expectations for males and females? They are fixed, conventional ideas about a group of people. For example, it is widely believed that women are more likely to experience feelings of fear, sadness, and sympathy, while men are assumed to experience anger and pride.

	a. Gender role confusion
	b. Gender role stereotypes
	c. Gender acceptance
	d. Gender sympathy

.

Which of the following is the term for expectations for behavior and attitudes that the culture defines as appropriate for women and men? These include patterns through which gender relations are expressed and learned through socialization.

	a. Homophobia
	b. Klinefelter’s Syndrome
	c. Gender roles
	d. Sex expectations

.

Which of the following terms best defines biological identity?

	a. Gender
	b. Sex
	c. Reductionism
	d. Culture

.

Which theory suggests that the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern societies, because it fulfills the function of reproducing workers?

	a. Gender role theory
	b. Sex role theory
	c. Gender identity theory
	d. Developmental theory

.

Which of the following terms best defines socially learned behaviors and expectations associated with particular sexes?

	a. Gender
	b. Sexuality
	c. Constructivism
	d. Social determinism

.

Complete the analogy by filling in the blank. Testes are to testosterone as ovaries are to _________________.

	a. Androgens
	b. Antigens
	c. Estrogens
	d. Ovulation

.

Complete the sentence. All of the following are characteristics of Triple X Syndrome EXCEPT:

	a. A small head and increased height
	b. Menstrual irregularities
	c. Early onset of puberty
	d. Infertility

.

Fill in the blank. Physical characteristics that differentiate males and females and are directly involved in reproduction, such as the sex organs are called _________________.

	a. Primary sex characteristics
	b. Secondary sex characteristics
	c. Transgender
	d. Androgyny

.

The development of male gonads requires which of the following?

	a. The presence of at least 2 Y chromosomes
	b. A Y chromosome with an SRY gene
	c. The production of H-Y antigen by an autosome
	d. Both B and C

.

What are the sack-like structures that store semen?

	a. Ovaries
	b. Placenta
	c. Seminal vesicles
	d. Wolffian ducts

.

Which hormone, predominantly female, prepares uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum and promotes maintenance of pregnancy?

	a. Androgen
	b. Estrogen
	c. SRY gene
	d. Progesterone

.

Which of the following are features that develop during puberty and distinguish the two sexes, though they are not directly part of the reproductive system, for example with the development of breasts in females and facial hair on males?

	a. Primary sex characteristics
	b. Secondary sex characteristics
	c. Natural selection
	d. Biological determinism

.

Which of the following are the precursors to female’s oviducts, uterus, and upper vagina?

	a. Ovaries
	b. Placenta
	c. Mullerian ducts
	d. Wolffian ducts

.

Which of the following are the precursors to other male reproductive structures? Testosterone causes them to develop into seminal vesicles and the vas deferens.

	a. Ovaries
	b. Placenta
	c. Seminal vesicles
	d. Wolffian ducts

.

Which of the following is defined as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, characterized by masculinization in girls and early puberty in males?

	a. Adrenogenital syndrome
	b. Androgen sensitivity
	c. Estrogen deficiency
	d. Klinefelter’s syndrome

.

Which of the following is the mediator of testicular organization (sexual differentiation) in males and is dependent on the Y chromosome?

	a. Estrogen
	b. Testosterone
	c. H-Y antigen
	d. Androgen

.

Which of the following is the term for the type of androgen, which increases growth of testes, causing them to produce more?

	a. Testosterone
	b. Estrogen
	c. SRY gene
	d. Progesterone

.

Which of the following plays the role of secreting sperm, the fluid holding the male sex cells?

	a. Penis
	b. Testes
	c. Prostate gland
	d. Gonads

.

Which of the following statements about a genetic male with androgen insensitivity is FALSE?

	a. The genetic male has a form of intersexualism in which his genitals are not normally developed.
	b. The male is born with external female genitalia.
	c. The male is not born with a vagina.
	d. At birth, the male’s testes have not descended.

.

Which of the following statements about Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is FALSE?

	a. It occurs due to the overdevelopment of adrenal glands from birth, which causes production of excess androgen due to the malfunctioning of the adrenal gland.
	b. It is strongly linked with Klinefelter’s syndrome.
	c. The excess androgen may create undifferentiated internal genitalia.
	d. For XX individuals with ovaries, the excess androgen may create male-like external genitalia.

.

Which of the following statements about Klinefelter's syndrome is FALSE?

	a. The characteristics of this syndrome include low sex drive.
	b. At puberty, breasts grow and there is a higher risk of dyslexia.
	c. The syndrome is represented by an extra X chromosome as XXY.
	d. The syndrome causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

.

Which of the following terms is defined by the condition when a person possesses both ovarian and testicular tissue?

	a. Transvestite
	b. Hermaphrodite
	c. Homosexual
	d. Sexual sadist

.

Which sex-determining gene on Y chromosome causes primitive gonads to develop into testes: sperm producing organs, which produce testosterone?

	a. Androgen
	b. Estrogen
	c. SRY gene
	d. Progesterone

.

Which term best describes estrogens, progesterone, and androgens?

	a. H-Y antigen
	b. Sex hormones
	c. SRY gene
	d. Testosterone

.

Which term defines the sex differences that appear between males and females? These represent quantitative differences between the sexes. For example, color blindness is found more often in men than women.

	a. Klinefelter’s syndrome
	b. Turner’s syndrome
	c. Hermaphroditism
	d. Sexually dimorphic traits

.

Which term describes a child born with both or neither sex characteristics, who can identify as a man or woman based on how the child defines him or herself, rather than by biological identity?

	a. Gender
	b. Sex
	c. Hermaphroditism
	d. Culture

.

Which term describes a child born with extra X chromosomes, producing both male and female sex characteristics?

	a. Turner’s syndrome
	b. Klinefelter’s syndrome
	c. Social construction of gender
	d. Biological reductionism

.

Which term describes a fetus with only one X chromosome present, in which the child is female in appearance but with physical abnormalities, such as shortness and/or malformation of nails, feet, and fingers?

	a. Klinefelter’s syndrome
	b. Turner’s syndrome
	c. Hermaphroditism
	d. Sexually dimorphic traits

.

Fill in the blank. The process by which expectations are associated with being a boy or a girl in society is defined as ________________.

	a. Turner’s syndrome
	b. Klinefelter’s syndrome
	c. Social construction of gender
	d. Biological reductionism

.

Fill in the blank. An individual’s awareness and acceptance of herself as female is ________________.

	a. Androgyny
	b. Female identity
	c. A predictor of homosexual orientation
	d. Sex role identity

.

Fill in the blank. Jacob derives sexual arousal and pleasure from dressing in the clothing of the opposite sex. The term that best describes him is _____________.

	a. Transgender
	b. Transexual
	c. Transvestite
	d. Intersexed

.

Researchers searching for a genetic component of homosexuality have found what results?

	a. Identical twins are much more likely to have the same sexual orientation than are fraternal twins.
	b. Identical twins always show the same sexual orientation.
	c. Brothers of gay men are not more likely to be gay than are the brothers of heterosexual men.
	d. There is no genetic component to male homosexuality.

.

What is strong and persistent cross-gender identification referred to as?

	a. Gender role
	b. Gender schema
	c. Gender identity disorder
	d. Gender orientation

.

Which of the following terms is defined as a person who is sexually attracted to both men and women?

	a. Heterosexual
	b. Homosexual
	c. Intersexed
	d. Bisexual

.

Which of the following terms is defined as the strong and persistent cross-gender identification and persistent discomfort with one's own biological sex?

	a. Gender schema
	b. Gender identity disorder
	c. Androgyny
	d. Gender orientation

.

Which term defines the social identity of a person who has sexual attraction to or relations with other persons of the same sex?

	a. Bisexuality
	b. Intersexuality
	c. Heterosexuality
	d. Homosexuality

.

Which term describes a person's sexual attraction preference for members of a particular sex?

	a. Sexual schema
	b. Sexual role
	c. Sexual orientation
	d. Sexual identity

.

Which term is given to an individual who wishes to possess the anatomic features of people of the other sex and to live as a person of the other sex?

	a. Transsexual
	b. Transgender
	c. Transvestite
	d. Androgen insensitivity

.

Which term is given to the condition in which a person possesses the gonads of one sex but external genitalia that is ambiguous or typical of the other sex?

	a. Intersexuality
	b. Homosexuality
	c. Bisexuality
	d. Androgyny

.

Which term is used to describe a person who is born with both male and female sexual characteristics?

	a. Androgyny
	b. Intersexed
	c. Homosexual
	d. Heterosexual

.

Which of the following led to homosexuality being viewed as abnormal and diagnosed as a mental illness?

	a. Sexual dimorphism
	b. The medicalization of sexuality
	c. Natural selection
	d. Identity theory

.

Fill in the blank. According to Freud, the vast majority of what we experience is stored in the ________________.

	a. Subconscious
	b. Ego
	c. Lateralized brain
	d. Gender role

.

Fill in the blank. Through interaction of hypothalamus and pituitary gland with ovaries, the _________________ is the periodic variation in hormones and fertility over course of about 28 days.

	a. Puberty
	b. Menopause
	c. Menstrual cycle
	d. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

.

In Freud’s psychoanalytical theory, which of the following is identified as the conscience, which keeps you from doing radical things?

	a. Id
	b. Ego
	c. Superego
	d. Narcissism

.

The following definition is identified by which theory? During development, girls learn that the "self" and the "other" are similar, while boys learn that the "self" is distinctively different than the "other."

	a. Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory
	b. Chodorow's Psychoanalytic Theory
	c. Cognitive-Developmental Theory
	d. Social Learning Theory

.

The following definition is identified by which theory? Gender differences arise, because women and men need to use different strategies to assure that their genes with continue into future generations.

	a. Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory
	b. Chodorow's Psychoanalytic Theory
	c. Cognitive-Developmental Theory
	d. Sociobiological Perspectives

.

What is the term that defines finding a way to do something that is typically unacceptable in an acceptable manner called?

	a. Castration anxiety
	b. Sublimation
	c. Elektra Complex
	d. Oedipus Complex

.

Which of the following represents what the sociobiological perspective contends?

	a. It contends that gender differences in behavior exist, because women and men are in different life situations.
	b. It contends that men should be more protective of their children than women, because men need children as their heirs in a patrilineal inheritance system.
	c. It contends that gender differences in behavior result from a culturally defined, gender-differential pattern of rewards and punishments for various behaviors.
	d. It contends that the driving force for both women and men is the desire to have their genes reproduced in future generations.

.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

	a. Freud's theory of psychosexual development has six stages that occur in the same order for all children.
	b. Freud’s theory of cognitive-development has ten stages that do not occur in order for all children.
	c. Freud’s theory of psychosexual development has six stages that do not occur in the same order for all children.
	d. Freud’s theory of social learning development has four stages that occur in the same order for all children.

.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

	a. The Oedipus Complex is resolved at the beginning of the genital stage.
	b. The oral phase is resolved at the same time as penis envy.
	c. Castration anxiety occurs during the oral phase.
	d. The Elektra Complex relates to male gender identity.

.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

	a. Depending on how they are used, ego defense mechanisms can be healthy.
	b. Ego defense mechanisms are always unhealthy.
	c. Penis envy always has detrimental effects on boys.
	d. The Oedipal Complex has long lasting detrimental effects on girls.

.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

	a. Piaget’s Structural Model is made up of the Id, Ego, and Superego.
	b. Freud’s Structural Model is made up of the Id, Ego, and Superego.
	c. Kohlberg’s Structural Model is made up of the Id, Ego, and Superego.
	d. Gilligan’s Structural Model is made up of the Id, Ego, and Superego.

.

Which theorist stressed that gender personality is based upon childhood interactions with parents?

	a. Piaget
	b. Freud
	c. Skinner
	d. Maslow

.

Which term is used to define the biological stage of development during which reproduction first becomes possible, beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and ending when the long bones are done growing?

	a. Pre-adolescence
	b. Menopause
	c. Preschool age
	d. Puberty

.

According to Erikson, the initial struggle between autonomy and shame and doubt occurs during approximately what age?

	a. Around the ages of one and three
	b. Around the ages of four and six
	c. Around the ages of seven and ten
	d. Around the ages of eleven and fourteen

.

According to Kohlberg, a person who is primarily concerned with punishment or rewards for their behavior is at what level of morality?

	a. Postconventional
	b. Intermediate
	c. Preconventional
	d. Permanency

.

At what age do children typically make full gender stereotypes and apply them as blanket rules?

	a. 2
	b. 7
	c. 10
	d. 12

.

Fill in the blank. Kohlberg proposed that_______________ is the comprehensive understanding that gender is biologically based and permanent.

	a. Gender identity
	b. Gender constancy
	c. Intersexuality
	d. Sexual preference

.

Fill in the blank. ______________children seldom view the world in gender linked terms.

	a. Gender schematic
	b. Gender aschematic
	c. Homosexual
	d. Heterosexual

.

The following definition is identified by which theory? Gender behavioral differences arise because boys and girls are rewarded (and punished) for different behaviors.

	a. Freudian psychoanalytic theory
	b. Chodorow's psychoanalytic theory
	c. Cognitive-developmental theory
	d. Social learning theory

.

When parents interact with their sons and daughters, they are more likely to do which of the following?

	a. Teach sons more problem-solving strategies
	b. Talk to daughters and roughhouse with sons
	c. Encourage sons to be performance- and task-oriented
	d. All of the above

.

Which of the following statements on Chodorow’s psychoanalytic theory is TRUE?

	a. It differs from Freud’s in that it argues that the gender of the primary caretaker of the child has no influence on how boys and girls develop.
	b. It argues that girls learn different things than boys as they learn to distinguish self from other.
	c. It argues that boys are more likely to show feminine personality characteristics than girls are to show masculine personality characteristics.
	d. It says that women have a stronger desire to have children, because a child would provide them with resolution to penis envy.

.

Which of the following terms is defined by the degree to which the child feels satisfied with their gender assignment?

	a. Gender typicality
	b. Gender connectedness
	c. Gender constancy
	d. Gender empathy

.

Which theory contends that individuals learn to be masculine and feminine by their interactions with others, receiving cues from others, either reinforcing or discouraging the behavior?

	a. Psychoanalytic theory
	b. Social learning theory
	c. Moral development theory
	d. Cognitive development theory

.

Which theory is defined as making sense of the world by developing a schema for the sense of the world?

	a. Cognitive development theory
	b. Social learning theory
	c. Sex traits
	d. Identity theory

.

Which theory of gender identity acquisition is associated with how a child develops a mental pattern of gender expectations and organizes observed and learned behavior around it?

	a. Gender typing
	b. Gender schema
	c. Intersexuality
	d. Androgyny

.

Which theory states that children play active roles in developing their gender identity, which occurs as they learn to define themselves through their interactions with others?

	a. Psychoanalytic theory
	b. Social learning theory
	c. Moral development theory
	d. Cognitive development theory

.

Which of the following terms best describes how people acquire identities based on gender in which different behaviors and attitudes are encouraged or discouraged in men and women?

	a. Gender roles
	b. Sex expectations
	c. Sexually dimorphic traits
	d. Socialization

.

Careful examination of the research showing apparent gender differences in fear of success reveals which of the following?

	a. What seems to be feared is not actually success, but the negative consequences of succeeding in a gender inappropriate situation.
	b. The differences noted were actually more reflective of well established male–female differences in power motivation.
	c. Such fear could be interpreted as a motivation, present in women but not in men, to avoid role inappropriate behaviors.
	d. The average proportion of women showing fear of success was several times larger than that of men.

.

In circumstances where, for one gender but not the other, negative consequences were anticipated as a part of some positive attainment, gender differences in reaction to the situation were attributed by researchers to which of the following?

	a. Gender differences in power motivation
	b. Gender differences in achievement motivation
	c. Fear of success
	d. Fear of failure

.

In general, research on cognitive performance indicates which of the following?

	a. A large difference favoring females on most tasks that require verbal skills
	b. A moderate difference favoring males for visual spatial tasks requiring rapid mental rotation
	c. A distribution of males and females in scientific/technical professions proportionate to the gender differences found in cognitive abilities
	d. A large difference favoring males on mathematical tasks and tasks requiring spatial perception
	e. All of the above

.

In general, research on personal entitlement suggests which of the following?

	a. That, economically, women and men place equivalent value on their work
	b. That, economically, men value money more than women do
	c. That, economically, women tend to undervalue and/or men tend to overvalue their work
	d. That, economically, men are not influenced by monetary considerations when deciding how hard to work

.

In general, when men fail at a task, which of the following occurs?

	a. They attribute their failure to unstable, external factors.
	b. They attribute their failure to the same types of reasons that women use when explaining their failures.
	c. They say they failed due to lack of ability.
	d. They attribute their failure to stable, internal factors.

.

In studies of perceptual speed and accuracy, which of the following is true?

	a. Females tend to outscore males from the age of 4 onward.
	b. Males tend to outscore females in adolescence.
	c. There are no gender differences found.
	d. Females outscore males except when symbolic information must be processed in order to choose a response.

.

Observed scores on cognitive tasks involving visual–spatial and mathematical abilities indicate which of the following?

	a. That the differences between men and women within cultures or countries are far more dramatic than the differences between cultures or countries
	b. That these abilities cannot be significantly improved through formal schooling before the 6th or 7th grades
	c. That these abilities can be improved through specific experience and practice or training
	d. That these abilities are very resistant to improvement through specific training or courses of study

.

Research on gender differences in brain organization suggests which of the following?

	a. Brain symmetry could be influenced by environmental, genetic, and/or hormonal factors.
	b. Language exposure may affect lateralization of verbal skills.
	c. Sensory input, such as reading Braille, can change the brain.
	d. All of the above

.

Research on the expectations for success in mathematics that others hold for girls indicates which of the following?

	a. Male students tend to believe that female students are as talented as males in mathematics.
	b. Teachers have generally lower expectations of female students than male students in mathematics.
	c. Parents, knowing their children’s particular talents, are not affected by gender stereotypes in their expectations for daughters’ and sons’ performance in mathematics.
	d. Girls are relatively unaffected by their parents’ expectations for their performance in mathematics.

.

Research on the general intelligence of males and females indicates which of the following?

	a. Early versions of IQ tests showed fewer gender differences than current overall scores.
	b. Men are somewhat more logical, and women are somewhat more intuitive.
	c. Females and males score equally well on all IQ subtests and scales.
	d. There are no meaningful differences in general intelligence in either childhood or adulthood.

.

Studies of gender differences in auditory threshold indicate which of the following?

	a. Women have better high-frequency hearing than men do.
	b. Women perceive loud sounds as louder than men do.
	c. Women are more intolerant of loud sounds.
	d. All of the above

.

Studies of learning and memory indicate which of the following?

	a. Males do better than females at learning complex tasks.
	b. Females do better than males at rote learning.
	c. Memory performance appears to be unrelated to the gender appropriateness of the task.
	d. There are no gender differences.

.

The belief that mathematics is a male-oriented discipline has been shown to do which of the following?

	a. Exist more strongly in females than males
	b. Relate to females’ lower self-confidence in learning math
	c. Relate positively to males’ avoidance of mathematics courses in high school
	d. All of the above

.

When McClelland used TAT tests to assess achievement motivation, what did he find?

	a. In the unmotivated state, men told stories with more achievement-related imagery than women did.
	b. In the unmotivated state, most studies found no difference in the amount of achievement-related imagery used by women and men but some studies found that women showed more achievement motivation than men.
	c. When motivated to perform by being told that their stories reflected their intelligence, women increased the amount of achievement-related imagery in their stories (compared to the unmotivated state), but men did not.
	d. No gender difference in the amount of achievement related imagery used by women and men in either the motivated or the unmotivated condition.

.

Which of the following examples would best describe being gender neutral?

	a. Will is not good at sports and is told he “throws like a girl.”
	b. Kaylib argues that his daughter should wear dresses more so that people will not think she is a boy.
	c. Breanna lets her children play with both masculine toys (e.g., trucks) and feminine toys (e.g., dolls) if they want.
	d. Ann worries that being assertive in class will make her appear too masculine.

.

Which of the following is one of the major problems in determining physiological influences on human gender-role behavior?

	a. The physiological influences are generally poorly measured.
	b. Feminist biases prevent appropriate research.
	c. Female and male behaviors overlap enormously.
	d. Female and male behavior patterns are relatively distinct.

.

Which of the following is true of sex differences in the degree of brain lateralization?

	a. They do not exist across all aspects of cognitive abilities.
	b. They have received clear support from most clinical research on brain-damaged persons.
	c. They appear consistently, showing greater male than female lateralization, in behavioral studies of dichotic listening.
	d. They are supported by consistent differences in the size of the corpus callosum in men and women.
	e. All of the above

.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

	a. There are more similarities than differences in intellectual abilities between genders.
	b. Males always outperform females in math ability.
	c. Females are never as good as males in mechanical performance.
	d. There are more differences than similarities in intellectual abilities between genders.

.

When children are asked to estimate how well they will do in performing a task after gender constancy, which of the following happens?

	a. Both boys and girls overestimate their actual performance.
	b. Boys overestimate and girls underestimate their actual performance.
	c. Boys underestimate and girls overestimate their actual performance.
	d. Both boys and girls underestimate their actual performance.

.

A male rat is given an injection of testosterone. Which of the following behaviors is likely to INCREASE because of this?

	a. Nonspecific gender behaviors
	b. Maternal behavior
	c. Aggressive behavior
	d. All of the above

.

Dana and Jason are the parents of a normally aggressive two year old. What can Dana and Jason expect over the next 3 years regarding future levels of aggression and their child?

	a. There will be a steady increase in the level of aggression until about age 5 and then a rapid decline in aggression.
	b. The level of aggression will remain constant over the next 3 years.
	c. The level of aggression will gradually decline.
	d. The level of aggression will decline rapidly at age 3 but then abruptly increase between ages 4 and 5.

.

DeAndre knocks over another child while running to the street to see a parade. DeAndre is displaying what type of aggression?

	a. Instrumental
	b. Classical
	c. Displaced
	d. Hostile

.

In general, girls tend to engage in which type of aggression?

	a. Verbal
	b. Secondary
	c. Physical
	d. None of the above; girls do not engage in aggression.

.

Research indicates that which of the following is true of exposure to sexually violent pornography?

	a. Exposure to sexually violent pornography is not a significant predictor of men’s use of sexual force against women.
	b. Exposure to sexually violent pornography increases the sensitivity of men to female, but not male, victims of nonsexual violence.
	c. Exposure to sexually violent pornography increases the aggressive behavior of men against both men and women.
	d. Exposure to sexually violent pornography increases the aggressive behavior of men against women but not against men.

.

Studies of childhood friendship suggest which of the following?

	a. Girls’ friendship groups tend to be larger and more intimate than boys’ groups.
	b. Same sex peer groups do not reinforce cultural gender norms; rather, they provide a forum in which children can try out behavior that does not conform to such norms.
	c. In childhood, boys and girls are equally comfortable with intimacy.
	d. For boys in particular, the same sex peer group plays an important role in reinforcing masculine gender identity and male dominance behavior.
	e. All of the above

.

The following statement is identified by which theory? Boys are more aggressive than girls, because they compete with their fathers for their mother’s love as very young children.

	a. Freudian psychoanalytic theory
	b. Chodorow’s psychoanalytic theory
	c. Cognitive-developmental theory
	d. Social learning theory

.

Which of the following is true with respect to gender differences in patterns of friendship?

	a. Girls tend to have fewer, more intense friendships than boys.
	b. Boys are prone to having more select, intimate friends than girls.
	c. Boys depend less on their friends than girls do to back them up in conflicts with authority.
	d. Boys are more fearful of peer group friendships than girls.

.

Which of the following statements about aggression in early childhood is FALSE?

	a. It usually involves disputes about toys and control of space.
	b. It surfaces mainly during social play.
	c. It increases between the ages of 2 and 5.
	d. It gradually shifts from physical to verbal conflict.

.

Studies of gender and aggression indicate that which of the following statements is true?

	a. Men are more likely than women to be the perpetrators of aggression.
	b. Men are more likely than women to be the victims of aggression.
	c. Women are more likely than men to be the perpetrators of aggression.
	d. Both A and B

.