HIST311-FinalExam-Answers

Fill in the blank. By 1550, the majority of African slaves transported to the Americas were destined for ________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Brazil
	b. Spanish Caribbean
	c. British Caribbean
	d. British North America
	e. French Caribbean

Question 2

Fill in the blank. The first Africans to set foot in Jamestown arrived in the English colony via a _______________ ship.

Choose one answer.

	a. Dutch
	b. English
	c. Portuguese
	d. Spanish
	e. pirate

Question 3

For the first two decades of the seventeenth century, what kind of laborers worked in the Jamestown colony?

Choose one answer.

	a. African slaves
	b. English indentured servants
	c. Native peoples
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 4

In the 1400s, the Portuguese exported all of the following goods to West Africa EXCEPT which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Copper
	b. Gold
	c. Cloth
	d. Tools
	e. Wine

Question 5

In the 1600s, which luxury good primarily drove the Atlantic trade?

Choose one answer.

	a. Tobacco
	b. Sugar
	c. Indigo
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 6

In the early 1500s, the Portuguese bought African slaves from the Kingdom of Kongo and then re-sold them where?

Choose one answer.

	a. Gold Coast
	b. Ivory Coast
	c. Windward Coast
	d. Bight of Biafra
	e. Senegambia

Question 7

Where did European traders first export African slaves to in the 1400s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Castile
	b. Aragon
	c. Portugal
	d. Brazil
	e. Hispaniola

Question 8

Which of the following contributed to the beginning of the Age of Discovery?

Choose one answer.

	a. The increasing power of Islam
	b. Europeans' desire to expand Christendom
	c. The advent of the spice trade with the Far East
	d. The rise of imperialism
	e. All of the above

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a reason for the economic downturn in São Tomé during the latter 1500s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Invasions of the Kingdom of Kongo
	b. The creation of sugar plantations in the Caribbean
	c. The establishment of a new trading post at Luanda
	d. The abolition of the Portuguese slave trade
	e. All of the above

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT an area where the Portuguese supplied African slaves to in the 1500s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Canary Islands
	b. Madeira
	c. Cape Verde Islands
	d. Hispaniola
	e. All of the above

Question 11

Which of the following statements is false in describing the slaver brig “Diligente”?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was built in the United States.
	b. It was auctioned by Lloyd’s of London in the early 1800s.
	c. It was used in the Spanish slave trade.
	d. It was captured by the British navy.
	e. It was condemned to Bermuda.

Question 12

Which of the following was the first permanent “slave factory” on the West African coast?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cape Coast Castle
	b. Elmina Castle
	c. Bunce Island Castle
	d. Christiansborg Castle
	e. None of the above

Question 13

Why did the Portuguese originally colonize the island of São Tomé?

Choose one answer.

	a. To access West African gold mines
	b. To cultivate sugar
	c. To cultivate grape vines
	d. To cultivate wheat
	e. All of the above

Question 14

What valuable commodity did Europeans originally seek to export from Africa in the 1400s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Gold
	b. Ivory
	c. Salt
	d. Slaves
	e. Spices

Question 15

After 1514, which of the following was NOT a view of Bartolomé de las Casas?

Choose one answer.

	a. Permissibility of slavery
	b. Conversion of Amerindians to Catholicism
	c. Right of Spanish crown to colonize the Americas
	d. Support of the encomienda
	e. Transition from Amerindian to African slavery

Question 16

All of the following are reasons that Europeans enslaved Africans EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. demand for labor in the Americas.
	b. pre-existing slavery in Africa.
	c. death of Amerindian labor force.
	d. demand for plantation produce.
	e. demand for precious metals.

Question 17

During which time period was the volume of the Atlantic slave trade the highest?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1601-1650
	b. 1651-1700
	c. 1701-1750
	d. 1751-1800
	e. 1801-1850

Question 18

In the early 1600s, Amerindian slaves in Barbados did which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Could be manumitted
	b. Arrived only intermittently on the island
	c. Arrived on the island in numbers that rivaled imported Africans
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 19

The Bantu-speaking peoples who came in large numbers to the Carolina Lowcountry and Brazil were from which region in Africa?

Choose one answer.

	a. Windward Coast
	b. Bight of Benin
	c. Kingdom of Kongo
	d. Bight of Biafra
	e. Gold Coast

Question 20

The largest percentage of Africans entering the United States through the Atlantic slave trade was from which region?

Choose one answer.

	a. Gold Coast
	b. Senegambia
	c. Bight of Biafra
	d. Kingdom of Kongo
	e. Southeastern Africa

Question 21

The slave trade that utilized the northern Atlantic trade winds was dominated by which European nation?

Choose one answer.

	a. Netherlands
	b. Spain
	c. England
	d. Portugal
	e. Denmark

Question 22

The slave trade that utilized the southern Atlantic trade winds primarily supplied Africans to which New World colony?

Choose one answer.

	a. Brazil
	b. Hispaniola
	c. Curacao
	d. Surinam
	e. Cuba

Question 23

Until 1640, all of the following characterized “slavery” in Virginia EXCEPT which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was an impermanent condition.
	b. Conversion to Christianity led to freedom from slavery.
	c. Non-Christians were enslaved.
	d. Slavery was a permanent condition.
	e. Not all Africans in Virginia were slaves.

Question 24

What made New World slavery different from other forms of slavery?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was a permanent condition.
	b. It was aimed at black Africans.
	c. It was a condition that occupied the lowest rung of society.
	d. It was based on a capitalist system.
	e. All of the above

Question 25

When did race-based slavery originate?

Choose one answer.

	a. Early Modern Era
	b. Middle Ages
	c. The Renaissance
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 26

Which European disease was the primary cause of death among Amerindians?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cholera
	b. Yellow fever
	c. Smallpox
	d. Dysentery
	e. Syphilis

Question 27

Who were the first laborers in the English colony of Jamestown?

Choose one answer.

	a. Indian slaves
	b. African slaves
	c. Indentured servants
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 28

Arawak laborers were imported to Barbados from what region in the early 1600s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Guiana
	b. Trinidad
	c. Mexico
	d. Hispaniola
	e. Florida

Question 29

From 1595-1640, the Atlantic slave trade to the Spanish Americas was concentrated in which New World port?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cartagena de Indias
	b. New Orleans
	c. La Ciudad de Mexico
	d. St. Augustine
	e. Bahia

Question 30

From where did the Spanish import slaves after decimating the enslaved indigenous population of Hispaniola in the early 1500s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Gold Coast
	b. Ivory Coast
	c. North America
	d. Brazil
	e. Other Caribbean islands

Question 31

In Brazil, the transition from indigenous to African enslaved labor was complete by around which year?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1500
	b. 1550
	c. 1600
	d. 1650
	e. 1700

Question 32

In order for Portugal to expand its slave trading empire in the face of Ottoman imperial expansion, which of the following countries did it begin trading with in the 1540s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Kenya
	b. Egypt
	c. Madagascar
	d. Mali
	e. Angola

Question 33

In the 1600s, which of the following Dutch holdings was an important depot for the commodity trade and slave trade with the Spanish mainland colonies?

Choose one answer.

	a. Curacao
	b. Dutch Brazil
	c. Surinam
	d. Guyana
	e. St. Maarten

Question 34

Other than slaves, what commodities did the Dutch West India Company import from the Gold Coast?

Choose one answer.

	a. Ivory
	b. Gold
	c. Cloth
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 35

Spain’s first experiment in sugar cultivation and plantation slavery took place in which region?

Choose one answer.

	a. Azores
	b. São Tomé
	c. Cape Verde
	d. Canary Islands
	e. Madeira

Question 36

What was the objective of the first “grand design” of the Dutch West India Company?

Choose one answer.

	a. To establish a commercial network in the Atlantic
	b. To defend a commercial network in the Atlantic
	c. To damage Portuguese interests in the Atlantic
	d. To damage English interests in the Atlantic
	e. None of the above

Question 37

Which English monarch was a primary supporter of the slave company known as the Royal Adventurers into Africa, granting the company a charter in 1660?

Choose one answer.

	a. Elizabeth I
	b. Charles I
	c. Charles II
	d. James I
	e. James II

Question 38

Which Englishman pioneered English involvement in the Atlantic slave trade?

Choose one answer.

	a. John Smith
	b. Charles II
	c. John Hawkins
	d. Walter Raleigh
	e. Francis Drake

Question 39

Which of the following was the most important English port in the Atlantic slave trade?

Choose one answer.

	a. Liverpool
	b. London
	c. Manchester
	d. Greenwich
	e. Glasgow

Question 40

Which region was the birthplace of the Portuguese pattern of exploration?

Choose one answer.

	a. Brazil
	b. São Tomé
	c. Luanda
	d. Angola
	e. Atlantic Islands

Question 41

Why did the number of slaves in Portugal decline after 1600?

Choose one answer.

	a. Demand for slaves in Brazil
	b. Increase in prices
	c. Rise of anti-slavery sentiment in Portugal
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 42

Which of the following determined who became enslaved in Iberia in the mid-1500s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Religious background
	b. Geographical origin
	c. Political loyalties
	d. Labor needs in Iberia
	e. All of the above

Question 43

After 1700, which of the following resulted in an increase in enslavement and wars within Africa?

Choose one answer.

	a. Jihad
	b. Discovery of gold
	c. Importation of firearms
	d. Competition among European traders
	e. All of the above

Question 44

By the eighteenth century, several forms of slavery were practiced in Africa, including which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Forced labor
	b. Serfdom
	c. Chattel slavery
	d. Pawnship
	e. All of the above

Question 45

Fill in the blank. Enclosures in which enslaved Africans were held prior to shipment were called ________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. pens
	b. barracoons
	c. check points
	d. compartments
	e. ports

Question 46

Fill in the blank. In Africa, the coercive system of labor known as pawnship involved the use of people as ________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. collateral against debt
	b. chattel slaves
	c. forced laborers
	d. concubines
	e. serfs

Question 47

The slave trade within Africa continued in the 1800s despite which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Abolition of the Atlantic slave trade
	b. Abolition of plantation slavery
	c. European colonization of Africa
	d. Globalization of the cotton market
	e. Introduction of Christianity

Question 48

What resulted from the presence of European slave traders on the West African coast?

Choose one answer.

	a. Coastal societies tried to monopolize trade with Europeans.
	b. Inland societies rebuffed European traders.
	c. Many coastal societies became de-centralized states.
	d. Inland societies could not partake in the European trade.
	e. None of the above

Question 49

What type of slavery characterized the Atlantic slave trade?

Choose one answer.

	a. Serfdom
	b. Pawnship
	c. Plantation slavery
	d. Peonage
	e. Chattel slavery

Question 50

What was the effect of the Atlantic slave trade on the Arab slave traders?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Arab slave trade increased.
	b. The Arab slave trade decreased.
	c. European slave traders marginalized Arab slave traders.
	d. Both A and C
	e. Both B and C

Question 51

Which of the following DID NOT account for the vast majority of Africans deported to the Americas?

Choose one answer.

	a. Conversion to Christianity
	b. Slave raiding
	c. Kidnapping
	d. Politico-religious struggle
	e. War

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT a means by which slaves were obtained in the Islamic world?

Choose one answer.

	a. Through tribute from vassal states
	b. By conquest
	c. By offspring of other slaves
	d. Through European slave traders
	e. Through those who worshiped foreign religions but failed to pay Kharaj and Jizya

Question 53

Which of the following was a reason why Africans enslaved other Africans?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because of differing religious beliefs
	b. Because they were prisoners of war
	c. Because of paganism
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 54

Which of the following was NOT a large state that developed in West Africa during the era of the Atlantic slave trade?

Choose one answer.

	a. Asante
	b. Mali
	c. Dahomey
	d. Benin
	e. All of the above

Question 55

Which of the following was NOT a use of black African slaves in the Islamic Empire?

Choose one answer.

	a. Concubines
	b. Bodyguards
	c. Domestic servants
	d. Mine laborers
	e. Serfs

Question 56

In many African societies, slaves were employed in all of the following roles EXCEPT which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Porters
	b. Concubines
	c. Merchants
	d. Soldiers
	e. Administrators

Question 57

Fill in the blank. By the early 1700s, slaves imported to Brazil were mainly working on sugar plantations and ________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. gold mines
	b. silver mines
	c. large cattle ranches
	d. brazilwood estates
	e. tobacco plantations

Question 58

Fill in the blank. Enslaved African Americans who escaped into the wilderness to form their own separate communities were called _______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. runaways
	b. maroons
	c. mulattoes
	d. quadroons
	e. rebels

Question 59

Fill in the blank. In the first part of the sixteenth century, Hispaniola’s increased imports of Africans signaled the shift from ____________ to chattel slavery.

Choose one answer.

	a. indentured servitude
	b. encomienda
	c. peonage
	d. serfdom
	e. pawnship

Question 60

In 1518, the Spanish king made which of the following amendments to Spain’s Atlantic slave trade policy?

Choose one answer.

	a. All African slaves had to be brought to the New World via Spain.
	b. African slaves could not be purchased from rival Portuguese traders.
	c. Africans could be brought to the New World directly from Africa.
	d. African slaves could not be purchased from rival Dutch traders.
	e. None of the above

Question 61

In the Carolinas in the early 1700s, slavery became an entrenched institution based upon the profitability of which crop?

Choose one answer.

	a. Tobacco
	b. Rice
	c. Cotton
	d. Indigo
	e. Sugar

Question 62

Many of the first generation of African slaves arrived in the New World via which region?

Choose one answer.

	a. São Tomé
	b. Brazil
	c. Madeira
	d. Canary Islands
	e. West Indies

Question 63

The Louisiana Code Noir of 1724 established all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. restricted the movement of peoples of African descent.
	b. assured that those with darker skin were of a lower social status than those with lighter skin.
	c. allowed slaves to report maltreatment to Louisiana authorities.
	d. provided Anglican religious instruction to slaves.
	e. stipulated that masters provide their slaves with adequate provisions.

Question 64

Which of the following British American cities experienced slave rebellions in the first half of the eighteenth century?

Choose one answer.

	a. New York City
	b. Charleston
	c. Philadelphia
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 65

Which of the following individuals was kidnapped in Guinea and brought to Rhode Island in 1737 through the Atlantic slave trade?

Choose one answer.

	a. Olaudah Equiano
	b. Phyllis Wheatley
	c. Venture Smith
	d. Ignatius Sancho
	e. Mary Prince

Question 66

Which of the following was legal under the slave codes of the Carolinas in the 1700s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Castration
	b. Whipping
	c. Branding
	d. Dismemberment
	e. All of the above

Question 67

Which of the following was NOT a skill performed by slaves on many large plantations in British North America?

Choose one answer.

	a. Bricklaying
	b. Spinning
	c. Weaving
	d. Carpentry
	e. All of the above

Question 68

Which of the following was NOT a social class described by Hugh Jones of Virginia in 1724?

Choose one answer.

	a. Free blacks
	b. Large landowners
	c. Poor whites
	d. Enslaved blacks
	e. Small landowners

Question 69

Which “revolution” in the Caribbean had the greatest impact on the Atlantic slave trade?

Choose one answer.

	a. Haitian Revolution
	b. Sugar Revolution
	c. Market Revolution
	d. French Revolution
	e. Tobacco Revolution

Question 70

What was the largest slave-trading port in British North America in the early 1700s?

Choose one answer.

	a. Norfolk
	b. Richmond
	c. Wilmington
	d. Savannah
	e. Charleston

Question 71

According to historians’ estimates, approximately how many enslaved Africans were transported to the New World?

Choose one answer.

	a. Less than 1 million
	b. Between 1 and 5 million
	c. Between 6 and 8 million
	d. Between 12 and 15 million
	e. Between 15 and 20 million

Question 72

According to the former slave Olaudah Equiano, all of the following were common punishments for slaves EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Slaves were whipped.
	b. Slaves had to wear heavy iron hooks around their necks.
	c. Slaves had to wear and iron muzzle.
	d. Slaves were intentionally given diseases.
	e. Slaves were branded.

Question 73

Alexander Falconbridge, who wrote an account of the Atlantic slave trade, was intimately familiar with the Middle Passage because of which of the following reasons?

Choose one answer.

	a. He was a slave ship captain.
	b. He was a slave trader in Bonny.
	c. He was the governor of Sierra Leone.
	d. He was an Episcopal minister in New Calabar.
	e. He was a slave ship surgeon.

Question 74

During the Middle Passage, what accounted for high mortality rates among Africans?

Choose one answer.

	a. Dysentery
	b. Small pox
	c. Attacks from rival pirate ships
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 75

Fill in the blank. In 1758, Boyrereau Brinch was kidnapped, enslaved, and taken to the Americas by ______________ traders.

Choose one answer.

	a. Dutch
	b. English
	c. Portuguese
	d. Spanish
	e. French

Question 76

Fill in the blank. While slave ships were legally permitted to carry no more than around 350 captives, some ships carried more than __________ captives.

Choose one answer.

	a. 400
	b. 500
	c. 600
	d. 700
	e. 800

Question 77

How did some European governments try to regulate the Atlantic slave trade?

Choose one answer.

	a. By limiting the number of captives
	b. By requiring surgeons to be carried on board
	c. By prohibiting slave trading in some areas
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 78

In Britain, most slave ships were built in which port city?

Choose one answer.

	a. Liverpool
	b. Bristol
	c. Edinburgh
	d. London
	e. Plymouth

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT a way in which captive Africans resisted their enslavement during the Middle Passage?

Choose one answer.

	a. Jumping overboard
	b. Spreading disease among crewmembers
	c. Going on hunger strikes
	d. Partaking in insurrection
	e. All of the above

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT a way in which ship captains prepared them for market once the captive Africans arrived in the New World?

Choose one answer.

	a. They branded them.
	b. They washed them.
	c. They applied oil to their bodies.
	d. They disguised sores and disease.
	e. All of the above

Question 81

Which of the following occurred on board slave ships when captive Africans tried to starve themselves?

Choose one answer.

	a. Crewmembers forced Africans to take food.
	b. Crewmembers whipped Africans.
	c. Crewmembers tortured Africans with hot coals.
	d. Crewmembers forced Africans’ mouths open with metal instruments.
	e. None of the above

Question 82

Which of the following was NOT a special name bestowed by captive Africans upon each other during the Middle Passage?

Choose one answer.

	a. Bâtiments
	b. Shipmate
	c. Sippi
	d. Comrade
	e. All of the above

Question 83

Which of the following was NOT considered by the plantation owner Thomas Thistlewood of Jamaica when newly purchasing African slaves?

Choose one answer.

	a. Age
	b. Religion
	c. Gender
	d. Ethnicity
	e. Height

Question 84

In addition to the “triangular trade” routes, there was also a direct trading route across the Atlantic Ocean between Brazil and which region?

Choose one answer.

	a. Ivory Coast
	b. Sierra Leone
	c. Windward Coast
	d. Angola
	e. Kingdom of Kongo

Question 85

A large-scale slave revolt broke out in which region in 1791?

Choose one answer.

	a. Saint-Domingue
	b. Jamaica
	c. Demerara
	d. Cuba
	e. Curacao

Question 86

After 1860, the Atlantic slave trade was carried on mostly by which of the following:

Choose one answer.

	a. Portugal
	b. Spain
	c. France
	d. A and B
	e. B and C

Question 87

Beginning in the 1810s, which group policed the West African coast for slave trading vessels?

Choose one answer.

	a. British navy
	b. American navy
	c. French navy
	d. Spanish navy
	e. African canoe men

Question 88

Between 1801 and 1867, the majority of African captives were transported to which of the following locations?

Choose one answer.

	a. Louisiana
	b. Brazil
	c. Cuba
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 89

Fill in the blank. In 1820, the United States government made international slave trading an act of _______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. treason
	b. piracy
	c. robbery
	d. bigotry
	e. negotiation

Question 90

Fill in the blank. The group of black abolitionists based in Britain was known as __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Society to Effect the Abolition of the Slave Trade
	b. Amis de Noirs
	c. Friends of Africa
	d. Sons of Africa
	e. British Abolition Society

Question 91

Illegal slave trading failed to flourish in which of the following American states?

Choose one answer.

	a. South Carolina
	b. North Carolina
	c. Florida
	d. Texas
	e. Louisiana

Question 92

Many states in the American South tried to re-open the Atlantic slave trade during which decade?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1810s
	b. 1820s
	c. 1830s
	d. 1840s
	e. 1850s

Question 93

What is the primary evidence that the Atlantic slave trade was being carried on in the United States illegally after 1808?

Choose one answer.

	a. Evidence from the U.S. Census
	b. Evidence of conversion to Christianity
	c. Evidence of ports of entry
	d. Evidence of slave sales
	e. Evidence of church membership

Question 94

What judicial body oversaw the prosecution of ships suspected of illegal slave trading?

Choose one answer.

	a. Supreme Court
	b. Admiralty Court
	c. Naval Court
	d. Abolition Court
	e. Courts of Mixed Commission

Question 95

When did the last slave ship arrive in Cuba?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1807
	b. 1808
	c. 1836
	d. 1867
	e. 1888

Question 96

Which of the following countries abolished the Atlantic slave trade first?

Choose one answer.

	a. Denmark
	b. France
	c. Britain
	d. United States
	e. Cuba

Question 97

Which of the following was NOT a demographic impact of the Atlantic slave trade?

Choose one answer.

	a. Decrease in African population
	b. Increase in New World African population
	c. Higher birthrate levels for Africans in the Americas
	d. Increase in racial mixing
	e. Dispersal of Africans throughout the Americas

Question 98

Which of the following was NOT an impact of the Atlantic slave trade upon Africa?

Choose one answer.

	a. Underdevelopment
	b. Disorganization
	c. Vulnerability to European hegemony
	d. Widespread famine
	e. Population decline

Question 99

The United States outlawed the slave trade in which year?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1787
	b. 1800
	c. 1807
	d. 1808
	e. 1860