According to Bertrand Russell, which of the following is a major difference between philosophy and science?

Choose one answer.

	a. Science has to do with mathematics, whereas philosophy does not.
	b. Science focuses on knowledge that is already definite, while philosophy does not.
	c. Science is about facts, while philosophy is about opinions.
	d. Science is a relatively recent development, whereas philosophy is ancient.
	e. Scientists make more money than philosophers.

Question 2

According to John Corvino, philosophy is useful in a wide range of contexts, because it teaches us to do which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Convince others of our point of view
	b. Question the beliefs we take for granted
	c. Write clear and persuasive papers
	d. Pay attention to the world around us
	e. Criticize everything we learn and experience

Question 3

Bertrand Russell describes philosophy as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Food for the mind
	b. Wisdom of the heart
	c. The science of ideas
	d. A pastime for elites
	e. A lot of nonsense

Question 4

Complete the following statement. When writing a philosophy paper, a strong thesis is:

Choose one answer.

	a. a statement of procedure.
	b. a hypothesis to be tested.
	c. a position you will argue for.
	d. the first sentence of the paper.
	e. not a requirement.

Question 5

In the following argument, which statements are premises? If time travel is possible, we will have lots of time-traveling visitors from the future. However, we have no such visitors. Therefore, time travel is not possible.

Choose one answer.

	a. If time travel is possible, we will have lots of time-traveling visitors from the future.
	b. However, we have no such visitors.
	c. Therefore, time travel is not possible.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 6

Philosophy is useful for developing which of the following skills?

Choose one answer.

	a. Analytical skills
	b. Writing skills
	c. Memorization skills
	d. All of the above
	e. A and B only

Question 7

The nature of meaning would be best categorized as a discussion in which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Metaphysics
	b. Epistemology
	c. Philosophy of Science
	d. Philosophy of Religion
	e. Philosophy of Language

Question 8

The philosophy of science is primarily concerned with which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The philosophical views of scientists
	b. Philosophical questions about science
	c. Scientific proofs for philosophical positions
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 9

The term "Dao" refers to which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The ultimate nature of reality
	b. The path that human beings should adhere to
	c. The innate ideas human beings possess
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 10

When Bertrand Russell says that philosophy aims at the enlargement of the "not-self," what does he mean?

Choose one answer.

	a. Philosophy tries to make people more generous.
	b. Philosophy tries to understand the world as it is, not as we make it.
	c. Philosophy is about denying one's personal interests.
	d. Philosophy tries to prove that the self is an illusion.
	e. Philosophy takes no interest in the self.

Question 11

Which of the following are Daoist philosophers?

Choose one answer.

	a. Lao Tzu
	b. Zhuangzi
	c. Confucius
	d. A and B
	e. A, B, and C

Question 12

Which of the following comprises the subject matter of metaphysics?

Choose one answer.

	a. The best way to live one's life and the difference between right and wrong
	b. The nature of existence and reality
	c. The nature of and conditions for knowledge
	d. The nature of God and the soul
	e. The nature of justice and the best way to organize the state

Question 13

Which of the following does Bertrand Russell mention as a reason that philosophy is valuable?

Choose one answer.

	a. It removes dogmatism.
	b. It removes skepticism.
	c. It produces new knowledge.
	d. It produces new technologies.
	e. It produces revenue.

Question 14

Which of the following is a characteristic of good philosophical writing?

Choose one answer.

	a. Presenting ideas clearly
	b. Discussing counter-arguments
	c. Stating of a thesis
	d. Using examples
	e. All of the above

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of arguments in philosophy?

Choose one answer.

	a. Premises
	b. Conclusions
	c. Inference
	d. Hostility
	e. Reasoning

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT an argument?

Choose one answer.

	a. All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
	b. Men are like dogs. Dogs are motivated by food. Therefore, men are motivated by food.
	c. The president should be impeached.
	d. God is not a deceiver. Therefore, I am not wrong about most of my beliefs, since, if I were, God would be a deceiver.
	e. Only children cry. You are not a child, and therefore you should toughen up.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT an argument?

Choose one answer.

	a. I was sick on Thursday. I had a cold. Therefore, I could not come to work.
	b. Cats are docile animals. Docile animals do not bite. Therefore, cats do not bite.
	c. Policemen wear helmets. Hence, John is not a policeman because he does not wear a helmet.
	d. Actions are either right or wrong. Theft is an action. Therefore, theft is either right or wrong.
	e. Miriam was at the grocery store at two o'clock. Thus, she could not be the murderer, because the murderer was in the bell tower at two o'clock.

Question 18

Which of the following is typically NOT important when writing philosophical papers?

Choose one answer.

	a. Originality
	b. Clarity
	c. Examples
	d. Counter-arguments
	e. Statistics

Question 19

Which of the following questions would a student of aesthetics ask?

Choose one answer.

	a. Does God really exist?
	b. How do I know that my beliefs are true?
	c. Which actions are right, and which ones a wrong?
	d. Is this random splash of paint art, or is it just paint?
	e. What is the best way to organize a state?

Question 20

Which of the following questions would a student of political philosophy ask?

Choose one answer.

	a. What is the best way to organize a state?
	b. What are the hallmarks of good political leadership?
	c. Why do human beings form political societies?
	d. What are the rights and duties of citizens?
	e. All of the above

Question 21

Why is philosophy important, according to Bertrand Russell?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because it helps us achieve an accurate understanding of the world
	b. Because it helps us to challenge beliefs we take for granted
	c. Because it helps us develop new products and technologies
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 22

According to Kant, metaphysical knowledge is only possible if it is characterized as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Analytic
	b. Synthetic
	c. A priori
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 23

According to Kant, which of the following would fall outside the boundaries of possible knowledge?

Choose one answer.

	a. The existence of God
	b. The nature of things "in themselves"
	c. The nature of cause and effect
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 24

According to Locke, when human beings are born, the mind contains which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. An idea of the self
	b. An idea of God
	c. An idea of substance
	d. An idea of power
	e. Nothing

Question 25

Complete the following statement. According to Descartes, "I think, therefore I exist" is:

Choose one answer.

	a. an innate idea.
	b. an empirical idea.
	c. a mistaken idea.
	d. an egotistical idea.
	e. a false idea.

Question 26

Complete the following statement. According to Plato, all of the following are true of forms EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. forms are accessible only to the intellect.
	b. forms are nearly impossible to detect.
	c. forms are real.
	d. forms are what philosophers know the most about.
	e. forms are eternal and unchanging.

Question 27

Complete the following statement. According to Plato, forms are universal, whereas objects of sensation are:

Choose one answer.

	a. unique.
	b. particular.
	c. multiple.
	d. absolute.
	e. illusory.

Question 28

Complete the following statement. Daoism is similar to Kant's philosophy, because it holds that:

Choose one answer.

	a. reality is ultimately unknowable by human beings.
	b. the world is constantly changing.
	c. knowledge is dependent on context and perspective.
	d. there can be no knowledge without experience.
	e. there can be no experience without knowledge.

Question 29

Complete the following statement. In Plato's analogy of the divided line, the sensible world is related to the intelligible world as:

Choose one answer.

	a. a fire is to a flame.
	b. a prisoner is to a free man.
	c. the sun is to the Earth.
	d. images are to material things.
	e. images are to forms.

Question 30

In Plato's "Metaphysics," which of the following is true of material things?

Choose one answer.

	a. They are less real than the forms.
	b. They are more real than images.
	c. They are more real than the forms.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 31

Kant argued that

Choose one answer.

	a. rationalism and empiricism are not mutually exclusive.
	b. knowledge has limits.
	c. knowledge and experience are mutually interdependent.
	d. A and B
	e. A, B, and C

Question 32

The Dao De Jing says: "The partial becomes complete; the crooked, straight; the empty, full; the worn out, new." Which of the following captures the metaphysical view being put forward here?

Choose one answer.

	a. The world is very confusing, but the Dao helps us explain it.
	b. What we say about reality depends on the perspective we adopt.
	c. The ultimate nature of realty is paradoxical.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 33

The doctrine that all of our knowledge is the product of what we have deduced from primary beliefs is called which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Utilitarianism
	b. Consequentialism
	c. Rationalism
	d. Empiricism
	e. Imperialism

Question 34

What would Kant likely say about Plato's theory of the forms?

Choose one answer.

	a. The forms do not exist.
	b. The forms exist.
	c. It is impossible to know whether the forms exist.
	d. The forms exist only in the mind.
	e. The forms exist but they cannot be known.

Question 35

Which of the following comprises the subject matter of epistemology?

Choose one answer.

	a. The best way to live one's life and the difference between right and wrong
	b. The nature of existence and reality
	c. The nature of and conditions for knowledge
	d. The nature of God and the soul
	e. The nature of justice and the best way to organize the state

Question 36

Which of the following is a synthetic claim?

Choose one answer.

	a. The atomic weight of gold is 196.96 amu.
	b. Gold is a yellow metal.
	c. Pain is uncomfortable
	d. All bachelors are unmarried.
	e. The ocean is full of water.

Question 37

Which of the following reasons does Descartes give for doubting his beliefs?

Choose one answer.

	a. That he might be deceived by an evil demon
	b. That he might be dreaming
	c. That he might have been drugged
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 38

Who was Socrates?

Choose one answer.

	a. A fictional character invented by Plato
	b. The character who speaks with Plato in The Republic
	c. Plato's teacher
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 39

Why does Descartes think it is necessary to call into doubt everything he has previously believed?

Choose one answer.

	a. Many of his beliefs have come from the senses, and the senses are frequently misleading.
	b. If he starts with absolutely secure beliefs, everything he builds on it will be certain as well.
	c. He wants to find things out for himself rather than follow tradition.
	d. He wants to lay the groundwork for the growing body of scientific knowledge.
	e. All of the above

Question 40

Zhuangzi's parable about dreaming that he is a butterfly is intended to illustrate that reality is not fixed and eternal, rather reality changes depending on the perspective we adopt. This view is most strongly opposed to the view developed in which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Locke's analogy of the empty cabinet.
	b. Pascal's wager
	c. Descartes' wax example
	d. Plato's allegory of the cave
	e. Nietzsche's parable of the madman

Question 41

According to Aristotle, how can you tell if a characteristic is virtuous or not?

Choose one answer.

	a. If it makes you happy
	b. If it contributes to the good life
	c. If it is an intermediary between excess and defect
	d. If it accords with ritual
	e. If it accords with human nature

Question 42

According to Kant's categorical imperative, an action is right so long as which of the following holds true?

Choose one answer.

	a. One can wish that acting that way would become a universal law.
	b. One treats other human beings as ends in themselves.
	c. One can anticipate that the action will result in more happiness than unhappiness.
	d. A and B only
	e. B and C only

Question 43

According to Kant's ethics, which of the following statements is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. It is permissible to lie to someone if it was in his or her best interest.
	b. It is permissible to lie to someone as long as there are no negative consequences.
	c. It is permissible to lie to someone if it helps many other people.
	d. It is impermissible to lie to someone unless it is to prevent them from doing something bad.
	e. It is impermissible to lie.

Question 44

According to Mill, the aim of ethical behavior is to do which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Maximize happiness for everyone.
	b. Maximize happiness for oneself.
	c. Maximize rationality in one's actions.
	d. Maximize virtue in one's actions.
	e. Minimize unhappiness for oneself.

Question 45

According to Mill's ethics, which of the following is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. It is permissible to lie if it benefits a great number of people.
	b. It is permissible to lie if nobody ever finds out.
	c. It is permissible to lie if one is a virtuous person overall.
	d. It is permissible to lie if it furthers one's ends.
	e. It is impermissible to lie.

Question 46

Aristotle's ethical theory tries to answer which question?

Choose one answer.

	a. How do I tell the difference between right and wrong?
	b. What is the difference between good and evil?
	c. What do I need to do in order to go to heaven?
	d. What is the best way to live one's life?
	e. What is the least amount of effort I need to exert to be good?

Question 47

Complete the following statement. According to Aristotle, "the good" is different for every different type of thing. Each thing is "good" when it:

Choose one answer.

	a. is beneficial to people.
	b. fulfills its function.
	c. brings people happiness.
	d. preserves itself.
	e. makes the world a better place.

Question 48

Complete the following statement. According to Aristotle, being virtuous is a matter of:

Choose one answer.

	a. habit.
	b. nature.
	c. nobility.
	d. thoughtfulness.
	e. compassion.

Question 49

Complete the following statement. According to Kant, ethics is a matter of:

Choose one answer.

	a. habit.
	b. nature.
	c. nobility.
	d. rationality.
	e. compassion.

Question 50

Confucius's concept of ren most closely resembles which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Rationality
	b. Intellect
	c. Alienation
	d. Self-interest
	e. Compassion

Question 51

Fill in the blank. The major innovation that Nietzsche's philosophy introduces is that it pits changeable ___________ up against unchanging sources of truth and meaning, such as science and religion.

Choose one answer.

	a. skepticism
	b. gambling
	c. culture
	d. human nature
	e. suffering

Question 52

If you decided to murder one terrorist in order to save a group of hostages, which of the following philosophers would definitely not approve of your action?

Choose one answer.

	a. Kant
	b. Mill
	c. Aristotle
	d. Buddha
	e. Confucius

Question 53

In Kant's ethics, which of the following is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Persons are awarded a fundamental respect.
	b. There are no "gray areas" when it comes to right and wrong.
	c. There are sometimes "gray areas" when it comes to right and wrong.
	d. A and B only
	e. A and C only

Question 54

Kant's ethical theory tries to answer what question?

Choose one answer.

	a. What is the good for human beings?
	b. How can I tell if an action is right or wrong?
	c. What do I need to do in order to go to heaven?
	d. What is the best way to live one's life?
	e. What is the least amount of effort I need to exert to be good?

Question 55

Kant's fundamental moral principle states which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. We should act only on maxims that we wish to become universal laws.
	b. We should act only when it will do no harm.
	c. We should act always to maximize happiness.
	d. We should act always in accordance with ritual.
	e. We should act always in accordance with virtue.

Question 56

Mill argues that intellectual pleasures are more valuable than sensual pleasures in order to do which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Privilege philosophers and scientists in his ethics
	b. Establish a hierarchy of good and bad people
	c. Differentiate human morality from that of mere animals
	d. Discourage debauchery
	e. Demonstrate that intelligence corresponds to goodness

Question 57

Mill is critical of those who think that moral behavior should be guided by which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Rationality
	b. Intuition
	c. Consequences
	d. Virtue
	e. Circumstances

Question 58

Mill's fundamental moral principle states which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. We should act only on maxims that we wish to become universal laws.
	b. We should act only when it will do no harm.
	c. We should act always to maximize happiness.
	d. We should act always in accordance with ritual.
	e. We should act always in accordance with virtue.

Question 59

Nietzsche uses the phrase "herd instinct" to explain what feature of human society?

Choose one answer.

	a. Intelligence
	b. Organization of the state
	c. Cruelty
	d. Ethics
	e. Science

Question 60

When is an ethical imperative considered to be categorical?

Choose one answer.

	a. When the ethical imperative depends on the circumstances of the action
	b. When the ethical imperative depends on the character of the person performing the action
	c. When the ethical imperative depends on the consequences of the action
	d. When the ethical imperative depends on the seriousness of the action
	e. When the ethical imperative holds in all cases, universally

Question 61

Which of the following accurately captures the intended meaning of Nietzsche's famous assertion that "God is dead?"

Choose one answer.

	a. The time has come to reconfirm the traditional values of our society.
	b. All of the certainty traditionally associated with science and religion is an illusion.
	c. As a society, the concept of God is no longer culturally significant for us.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 62

Which philosopher would require that we calculate the amount of happiness and unhappiness likely to be produced by an action in order to decide if it is right or wrong?

Choose one answer.

	a. Aristotle
	b. Kant
	c. Mill
	d. Nietzsche
	e. The Buddha

Question 63

Why is courage a virtue for Aristotle?

Choose one answer.

	a. Courageous people help their fellow human beings.
	b. Courageous people are natural leaders.
	c. Courage is something that some people are born with.
	d. Courage results in positive consequences.
	e. Courage is a mean between cowardice and rashness.

Question 64

Why is happiness important to Aristotle's ethical theory?

Choose one answer.

	a. Happiness is the good for human beings.
	b. Happiness is the absence of pain, and pain should be avoided.
	c. Happiness is the result of acting from rational moral principles.
	d. Every human being has the right to happiness.
	e. Every human being has the duty to make others happy.

Question 65

According to Confucius, a society can become virtuous if which of the following holds true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Its ruler is virtuous.
	b. Its members engage in productive activity.
	c. Its rulers are philosophers.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 66

According to Confucius, which of the following actions on the part of the ruler will be met with resentment?

Choose one answer.

	a. Ruling in accordance with ritual
	b. Ruling in accordance with de
	c. Ruling by force
	d. Ruling by compassion
	e. Respecting the opinions of the peasants

Question 67

According to Hobbes, what would life consist of without the existence of a state?

Choose one answer.

	a. A utopian society with no hunger or crime
	b. A war of all against all
	c. A continual struggle to compete with one's fellow human beings
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 68

According to Hobbes, why is the establishment of a state a rational act?

Choose one answer.

	a. It is rational to entrust one's fate to one's superiors.
	b. It is rational to submit to a common authority in order to escape the state of nature.
	c. It is rational to create a society of culture.
	d. It is rational to share our resources equally with one another.
	e. It is rational to want to acquire power.

Question 69

According to Marx, why is it that the industrial mode of production is intolerable for workers?

Choose one answer.

	a. It impoverishes workers.
	b. It is physically strenuous for workers.
	c. It alienates workers from their nature as human beings.
	d. It is emotionally distressing to workers.
	e. It is not intellectually stimulating for workers.

Question 70

According to Marx, why is productive activity important for human beings?

Choose one answer.

	a. It helps them earn a living.
	b. It is a part of their nature.
	c. It keeps them from rising up against their oppressors.
	d. It divides society into an orderly hierarchy.
	e. It helps to quell their violent impulses.

Question 71

Complete the following statement. Plato argues that philosopher kings will act in the best interests of everyone, because:

Choose one answer.

	a. only they know what justice and goodness are.
	b. only they are respected by everyone in the city.
	c. philosophers love their fellow men more than anything else.
	d. philosophers derive their power from popular approval.
	e. philosophers are inherently just and good.

Question 72

Complete the following statements. Hobbes's social contract is an agreement between:

Choose one answer.

	a. the rulers and the ruled.
	b. all members of a society.
	c. parents and their children.
	d. human beings and God.
	e. citizens and their representatives.

Question 73

For Marx, alienation means which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Workers are dissociated from one another.
	b. Workers are dissociated from the products of their labor.
	c. Workers are dissociated from wages.
	d. All of the above
	e. A and B only

Question 74

Hobbes described the sovereign as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. A philosopher king
	b. The agent and embodiment of the people
	c. The solution to the sources of conflict in society
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 75

How did Machiavelli change the way virtuous leadership was perceived?

Choose one answer.

	a. He introduced a conception of virtue that differed greatly from the traditional Christian version.
	b. He provided an example of virtuous leadership by his own actions.
	c. He misinterpreted Aristotle's theory of virtue.
	d. He introduced Aristotle's theory of virtue to renaissance Italy.
	e. He ignored all previous conceptions of virtue.

Question 76

In contrast to traditional Christian political views, Machiavelli taught which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. That leaders should act only on the basis of the people's wishes
	b. That leaders should act as moral exemplars for their people
	c. That leaders should act with cunning and, if need be, with cruelty
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 77

Which of the following is true of the time of Marx's writing?

Choose one answer.

	a. Most individuals owned their own farms or workshops.
	b. Most individuals had a fair amount of financial security.
	c. The economy was being transformed by technological advances.
	d. No great divisions between social classes existed.
	e. The dominant form of government was communism.

Question 78

Which of the following philosophers argued that virtuous leadership consisted in getting and keeping political power?

Choose one answer.

	a. Plato
	b. Machiavelli
	c. Hobbes
	d. Marx
	e. Confucius

Question 79

Which of the following philosophers emphasizes hierarchy as an important component of a well-run state?

Choose one answer.

	a. Marx
	b. Hobbes
	c. Confucius
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 80

Which of the following philosophers speak of the Dao as the path to be followed in life?

Choose one answer.

	a. Lao Tzu
	b. Zhuangzi
	c. Confucius
	d. All of the above
	e. A and C only

Question 81

Which of the following philosophers would argue that brutal punishment is a good tactic for keeping order in the state?

Choose one answer.

	a. Hobbes
	b. Plato
	c. Machiavelli
	d. Aristotle
	e. Confucius

Question 82

Which of the following principles would Confucius most likely agree with?

Choose one answer.

	a. Force is the only way to maintain order.
	b. Deceiving one's subject is sometimes necessary to maintain one's image.
	c. Without leadership human beings would simply compete violently with one another.
	d. Sometimes the best way to rule is through inaction.
	e. Only through productive activity can human beings fulfill their nature.

Question 83

Which philosopher argues that human nature is competitive and self-interested, but also rational?

Choose one answer.

	a. Plato
	b. Hobbes
	c. Machiavelli
	d. Marx
	e. Confucius

Question 84

According to Pascal, what do we stand to lose if we wager that God exists and we wager incorrectly?

Choose one answer.

	a. Infinite error
	b. Infinite happiness
	c. Reason
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 85

According to Pascal, what is the most important reason to wager on whether or not God exists?

Choose one answer.

	a. Faith alone cannot prove to us that God exists.
	b. Gambling is inherently exciting.
	c. It is better to wager about God than about money.
	d. Wagering helps us sharpen our reasoning skills.
	e. We have no choice. We have to wager.

Question 86

Complete the following statement. According to Plato, the soul must be immortal because death is the opposite of life, and:

Choose one answer.

	a. the soul is by its nature alive.
	b. the soul is by its nature dead.
	c. the soul is what unites opposites.
	d. everything passes away except the soul.
	e. everything comes to be from its opposite.

Question 87

Complete the following statement. Plato argues that the soul must be immortal, because:

Choose one answer.

	a. the soul is like the knowledge it apprehends, which is eternal.
	b. the soul is like the harmony produced by a lyre.
	c. the soul is a vapor that escapes the body as it dies.
	d. the soul is associated with thinking, and therefore it exists.
	e. the soul is like an empty cabinet, which will be refilled in the next life.

Question 88

Complete the following statement. Saint Anselm's reasons that God must exist are based on the ideas we have of him as an infinitely great being and that:

Choose one answer.

	a. existence is included in the idea of an infinitely great being.
	b. our sources for this idea are very reliable.
	c. the world contains many things that we cannot understand.
	d. our understanding is not infinitely great.
	e. God is not a deceiver.

Question 89

Descartes famously identifies his "self" with the activity of thinking. Which philosopher would deny that thinking is an indication of self?

Choose one answer.

	a. Confucius
	b. Plato
	c. Nietzsche
	d. Buddha
	e. Lao Tzu

Question 90

Descartes regards his proof of the existence of God to be which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Very likely true
	b. Very likely false
	c. Absolute and certain
	d. Unnecessary because faith does not require proof
	e. A mere exercise in reasoning

Question 91

Descartes's "causal adequacy principle" states which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Everything that exists must have a cause.
	b. Only material things must have causes.
	c. Only immaterial things must have causes.
	d. A cause must possess at least as much reality as its effect.
	e. One must be inspired by a cause in order to think rationally.

Question 92

In contrast to Descartes's "I think, therefore I exist," the Buddha took pains to point out which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. That there is no self at all
	b. That many of the things we identify with our self are in fact "not self"
	c. That everything in the world is part of the self
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 93

In Simmias's objection to Plato's argument for the immortality of the soul, he compares the body to a lyre and the soul to which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. A string
	b. A harmony
	c. A note
	d. A dance
	e. A horn

Question 94

Ontological arguments for the existence of God are typically characterized as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Empirical
	b. Non-empirical
	c. Rational
	d. Non-rational
	e. Analogical

Question 95

Pascal's argument for the existence of God is best described as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Ontological
	b. Causal
	c. Practical
	d. Analogical
	e. Empirical

Question 96

What is Descartes's starting point in his causal argument for the existence of God?

Choose one answer.

	a. The idea that one cannot opt out of wagering on God's existence
	b. The idea of God he possesses innately
	c. The idea that the soul must exist after the body dies
	d. The idea that God presents humanity with a test of faith
	e. The idea that heaven is accessible through the intellect

Question 97

What is Gaunilo's criticism of Saint Anselm's ontological argument for the existence of God?

Choose one answer.

	a. Saint Anselm's ontological argument for the existence of God relies on a mistaken idea of what God is.
	b. Saint Anselm's ontological argument for the existence of God relies on evidence from the senses.
	c. The same form of argument can be used to prove that an infinite island exists.
	d. The same form of argument can be used to prove that Saint Anselm is God.
	e. Saint Anselm's ontological argument for the existence of God fails to take into account the empirical evidence for God's existence.

Question 98

Which of the following best captures Anselm's thinking about God's existence?

Choose one answer.

	a. God exists, because we think he does.
	b. It is not possible to think of God as nonexistent.
	c. We exist because God thinks about us.
	d. Everything you can think of exists.
	e. Nothing exists that cannot be thought of.

Question 99

Which of the following is NOT one of the Buddha's four noble truths?

Choose one answer.

	a. Life is suffering.
	b. Suffering is caused by desire.
	c. Death is the end of suffering.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C

Question 100

Why is Socrates unafraid of death at the end of the Phaedo?

Choose one answer.

	a. He believes that his soul is immortal.
	b. He believes that the body is merely a hindrance from access to the forms.
	c. He believes that God is waiting for him.
	d. Both A and B
	e. Both B and C