a. Science has to do with mathematics, whereas philosophy does not. | ||
b. Science focuses on knowledge that is already definite, while philosophy does not. | ||
c. Science is about facts, while philosophy is about opinions. | ||
d. Science is a relatively recent development, whereas philosophy is ancient. | ||
e. Scientists make more money than philosophers. |
a. Convince others of our point of view | ||
b. Question the beliefs we take for granted | ||
c. Write clear and persuasive papers | ||
d. Pay attention to the world around us | ||
e. Criticize everything we learn and experience |
a. Food for the mind | ||
b. Wisdom of the heart | ||
c. The science of ideas | ||
d. A pastime for elites | ||
e. A lot of nonsense |
a. a statement of procedure. | ||
b. a hypothesis to be tested. | ||
c. a position you will argue for. | ||
d. the first sentence of the paper. | ||
e. not a requirement. |
a. If time travel is possible, we will have lots of time-traveling visitors from the future. | ||
b. However, we have no such visitors. | ||
c. Therefore, time travel is not possible. | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. Analytical skills | ||
b. Writing skills | ||
c. Memorization skills | ||
d. All of the above | ||
e. A and B only |
a. Metaphysics | ||
b. Epistemology | ||
c. Philosophy of Science | ||
d. Philosophy of Religion | ||
e. Philosophy of Language |
a. The philosophical views of scientists | ||
b. Philosophical questions about science | ||
c. Scientific proofs for philosophical positions | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. The ultimate nature of reality | ||
b. The path that human beings should adhere to | ||
c. The innate ideas human beings possess | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. Philosophy tries to make people more generous. | ||
b. Philosophy tries to understand the world as it is, not as we make it. | ||
c. Philosophy is about denying one's personal interests. | ||
d. Philosophy tries to prove that the self is an illusion. | ||
e. Philosophy takes no interest in the self. |
a. Lao Tzu | ||
b. Zhuangzi | ||
c. Confucius | ||
d. A and B | ||
e. A, B, and C |
a. The best way to live one's life and the difference between right and wrong | ||
b. The nature of existence and reality | ||
c. The nature of and conditions for knowledge | ||
d. The nature of God and the soul | ||
e. The nature of justice and the best way to organize the state |
a. It removes dogmatism. | ||
b. It removes skepticism. | ||
c. It produces new knowledge. | ||
d. It produces new technologies. | ||
e. It produces revenue. |
a. Presenting ideas clearly | ||
b. Discussing counter-arguments | ||
c. Stating of a thesis | ||
d. Using examples | ||
e. All of the above |
a. Premises | ||
b. Conclusions | ||
c. Inference | ||
d. Hostility | ||
e. Reasoning |
a. All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. | ||
b. Men are like dogs. Dogs are motivated by food. Therefore, men are motivated by food. | ||
c. The president should be impeached. | ||
d. God is not a deceiver. Therefore, I am not wrong about most of my beliefs, since, if I were, God would be a deceiver. | ||
e. Only children cry. You are not a child, and therefore you should toughen up. |
a. I was sick on Thursday. I had a cold. Therefore, I could not come to work. | ||
b. Cats are docile animals. Docile animals do not bite. Therefore, cats do not bite. | ||
c. Policemen wear helmets. Hence, John is not a policeman because he does not wear a helmet. | ||
d. Actions are either right or wrong. Theft is an action. Therefore, theft is either right or wrong. | ||
e. Miriam was at the grocery store at two o'clock. Thus, she could not be the murderer, because the murderer was in the bell tower at two o'clock. |
a. Originality | ||
b. Clarity | ||
c. Examples | ||
d. Counter-arguments | ||
e. Statistics |
a. Does God really exist? | ||
b. How do I know that my beliefs are true? | ||
c. Which actions are right, and which ones a wrong? | ||
d. Is this random splash of paint art, or is it just paint? | ||
e. What is the best way to organize a state? |
a. What is the best way to organize a state? | ||
b. What are the hallmarks of good political leadership? | ||
c. Why do human beings form political societies? | ||
d. What are the rights and duties of citizens? | ||
e. All of the above |
a. Because it helps us achieve an accurate understanding of the world | ||
b. Because it helps us to challenge beliefs we take for granted | ||
c. Because it helps us develop new products and technologies | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. Analytic | ||
b. Synthetic | ||
c. A priori | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. The existence of God | ||
b. The nature of things "in themselves" | ||
c. The nature of cause and effect | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. An idea of the self | ||
b. An idea of God | ||
c. An idea of substance | ||
d. An idea of power | ||
e. Nothing |
a. an innate idea. | ||
b. an empirical idea. | ||
c. a mistaken idea. | ||
d. an egotistical idea. | ||
e. a false idea. |
a. forms are accessible only to the intellect. | ||
b. forms are nearly impossible to detect. | ||
c. forms are real. | ||
d. forms are what philosophers know the most about. | ||
e. forms are eternal and unchanging. |
a. unique. | ||
b. particular. | ||
c. multiple. | ||
d. absolute. | ||
e. illusory. |
a. reality is ultimately unknowable by human beings. | ||
b. the world is constantly changing. | ||
c. knowledge is dependent on context and perspective. | ||
d. there can be no knowledge without experience. | ||
e. there can be no experience without knowledge. |
a. a fire is to a flame. | ||
b. a prisoner is to a free man. | ||
c. the sun is to the Earth. | ||
d. images are to material things. | ||
e. images are to forms. |
a. They are less real than the forms. | ||
b. They are more real than images. | ||
c. They are more real than the forms. | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. rationalism and empiricism are not mutually exclusive. | ||
b. knowledge has limits. | ||
c. knowledge and experience are mutually interdependent. | ||
d. A and B | ||
e. A, B, and C |
a. The world is very confusing, but the Dao helps us explain it. | ||
b. What we say about reality depends on the perspective we adopt. | ||
c. The ultimate nature of realty is paradoxical. | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. Utilitarianism | ||
b. Consequentialism | ||
c. Rationalism | ||
d. Empiricism | ||
e. Imperialism |
a. The forms do not exist. | ||
b. The forms exist. | ||
c. It is impossible to know whether the forms exist. | ||
d. The forms exist only in the mind. | ||
e. The forms exist but they cannot be known. |
a. The best way to live one's life and the difference between right and wrong | ||
b. The nature of existence and reality | ||
c. The nature of and conditions for knowledge | ||
d. The nature of God and the soul | ||
e. The nature of justice and the best way to organize the state |
a. The atomic weight of gold is 196.96 amu. | ||
b. Gold is a yellow metal. | ||
c. Pain is uncomfortable | ||
d. All bachelors are unmarried. | ||
e. The ocean is full of water. |
a. That he might be deceived by an evil demon | ||
b. That he might be dreaming | ||
c. That he might have been drugged | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. A fictional character invented by Plato | ||
b. The character who speaks with Plato in The Republic | ||
c. Plato's teacher | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. Many of his beliefs have come from the senses, and the senses are frequently misleading. | ||
b. If he starts with absolutely secure beliefs, everything he builds on it will be certain as well. | ||
c. He wants to find things out for himself rather than follow tradition. | ||
d. He wants to lay the groundwork for the growing body of scientific knowledge. | ||
e. All of the above |
a. Locke's analogy of the empty cabinet. | ||
b. Pascal's wager | ||
c. Descartes' wax example | ||
d. Plato's allegory of the cave | ||
e. Nietzsche's parable of the madman |
a. If it makes you happy | ||
b. If it contributes to the good life | ||
c. If it is an intermediary between excess and defect | ||
d. If it accords with ritual | ||
e. If it accords with human nature |
a. One can wish that acting that way would become a universal law. | ||
b. One treats other human beings as ends in themselves. | ||
c. One can anticipate that the action will result in more happiness than unhappiness. | ||
d. A and B only | ||
e. B and C only |
a. It is permissible to lie to someone if it was in his or her best interest. | ||
b. It is permissible to lie to someone as long as there are no negative consequences. | ||
c. It is permissible to lie to someone if it helps many other people. | ||
d. It is impermissible to lie to someone unless it is to prevent them from doing something bad. | ||
e. It is impermissible to lie. |
a. Maximize happiness for everyone. | ||
b. Maximize happiness for oneself. | ||
c. Maximize rationality in one's actions. | ||
d. Maximize virtue in one's actions. | ||
e. Minimize unhappiness for oneself. |
a. It is permissible to lie if it benefits a great number of people. | ||
b. It is permissible to lie if nobody ever finds out. | ||
c. It is permissible to lie if one is a virtuous person overall. | ||
d. It is permissible to lie if it furthers one's ends. | ||
e. It is impermissible to lie. |
a. How do I tell the difference between right and wrong? | ||
b. What is the difference between good and evil? | ||
c. What do I need to do in order to go to heaven? | ||
d. What is the best way to live one's life? | ||
e. What is the least amount of effort I need to exert to be good? |
a. is beneficial to people. | ||
b. fulfills its function. | ||
c. brings people happiness. | ||
d. preserves itself. | ||
e. makes the world a better place. |
a. habit. | ||
b. nature. | ||
c. nobility. | ||
d. thoughtfulness. | ||
e. compassion. |
a. habit. | ||
b. nature. | ||
c. nobility. | ||
d. rationality. | ||
e. compassion. |
a. Rationality | ||
b. Intellect | ||
c. Alienation | ||
d. Self-interest | ||
e. Compassion |
a. skepticism | ||
b. gambling | ||
c. culture | ||
d. human nature | ||
e. suffering |
a. Kant | ||
b. Mill | ||
c. Aristotle | ||
d. Buddha | ||
e. Confucius |
a. Persons are awarded a fundamental respect. | ||
b. There are no "gray areas" when it comes to right and wrong. | ||
c. There are sometimes "gray areas" when it comes to right and wrong. | ||
d. A and B only | ||
e. A and C only |
a. What is the good for human beings? | ||
b. How can I tell if an action is right or wrong? | ||
c. What do I need to do in order to go to heaven? | ||
d. What is the best way to live one's life? | ||
e. What is the least amount of effort I need to exert to be good? |
a. We should act only on maxims that we wish to become universal laws. | ||
b. We should act only when it will do no harm. | ||
c. We should act always to maximize happiness. | ||
d. We should act always in accordance with ritual. | ||
e. We should act always in accordance with virtue. |
a. Privilege philosophers and scientists in his ethics | ||
b. Establish a hierarchy of good and bad people | ||
c. Differentiate human morality from that of mere animals | ||
d. Discourage debauchery | ||
e. Demonstrate that intelligence corresponds to goodness |
a. Rationality | ||
b. Intuition | ||
c. Consequences | ||
d. Virtue | ||
e. Circumstances |
a. We should act only on maxims that we wish to become universal laws. | ||
b. We should act only when it will do no harm. | ||
c. We should act always to maximize happiness. | ||
d. We should act always in accordance with ritual. | ||
e. We should act always in accordance with virtue. |
a. Intelligence | ||
b. Organization of the state | ||
c. Cruelty | ||
d. Ethics | ||
e. Science |
a. When the ethical imperative depends on the circumstances of the action | ||
b. When the ethical imperative depends on the character of the person performing the action | ||
c. When the ethical imperative depends on the consequences of the action | ||
d. When the ethical imperative depends on the seriousness of the action | ||
e. When the ethical imperative holds in all cases, universally |
a. The time has come to reconfirm the traditional values of our society. | ||
b. All of the certainty traditionally associated with science and religion is an illusion. | ||
c. As a society, the concept of God is no longer culturally significant for us. | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. Aristotle | ||
b. Kant | ||
c. Mill | ||
d. Nietzsche | ||
e. The Buddha |
a. Courageous people help their fellow human beings. | ||
b. Courageous people are natural leaders. | ||
c. Courage is something that some people are born with. | ||
d. Courage results in positive consequences. | ||
e. Courage is a mean between cowardice and rashness. |
a. Happiness is the good for human beings. | ||
b. Happiness is the absence of pain, and pain should be avoided. | ||
c. Happiness is the result of acting from rational moral principles. | ||
d. Every human being has the right to happiness. | ||
e. Every human being has the duty to make others happy. |
a. Its ruler is virtuous. | ||
b. Its members engage in productive activity. | ||
c. Its rulers are philosophers. | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. Ruling in accordance with ritual | ||
b. Ruling in accordance with de | ||
c. Ruling by force | ||
d. Ruling by compassion | ||
e. Respecting the opinions of the peasants |
a. A utopian society with no hunger or crime | ||
b. A war of all against all | ||
c. A continual struggle to compete with one's fellow human beings | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. It is rational to entrust one's fate to one's superiors. | ||
b. It is rational to submit to a common authority in order to escape the state of nature. | ||
c. It is rational to create a society of culture. | ||
d. It is rational to share our resources equally with one another. | ||
e. It is rational to want to acquire power. |
a. It impoverishes workers. | ||
b. It is physically strenuous for workers. | ||
c. It alienates workers from their nature as human beings. | ||
d. It is emotionally distressing to workers. | ||
e. It is not intellectually stimulating for workers. |
a. It helps them earn a living. | ||
b. It is a part of their nature. | ||
c. It keeps them from rising up against their oppressors. | ||
d. It divides society into an orderly hierarchy. | ||
e. It helps to quell their violent impulses. |
a. only they know what justice and goodness are. | ||
b. only they are respected by everyone in the city. | ||
c. philosophers love their fellow men more than anything else. | ||
d. philosophers derive their power from popular approval. | ||
e. philosophers are inherently just and good. |
a. the rulers and the ruled. | ||
b. all members of a society. | ||
c. parents and their children. | ||
d. human beings and God. | ||
e. citizens and their representatives. |
a. Workers are dissociated from one another. | ||
b. Workers are dissociated from the products of their labor. | ||
c. Workers are dissociated from wages. | ||
d. All of the above | ||
e. A and B only |
a. A philosopher king | ||
b. The agent and embodiment of the people | ||
c. The solution to the sources of conflict in society | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. He introduced a conception of virtue that differed greatly from the traditional Christian version. | ||
b. He provided an example of virtuous leadership by his own actions. | ||
c. He misinterpreted Aristotle's theory of virtue. | ||
d. He introduced Aristotle's theory of virtue to renaissance Italy. | ||
e. He ignored all previous conceptions of virtue. |
a. That leaders should act only on the basis of the people's wishes | ||
b. That leaders should act as moral exemplars for their people | ||
c. That leaders should act with cunning and, if need be, with cruelty | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. Most individuals owned their own farms or workshops. | ||
b. Most individuals had a fair amount of financial security. | ||
c. The economy was being transformed by technological advances. | ||
d. No great divisions between social classes existed. | ||
e. The dominant form of government was communism. |
a. Plato | ||
b. Machiavelli | ||
c. Hobbes | ||
d. Marx | ||
e. Confucius |
a. Marx | ||
b. Hobbes | ||
c. Confucius | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. Lao Tzu | ||
b. Zhuangzi | ||
c. Confucius | ||
d. All of the above | ||
e. A and C only |
a. Hobbes | ||
b. Plato | ||
c. Machiavelli | ||
d. Aristotle | ||
e. Confucius |
a. Force is the only way to maintain order. | ||
b. Deceiving one's subject is sometimes necessary to maintain one's image. | ||
c. Without leadership human beings would simply compete violently with one another. | ||
d. Sometimes the best way to rule is through inaction. | ||
e. Only through productive activity can human beings fulfill their nature. |
a. Plato | ||
b. Hobbes | ||
c. Machiavelli | ||
d. Marx | ||
e. Confucius |
a. Infinite error | ||
b. Infinite happiness | ||
c. Reason | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. Faith alone cannot prove to us that God exists. | ||
b. Gambling is inherently exciting. | ||
c. It is better to wager about God than about money. | ||
d. Wagering helps us sharpen our reasoning skills. | ||
e. We have no choice. We have to wager. |
a. the soul is by its nature alive. | ||
b. the soul is by its nature dead. | ||
c. the soul is what unites opposites. | ||
d. everything passes away except the soul. | ||
e. everything comes to be from its opposite. |
a. the soul is like the knowledge it apprehends, which is eternal. | ||
b. the soul is like the harmony produced by a lyre. | ||
c. the soul is a vapor that escapes the body as it dies. | ||
d. the soul is associated with thinking, and therefore it exists. | ||
e. the soul is like an empty cabinet, which will be refilled in the next life. |
a. existence is included in the idea of an infinitely great being. | ||
b. our sources for this idea are very reliable. | ||
c. the world contains many things that we cannot understand. | ||
d. our understanding is not infinitely great. | ||
e. God is not a deceiver. |
a. Confucius | ||
b. Plato | ||
c. Nietzsche | ||
d. Buddha | ||
e. Lao Tzu |
a. Very likely true | ||
b. Very likely false | ||
c. Absolute and certain | ||
d. Unnecessary because faith does not require proof | ||
e. A mere exercise in reasoning |
a. Everything that exists must have a cause. | ||
b. Only material things must have causes. | ||
c. Only immaterial things must have causes. | ||
d. A cause must possess at least as much reality as its effect. | ||
e. One must be inspired by a cause in order to think rationally. |
a. That there is no self at all | ||
b. That many of the things we identify with our self are in fact "not self" | ||
c. That everything in the world is part of the self | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. A string | ||
b. A harmony | ||
c. A note | ||
d. A dance | ||
e. A horn |
a. Empirical | ||
b. Non-empirical | ||
c. Rational | ||
d. Non-rational | ||
e. Analogical |
a. Ontological | ||
b. Causal | ||
c. Practical | ||
d. Analogical | ||
e. Empirical |
a. The idea that one cannot opt out of wagering on God's existence | ||
b. The idea of God he possesses innately | ||
c. The idea that the soul must exist after the body dies | ||
d. The idea that God presents humanity with a test of faith | ||
e. The idea that heaven is accessible through the intellect |
a. Saint Anselm's ontological argument for the existence of God relies on a mistaken idea of what God is. | ||
b. Saint Anselm's ontological argument for the existence of God relies on evidence from the senses. | ||
c. The same form of argument can be used to prove that an infinite island exists. | ||
d. The same form of argument can be used to prove that Saint Anselm is God. | ||
e. Saint Anselm's ontological argument for the existence of God fails to take into account the empirical evidence for God's existence. |
a. God exists, because we think he does. | ||
b. It is not possible to think of God as nonexistent. | ||
c. We exist because God thinks about us. | ||
d. Everything you can think of exists. | ||
e. Nothing exists that cannot be thought of. |
a. Life is suffering. | ||
b. Suffering is caused by desire. | ||
c. Death is the end of suffering. | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |
a. He believes that his soul is immortal. | ||
b. He believes that the body is merely a hindrance from access to the forms. | ||
c. He believes that God is waiting for him. | ||
d. Both A and B | ||
e. Both B and C |