15.15 Physical Properties of Amides

Learning Objectives

  1. Compare the boiling points of amides with alcohols of similar molar mass.
  2. Compare the solubilities in water of amides of five or fewer carbon atoms with the solubilities of comparable alkanes and alcohols in water.

With the exception of formamide (HCONH2), which is a liquid, all simple amides are solids (Table 15.6 "Physical Constants of Some Unsubstituted Amides"). The lower members of the series are soluble in water, with borderline solubility occurring in those that have five or six carbon atoms. Like the esters, solutions of amides in water usually are neutral—neither acidic nor basic.

Table 15.6 Physical Constants of Some Unsubstituted Amides

Condensed Structural Formula Name Melting Point (°C) Boiling Point (°C) Solubility in Water
HCONH2 formamide 2 193 soluble
CH3CONH2 acetamide 82 222 soluble
CH3CH2CONH2 propionamide 81 213 soluble
CH3CH2CH2CONH2 butyramide 115 216 soluble
C6H5CONH2 benzamide 132 290 slightly soluble

The amides generally have high boiling points and melting points. These characteristics and their solubility in water result from the polar nature of the amide group and hydrogen bonding (Figure 15.7 "Hydrogen Bonding in Amides"). (Similar hydrogen bonding plays a critical role in determining the structure and properties of proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA], ribonucleic acid [RNA], and other giant molecules so important to life processes. See Chapter 19 "Nucleic Acids".)

Figure 15.7 Hydrogen Bonding in Amides

Amide molecules can engage in hydrogen bonding with water molecules (a). Those amides with a hydrogen atom on the nitrogen atom can also engage in hydrogen bonding (b). Both hydrogen bonding networks extend in all directions.

Concept Review Exercises

  1. Which compound has the higher boiling point—pentanamide (CH3CH2CH2CH2CONH2) or propyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH2CH3)? Explain.

  2. Which compound is more soluble in water—propanamide (CH3CH2CONH2) or 1-pentene (CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3)? Explain.

Answers

  1. pentanamide because the nitrogen-to-hydrogen (N–H) and the carbon-to-oxygen double (C=O) bonds can engage in hydrogen bonding; propyl acetate cannot engage in hydrogen bonding

  2. propanamide because the N–H and C=O bonds can engage in hydrogen bonding with water; 1-pentene cannot engage in hydrogen bonding with water

Key Takeaways

  • Most amides are solids at room temperature; the boiling points of amides are much higher than those of alcohols of similar molar mass.
  • Amides of five or fewer carbon atoms are soluble in water?.

Exercises

  1. Which compound has the higher boiling point—butyramide (CH3CH2CH2CONH2) or ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH3)? Explain.

  2. Which compound has the higher boiling point—butyramide or dimethylacetamide [CH3CON(CH3)2]? Explain.

  3. Which compound is more soluble in water—acetamide (CH3CONH2) or 1-butene (CH2=CHCH2CH3)? Explain.

  4. Which compound is more soluble in water—CH3CONHCH3 or 2-methylbutane [CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3)]? Explain.

Answers

  1. butyramide because the nitrogen-to-hydrogen (N–H) and the carbon-to-oxygen double (C=O) bonds can engage in hydrogen bonding; ethyl acetate cannot engage in hydrogen bonding

  3. acetamide because the N–H and C=O bonds can engage in hydrogen bonding with water; 1-butene cannot engage in hydrogen bonding with water