General Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications
v. 1.0
Table of Contents
Licensing Information
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemistry
Chapter Introduction
Chemistry in the Modern World
The Scientific Method
A Description of Matter
A Brief History of Chemistry
The Atom
Isotopes and Atomic Masses
Introduction to the Periodic Table
Essential Elements for Life
Essential Skills 1
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 2: Molecules, Ions, and Chemical Formulas
Chemical Compounds
Chemical Formulas
Naming Ionic Compounds
Naming Covalent Compounds
Acids and Bases
Industrially Important Chemicals
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 3: Chemical Reactions
The Mole and Molar Masses
Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Chemical Equations
Mass Relationships in Chemical Equations
Classifying Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
Essential Skills 2
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 4: Reactions in Aqueous Solution
Aqueous Solutions
Solution Concentrations
Stoichiometry of Reactions in Solution
Ionic Equations
Precipitation Reactions
Acid–Base Reactions
The Chemistry of Acid Rain
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions in Solution
Quantitative Analysis Using Titrations
Essential Skills 3
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 5: Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
Chapter Introduction
Energy and Work
Enthalpy
Calorimetry
Thermochemistry and Nutrition
Energy Sources and the Environment
Essential Skills 4
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 6: The Structure of Atoms
Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation
The Quantization of Energy
Atomic Spectra and Models of the Atom
The Relationship between Energy and Mass
Atomic Orbitals and Their Energies
Building Up the Periodic Table
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 7: The Periodic Table and Periodic Trends
The History of the Periodic Table
Sizes of Atoms and Ions
Energetics of Ion Formation
The Chemical Families
Trace Elements in Biological Systems
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 8: Ionic versus Covalent Bonding
An Overview of Chemical Bonding
Ionic Bonding
Lattice Energies in Ionic Solids
Lewis Electron Dot Symbols
Lewis Structures and Covalent Bonding
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Lewis Acids and Bases
Properties of Covalent Bonds
Polar Covalent Bonds
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 9: Molecular Geometry and Covalent Bonding Models
Predicting the Geometry of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
Localized Bonding and Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
Delocalized Bonding and Molecular Orbitals
Polyatomic Systems with Multiple Bonds
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 10: Gases
Gaseous Elements and Compounds
Gas Pressure
Relationships among Pressure, Temperature, Volume, and Amount
The Ideal Gas Law
Mixtures of Gases
Gas Volumes and Stoichiometry
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
The Behavior of Real Gases
Essential Skills 5
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 11: Liquids
The Kinetic Molecular Description of Liquids
Intermolecular Forces
Unique Properties of Liquids
Vapor Pressure
Changes of State
Critical Temperature and Pressure
Phase Diagrams
Liquid Crystals
Essential Skills 6
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 12: Solids
Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
The Arrangement of Atoms in Crystalline Solids
Structures of Simple Binary Compounds
Defects in Crystals
Correlation between Bonding and the Properties of Solids
Bonding in Metals and Semiconductors
Superconductors
Polymeric Solids
Contemporary Materials
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 13: Solutions
Factors Affecting Solution Formation
Solubility and Molecular Structure
Units of Concentration
Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility
Colligative Properties of Solutions
Aggregate Particles in Aqueous Solution
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 14: Chemical Kinetics
Chapter Introduction
Factors That Affect Reaction Rates
Reaction Rates and Rate Laws
Methods of Determining Reaction Order
Using Graphs to Determine Rate Laws, Rate Constants, and Reaction Orders
Half-Lives and Radioactive Decay Kinetics
Reaction Rates—A Microscopic View
The Collision Model of Chemical Kinetics
Catalysis
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 15: Chemical Equilibrium
The Concept of Chemical Equilibrium
The Equilibrium Constant
Solving Equilibrium Problems
Nonequilibrium Conditions
Factors That Affect Equilibrium
Controlling the Products of Reactions
Essential Skills
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 16: Aqueous Acid–Base Equilibriums
The Autoionization of Water
A Qualitative Description of Acid–Base Equilibriums
Molecular Structure and Acid–Base Strength
Quantitative Aspects of Acid–Base Equilibriums
Acid–Base Titrations
Buffers
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 17: Solubility and Complexation Equilibriums
Chapter Introduction
Determining the Solubility of Ionic Compounds
Factors That Affect Solubility
The Formation of Complex Ions
Solubility and pH
Qualitative Analysis Using Selective Precipitation
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 18: Chemical Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics and Work
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy Changes and the Third Law of Thermodynamics
Free Energy
Spontaneity and Equilibrium
Comparing Thermodynamics and Kinetics
Thermodynamics and Life
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 19: Electrochemistry
Chapter Introduction
Describing Electrochemical Cells
Standard Potentials
Comparing Strengths of Oxidants and Reductants
Electrochemical Cells and Thermodynamics
Commercial Galvanic Cells
Corrosion
Electrolysis
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 20: Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter Introduction
The Components of the Nucleus
Nuclear Reactions
The Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with Matter
Thermodynamic Stability of the Atomic Nucleus
Applied Nuclear Chemistry
The Origin of the Elements
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 21: Periodic Trends and the s-Block Elements
Chapter Introduction
Overview of Periodic Trends
The Chemistry of Hydrogen
The Alkali Metals (Group 1)
The Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)
The s-Block Elements in Biology
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 22: The p-Block Elements
The Elements of Group 13
The Elements of Group 14
The Elements of Group 15 (The Pnicogens)
The Elements of Group 16 (The Chalcogens)
The Elements of Group 17 (The Halogens)
The Elements of Group 18 (The Noble Gases)
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 23: The d-Block Elements
General Trends among the Transition Metals
A Brief Survey of Transition-Metal Chemistry
Metallurgy
Coordination Compounds
Crystal Field Theory
Transition Metals in Biology
End-of-Chapter Material
Chapter 24: Organic Compounds
Functional Groups and Classes of Organic Compounds
Isomers of Organic Compounds
Reactivity of Organic Molecules
Common Classes of Organic Reactions
Common Classes of Organic Compounds
The Molecules of Life
End-of-Chapter Material
Appendix A: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Chemical Substances at 25°C
Appendix B: Solubility-Product Constants (Ksp) for Compounds at 25°C
Appendix C: Dissociation Constants and pKa Values for Acids at 25°C
Appendix D: Dissociation Constants and pKb Values for Bases at 25°C
Appendix E: Standard Reduction Potentials at 25°C
Appendix F: Properties of Water
Appendix G: Physical Constants and Conversion Factors
Appendix H: Periodic Table of Elements
Appendix I: Experimentally Measured Masses of Selected Isotopes
Art and Photo Credits
Appendix Introduction
Molecular Models
Photo Credits